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Reviews

Evidence update: GlaxoSmithKline’s inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines

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Pages 201-214 | Received 09 Sep 2015, Accepted 26 Oct 2015, Published online: 05 Dec 2015

References

• The findings from this paper demonstrate that symptoms of influenza A and influenza B are identical.

  • McCullers JA, Huber VC. Correlates of vaccine protection from influenza and its complications. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8(1):34–44.
  • Rota PA, Wallis TR, Harmon MW, et al. Cocirculation of two distinct evolutionary lineages of influenza type B virus since 1983. Virology. 1990;175(1):59–68.

• The paper provides a comprehensive overview on the entire evolution of the influenza B lineages.

•• This is an example of a national authority (US-CDC) acknowledging the clinical value offered by a quadrivalent vaccine.

•• A retrospective population-level study of lineage-level mismatch between the vaccine and circulating strains of influenza B viruses showing substantial adverse impact, especially among children and adolescents.

  • Carrat F, Flahault A. Influenza vaccine: the challenge of antigenic drift. Vaccine. 2007;25(39–40):6852–6862.
  • Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Dickinson J, et al. Component-specific effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine as monitored through a sentinel surveillance network in Canada, 2006-2007. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(2):168–179.
  • Skowronski DM, Janjua NZ, Sabaiduc S, et al. Influenza A/subtype and B/lineage effectiveness estimates for the 2011-2012 trivalent vaccine: cross-season and cross-lineage protection with unchanged vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(1):126–137.
  • Menniti-Ippolito F, Da Cas R, Traversa G, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against severe laboratory-confirmed influenza in children: results of two consecutive seasons in Italy. Vaccine. 2014;32(35):4466–4470.
  • Heinonen S, Silvennoinen H, Lehtinen P, et al. Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine in children aged 9 months to 3 years: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(1):23–29.
  • Tricco AC, Chit A, Soobiah C, et al. Comparing influenza vaccine efficacy against mismatched and matched strains: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2013;11:153.

•• A large meta-analyses demonstrating drop in vaccine efficacy due to B-strain mismatch.