Progress toward an elusive goal: current status of cytomegalovirus vaccines

References

• Mocarski ES, Courcelle CT. Cytomegaloviruses and their replication. In: Fields Virology. Knipe DM, Howley PM (Eds). Lippincott and Raven, NY, USA, 2629–2673 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Dolan A, Cunningham C, Hector RD et al. Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 85(Pt 5), 1301–1312 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt WJ, Boppana S. Human cytomegalovirus virion proteins. Hum. Immunol. 65(5), 395–402 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt WJ, Vugler L, Butfiloski EJ, Stephens EB. Cell surface expression of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gp55–116 (gB): use of HCMV-recombinant vaccinia virus-infected cells in analysis of the human neutralizing antibody response. J. Virol. 64(3), 1079–1085 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall GS, Stout GG, Knights ME et al. Ontogeny of glycoprotein gB-specific antibody and neutralizing activity during natural cytomegalovirus infection. J. Med. Virol. 43(1), 77–83 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kniess N, Mach M, Fay J, Britt WJ. Distribution of linear antigenic sites on glycoprotein gp55 of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 65(1), 138–146 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall GS, Rabalais GP, Stout GG, Waldeyer SL. Antibodies to recombinant-derived glycoprotein B after natural human cytomegalovirus infection correlate with neutralizing activity. J. Infect. Dis. 165(2), 381–384 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kari B, Gehrz R. Analysis of human antibody responses to human cytomegalovirus envelope glycoproteins found in two families of disulfide linked glycoprotein complexes designated gC-I and gC-II. Arch. Virol. 114(3–4), 213–228 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach M, Kropff B, Dal Monte P, Britt W. Complex formation by human cytomegalovirus glycoproteins M (gpUL100) and N (gpUL73). J. Virol. 74(24), 11881–11892 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach M, Kropff B, Kryzaniak M, Britt W. Complex formation by glycoproteins M and N of human cytomegalovirus: structural and functional aspects. J. Virol. 79(4), 2160–2170 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban M, Klein M, Britt WJ, Hassfurther E, Mach M. Glycoprotein H of human cytomegalovirus is a major antigen for the neutralizing humoral immune response. J. Gen. Virol. 77(Pt 7), 1537–1547 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson JA, Chow JC, Baker J et al. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that distinguish three antigenic sites on human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H have conformationally distinct binding sites. J. Virol. 67(1), 489–496 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varnum SM, Streblow DN, Monroe ME et al. Identification of proteins in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) particles: the HCMV proteome. J. Virol. 78(20), 10960–10966 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatelli S, Dal Monte P, Rossini G, Landini MP. Genetic polymorphisms among human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) wild-type strains. Rev. Med. Virol. 14(6), 383–410 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pass RF, Burke RL. Development of cytomegalovirus vaccines: prospects for prevention of congenital CMV infection. Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 13(3), 196–204 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazzarotto T, Maine GT, Dal Monte P, Ripalti A, Landini MP. A novel Western blot test containing both viral and recombinant proteins for anticytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M detection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35(2), 393–397 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin-Taylor E, Pande H, Forman SJ et al. Identification of the major late human cytomegalovirus matrix protein pp65 as a target antigen for CD8+ virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Med. Virol. 43(1), 103–110 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills MR, Carmichael AJ, Mynard K et al. The human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to cytomegalovirus is dominated by structural protein pp65: frequency, specificity, and T-cell receptor usage of pp65-specific CTL. J. Virol. 70(11), 7569–7579 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey SF, Gallez-Hawkins G, Crooks M et al. Characterization of cytotoxic function of CMV-pp65-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes identified by HLA tetramers in recipients and donors of stem-cell transplants. Transplantation 74(5), 722–732 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Kern F, Bunde T, Faulhaber N et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) phosphoprotein 65 makes a large contribution to shaping the T cell repertoire in CMV-exposed individuals. J. Infect. Dis. 185(12), 1709–1716 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyulai Z, Endresz V, Burian K et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to human cytomegalovirus pp65, IE1-Exon4, gB, pp150, and pp28 in healthy individuals: re-evaluation of prevalence of IE1-specific CTLs. J. Infect. Dis. 181(5), 1537–1546 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson L, Piccinini G, Lilleri D et al. Human cytomegalovirus proteins pp65 and immediate early protein 1 are common targets for CD8+ T cell responses in children with congenital or postnatal human cytomegalovirus infection. J. Immunol.172(4), 2256–2264 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, La Rosa C, Maas R et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing a soluble form of glycoprotein B causes durable immunity and neutralizing antibodies against multiple strains of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 78(8), 3965–3976 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Rosa C, Wang Z, Lacey SF et al. Characterization of host immunity to cytomegalovirus pp150 (UL32). Hum. Immunol. 66(2), 116–126 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiyama Y, Maruyama K, Mochizuki T, Sasaki K, Takaue Y, Yamaguchi K. Identification of HLA-A24-restricted CTL epitope encoded by the matrix protein pp65 of human cytomegalovirus. Immunol. Lett. 83(1), 21–30 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiyama Y, Kuzushima K, Tsurumi T, Yamaguchi K. Analysis of HLA-A24-restricted CMVpp65 peptide-specific CTL with HLA-A*2402-CMVpp65 tetramer. Immunol. Lett. 95(2), 199–205 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuoka M, Yoshimuta T, Hamada M et al. Identification of the HLA-A24 peptide epitope within cytomegalovirus protein pp65 recognized by CMV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Viral. Immunol. 14(4), 369–377 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenberg N, Pepperl-Klindworth S, Meyer RG, Plachter B. Identification of a conserved HLA-A2-restricted decapeptide from the IE1 protein (pUL123) of human cytomegalovirus. Virology 295(2), 208–216 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern F, Surel IP, Faulhaber N et al. Target structures of the CD8(+)-T-cell response to human cytomegalovirus: the 72-kilodalton major immediate-early protein revisited. J. Virol. 73(10), 8179–8184 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkington R, Walker S, Crough T et al. Ex vivo profiling of CD8(+)-T-cell responses to human cytomegalovirus reveals broad and multispecific reactivities in healthy virus carriers. J. Virol. 77(9), 5226–5240 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter EA, Greenberg PD, Gilbert MJ et al. Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T-cell clones from the donor. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(16), 1038–1044 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SF, Tu WW, Sharp MA et al. Antiviral CD8 T-cells in the control of primary human cytomegalovirus infection in early childhood. J. Infect. Dis. 189(9), 1619–1627 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu W, Chen S, Sharp M et al. Persistent and selective deficiency of CD4+ T cell immunity to cytomegalovirus in immunocompetent young children. J. Immunol.172(5), 3260–3267 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rist M, Cooper L, Elkington R et al. Ex vivo expansion of human cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T cells by recombinant polyepitope: implications for HCMV immunotherapy. Eur. J. Immunol.35(3), 996–1007 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocarski ES. Immunomodulation by cytomegaloviruses: manipulative strategies beyond evasion. Trends Microbiol. 10, 332–339 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocarski ES Jr. Immune escape and exploitation strategies of cytomegaloviruses: impact on and imitation of the major histocompatibility system. Cell. Microbiol. 6(8), 707–717 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vink C, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Bruggeman, CA. The role of cytomegalovirus-encoded homologs of G protein-coupled receptors and chemokines in manipulation of and evasion from the immune system. J. Clin. Virol. 23, 43–55 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saederup N, Mocarski ES. Fatal attraction: cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine homologs. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 269, 235–256 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddehase MJ. Antigens and immunoevasins: opponents in cytomegalovirus immune surveillance. Nature Rev. Immunol. 2(11), 831–844 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay CH, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E, Welsh RM. Control of infections by NK cells. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 230, 193–220 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay CH, Yu LY, Kumar V, Mason L, Ortaldo JR, Welsh RM. The role of LY49 NK cell subsets in the regulation of murine cytomegalovirus infections. J. Immunol.162(2), 718–726 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biron CA, Byron KS, Sullivan JL. Severe herpesvirus infections in an adolescent without natural killer cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 320(26), 1731–1735 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong CC, Chapman TL, Bjorkman PJ et al. Modulation of natural killer cell cytotoxicity in human cytomegalovirus infection: the role of endogenous class I major histocompatibility complex and a viral class I homolog. J. Exp. Med.187(10), 1681–1687 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher JM, Prentice HG, Grundy JE. Natural killer cell lysis of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected cells correlates with virally induced changes in cell surface lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3) expression and not with the CMV-induced down-regulation of cell surface class I HLA. J. Immunol.161(5), 2365–2374 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerboni C, Mousavi-Jazi M, Linde A et al. Human cytomegalovirus strain-dependent changes in NK cell recognition of infected fibroblasts. J. Immunol.164(9), 4775–4782 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalzo AA, Fitzgerald NA, Simmons A, La Vista AB, Shellam GR. Cmv-1, a genetic locus that controls murine cytomegalovirus replication in the spleen. J. Exp. Med.171(5), 1469–1483 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes CA, Brown MG, Cho R, Shellam GR, Yokoyama WM, Scalzo AA. The Cmv-1 host resistance locus is closely linked to the Ly49 multigene family within the natural killer cell gene complex on mouse chromosome 6. Genomics 41(3), 406–413 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimasi N, Biassoni R. Structural and functional aspects of the Ly49 natural killer cell receptors. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 83(1), 1–8 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arase H, Mocarski ES, Campbell AE, Hill AB, Lanier LL. Direct recognition of cytomegalovirus by activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors. Science 296(5571), 1323–1326 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Smith HR, Heusel JW, Mehta IK et al. Recognition of a virus-encoded ligand by a natural killer cell activation receptor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(13), 8826–8831 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez M, Sabastian P, Clark P, Brown MG. Cmv-1-independent antiviral role of NK cells revealed in murine cytomegalovirus-infected New Zealand white mice. J. Immunol.173(10), 6312–6318 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasec P, Wang EC, Davison AJ et al. Downregulation of natural killer cell-activating ligand CD155 by human cytomegalovirus UL141. Nature Immunol. 6(2), 181–188 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodoen MB, Lanier LL. Viral modulation of NK cell immunity. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 3(1), 59–69 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JI, Corey GR. Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host. Medicine (Baltimore) 64(2), 100–114 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller TH. The cytomegaloviruses: ubiquitous agents with protean clinical manifestations. I. N. Engl. J. Med. 285(4), 203–214 (1971). II. N. Engl. J. Med. 285(5), 267–274 (1971).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arav-Boger R, Pass RF. Diagnosis and management of cytomegalovirus infection in the newborn. Pediatr. Ann. 31(11), 719–725 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pass RF. Cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatr. Rev. 23(5), 163–170 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths PD. Strategies to prevent CMV infection in the neonate. Semin. Neonatol. 7(4), 293–299 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schleiss MR. Vertically transmitted herpesvirus infections. Herpes 10(1), 4–11 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitley RJ. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: epidemiology and treatment. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 549, 155–160 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demmler GJ. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection and disease. Adv. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 11, 135–162 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bale JF, Miner L, Petheram SJ. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol.4(3), 225–230 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pass RF, Stagno S, Myers GJ, Alford CA. Outcome of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: results of long-term longitudinal follow-up. Pediatrics 66(5), 758–762 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyola DE, Demmler GJ, Nelson CT et al. Early predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J. Pediatr. 138(3), 325–331 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler KB, Dahle AJ, Boppana SB, Pass RF. Newborn hearing screening: will children with hearing loss caused by congenital cytomegalovirus infection be missed? J. Pediatr. 135(1), 60–64 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahle AJ, Fowler KB, Wright JD, Boppana SB, Britt WJ, Pass RF. Longitudinal investigation of hearing disorders in children with congenital cytomegalovirus. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 11, 283–290 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pass RF. Immunization strategy for prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Infect. Agents Dis. 5, 240–244 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Sanchez PJ et al. Effect of ganciclovir therapy on hearing in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease involving the central nervous system: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Pediatr. 143(1), 16–25 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleiss MR, McVoy MA. Overview of congenitally and perinatally acquired cytomegalovirus infections: recent advances in antiviral therapy. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2(3), 389–403 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arvin AM, Fast P, Myers M, Plotkin S, Rabinovich R. Vaccine development to prevent cytomegalovirus disease: report from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Clin. Infect. Dis.39(2), 233–239 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porath A, McNutt RA, Smiley LM, Weigle KA. Effectiveness and cost–benefit of a proposed live cytomegalovirus vaccine in the prevention of congenital disease. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12(1), 31–40 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stratton KR, Durch JS, Lawrence RS. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Committee to Study Priorities for Vaccine Development, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, USA (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF, Britt WJ, Boll TJ, Alford CA. The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status. N. Engl. J. Med. 326, 663–667 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boppana SB, Rivera LB, Fowler KB, Mach M, Britt WJ. Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1366–1371 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlfors K, Ivarsson SA, Harris S. Report on a long-term study of maternal and congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Sweden. Review of prospective studies available in the literature. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 31, 443–457 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boppana SB, Fowler KB, Britt WJ, Stagno S, Pass RF. Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in infants born to mothers with preexisting immunity to cytomegalovirus. Pediatrics 104, 55–60 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF. Maternal immunity and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. JAMA 289(8), 1008–1011 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF. Interval between births and risk of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.38(7), 1035–1037 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revello MG, Gerna G. Diagnosis and management of human cytomegalovirus infection in the mother, fetus, and newborn infant. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15, 680–715 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeager AS, Grumet FC, Hafleigh EB, Arvin AM, Bradley JS, Prober CG. Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants. J. Pediatr. 98, 281–287 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maschmann J, Hamprecht K, Dietz K, Jahn G, Speer CP. Cytomegalovirus infection of extremely low-birth weight infants via breast milk. Clin. Infect. Dis.33, 1998–2003 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollmer B, Seibold-Weiger K, Schmitz-Salue C et al. Postnatally acquired cytomegalovirus infection via breast milk: effects on hearing and development in preterm infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23(4), 322–327 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strom J. A study of infections and illnesses in a day nursery based on inclusion-bearing cells in the urine and infectious agent in faeces, urine and nasal secretion. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.11(4), 265–269 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pass RF, Hutto SC, Reynolds DW, Polhill RB. Increased frequency of cytomegalovirus infection in children in group daycare. Pediatrics 74, 121–126 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler SP. The molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus transmission among children attending a daycare center. J. Infect. Dis. 152, 760–768 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pass RF, Hutto C, Ricks R, Cloud GA. Increased rate of cytomegalovirus infection among parents of children attending daycare centers. N. Engl. J. Med. 314, 1414–1418 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler SP. Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus: evidence for viral transmission to parents from children infected at a daycare center. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 5, 315–318 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pass RF, Little EA, Stagno S, Britt WJ, Alford CA. Young children as a probable source of maternal and congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 316(22), 1366–1370 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler SP. Cytomegalovirus and child day care. Evidence for an increased infection rate among daycare workers. N. Engl. J. Med. 321(19), 1290–1296 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pass RF, Hutto C, Lyon MD, Cloud G. Increased rate of cytomegalovirus infection among daycare center workers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 9(7), 465–467 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Murph JR, Baron JC, Brown CK, Ebelhack CL, Bale JF Jr. The occupational risk of cytomegalovirus infection among daycare providers. JAMA 265(5), 603–608 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford-Jones EL, Kitai I, Davis L et al. Cytomegalovirus infections in Toronto child-care centers: a prospective study of viral excretion in children and seroconversion among daycare providers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 15(6), 507–514 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler SP. Current prospects for immunization against cytomegaloviral disease. Infect. Agents. Dis. 5, 29–35 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adler SP, Finney JW, Manganello AM, Best AM. Prevention of child-to-mother transmission of cytomegalovirus among pregnant women. J. Pediatr. 145(4), 485–91 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grangeot-Keros L, Simon B, Audibert F, Vial M. Should we routinely screen for cytomegalovirus antibody during pregnancy? Intervirology 41, 158–162 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths PD, McLean A, Emery VC. Encouraging prospects for immunisation against primary cytomegalovirus infection. Vaccine19(11–12), 1356–1362 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick JL, Adam E, DeBakey ME. Cytomegalovirus and atherosclerosis. Bioessays 17(10), 899–903 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanghellini F, Boppana SB, Emery VC, Griffiths PD, Pass RF. Asymptomatic primary cytomegalovirus infection: virologic and immunologic features. J. Infect. Dis. 180(3), 702–707 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL, Mills L et al. Longitudinal risk of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, HSV type 2, and cytomegalovirus infections among young adolescent girls. Clin. Infect. Dis.39(10), 1433–1438 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Handsfield HH, Chandler SH, Caine VA et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in sex partners: evidence for sexual transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 151(2), 344–348 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn YM, Oh MK, Balcarek KB, Cloud GA, Pass RF. Cytomegalovirus infection in sexually active adolescents. J. Infect. Dis. 163(3), 460–463 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler SP. Cytomegalovirus transmission among children in daycare, their mothers and caretakers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7, 279–285 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesmith JD, Pass RF. Cytomegalovirus infection in adolescents. Adolesc. Med. 6(1), 79–90 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar ML, Gold E, Jacobs IB, Ernhart CB, Nankervis GA. Primary cytomegalovirus infection in adolescent pregnancy. Pediatrics74(4), 493–500 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereyra F, Rubin RH. Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis 17(4), 357–361 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeckh M, Fries B, Nichols WG. Recent advances in the prevention of CMV infection and disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr. Transplant 8(Suppl. 5), 19–27 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeckh M, Nichols WG, Papanicolaou G, Rubin R, Wingard JR, Zaia J. Cytomegalo-virus in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: current status, known challenges, and future strategies. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. (9), 543–558 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeckh M, Nichols WG. The impact of cytomegalovirus serostatus of donor and recipient before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the era of antiviral prophylaxis and pre-emptive therapy. Blood 103(6), 2003–2008 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolpin MD, Starr SE, Arbeter AM, Plotkin SA. Inactivated mouse cytomegalovirus vaccine: preparation, immunogenicity, and protective effect. J. Infect. Dis. 142(4), 569–574 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin RH, Wilson EJ, Barrett LV, Medearis DN. The protective effects of hyperimmune anti-murine cytomegalovirus antiserum against lethal viral challenge: the case for passive-active immunization. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 39(1), 151–158 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddehase MJ, Weiland F, Munch K, Jonjic S, Luske A, Koszinowski UH. Interstitial murine cytomegalovirus pneumonia after irradiation: characterization of cells that limit viral replication during established infection of the lungs. J. Virol. 55(2), 264–273 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill TA, Morley PJ, Sweet C. Replication-defective mutants of mouse cytomegalovirus protect against wild-type virus challenge. J. Med. Virol. 62(2), 127–139 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley PJ, Ertl P, Sweet C. Immunisation of Balb/c mice with severely attenuated murine cytomegalovirus mutants induces protective cellular and humoral immunity. J. Med. Virol. 67(2), 187–199 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh VJ, Stenberg RM, Staley TL et al. Murine cytomegalovirus with a deletion of genes spanning HindIII-J and -I displays altered cell and tissue tropism. J. Virol. 70(3), 1365–1374 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald MR, Li XY, Stenberg RM, Campbell AE, Virgin HW IV. Mucosal and parenteral vaccination against acute and latent murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection by using an attenuated MCMV mutant. J. Virol. 72(1), 442–451 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp M, Messerle M, Buhler B, Tannheimer M, Keil GM, Koszinowski UH. Identification of the murine cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B gene and its expression by recombinant vaccinia virus. J. Virol. 66(7), 4399–4406 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp M, Lucin P, Messerle M, Loh LC, Koszinowski UH. Expression of the murine cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H by recombinant vaccinia virus. J. Gen. Virol. 75(Pt 1), 183–188 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp M, Messerle M, Lucin P, Koszinowski UH. In vivo protection studies with MCMV glycoproteins gB and gH expressed by vaccinia virus. In: Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding Cytomegalovirus Disease.Michelson S and Plotkin SA (Eds). Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 327–332 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Shanley JD, Wu CA. Mucosal immunization with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector expressing murine cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B induces mucosal and systemic immunity. Vaccine 21(19–20), 2632–2642 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanley JD, Wu CA. Intranasal immunization with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector expressing glycoprotein H of murine cytomegalovirus induces mucosal and systemic immunity. Vaccine 23(8), 996–1003 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Armas JC, Morello CS, Cranmer LD, Spector DH. DNA immunization confers protection against murine cytomegalovirus infection. J. Virol. 70(11), 7921–7928 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley PJ, Ertl PF, Sweet C. High-frequency interferon-γ-secreting splenocytes specific for murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early-1 (IE-1) peptide 168YPHFMPTNL176 are insufficient to provide complete protection from viral challenge. J. Med. Virol. 69(2), 240–250 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranmer LD, Clark CL, Morello CS, Farrell HE, Rawlinson WD, Spector DH. Identification, analysis, and evolutionary relationships of the putative murine cytomegalovirus homologs of the human cytomegalovirus UL82 (pp71) and UL83 (pp65) matrix phosphoproteins. J. Virol. 70(11), 7929–7939 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morello CS, Cranmer LD, Spector DH. In vivo replication, latency, and immunogenicity of murine cytomegalovirus mutants with deletions in the M83 and M84 genes, the putative homologs of human cytomegalovirus pp65 (UL83). J. Virol. 73(9), 7678–7693 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morello CS, Cranmer LD, Spector DH. Suppression of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) replication with a DNA vaccine encoding MCMV M84 (a homolog of human cytomegalovirus pp65). J. Virol. 74(8), 3696–3708 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morello CS, Ye M, Spector DH. Development of a vaccine against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), consisting of plasmid DNA and formalin-inactivated MCMV, that provides long-term, complete protection against viral replication. J. Virol. 76(10), 4822–4835 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morello CS, Ye M, Hung S, Kelley LA, Spector DH. Systemic priming-boosting immunization with a trivalent plasmid DNA and inactivated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vaccine provides long-term protection against viral replication following systemic or mucosal MCMV challenge. J. Virol. 79, 159–175 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor A, Schleiss MR. Recent advances in herpesvirus genetics using bacterial artificial chromosomes. Mol. Genet. Metab. 72(1), 8–14 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor A, Schleiss MR. Herpesvirus genome mutagenesis by transposon-mediated strategies. Methods Mol. Biol. 256, 281–302 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cicin-Sain L, Brune W, Bubic I, Jonjic S, Koszinowski UH. Vaccination of mice with bacteria carrying a cloned herpesvirus genome reconstituted in vivo. J. Virol. 77(15), 8249–8255 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redwood AJ, Messerle M, Harvey NL et al. Use of a murine cytomegalovirus K181-derived bacterial artificial chromosome as a vaccine vector for immunocontraception. J. Virol. 79(5), 2998–3008 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bia FJ, Griffith BP, Fong CKY, Hsuing GD. Cytomegaloviral infections in the guinea pig, experimental models for human disease. Rev. Infect. Dis. 5, 177–195 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffith BP, McCormick SR, Fong CKY, Lavellee JT, Lucia HL, Goff E. The placenta as a site of cytomegalovirus infection in guinea pigs. J. Virol. 55, 402–409 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith BP, Lucia HL, Hsuing GD. Brain and visceral involvement during congenital cytomegalovirus infection of guinea pigs. Pediatr. Res. 16, 455–459 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf NK, Koehrn FJ, Harris JP, Richman DD. Congenital cytomegalovirus labyrinthitis and sensorineural hearing loss in guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 160, 929–937 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bia FJ, Griffith BP, Tarsio M, Hsuing GD. Vaccination for the prevention of maternal and fetal infection with guinea pig cytomegalovirus. J. Infect. Dis. 142, 732–738 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bia FJ, Lucia HL, Fong CK, Tarsio M, Hsuing GD. Effects of vaccination on cytomegalovirus-associated interstitial pneumonia in strain 2 guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 145, 742–747 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt WJ, Harrison C. Identification of an abundant disulfide-linked complex of glycoproteins in the envelope of guinea pig cytomegalovirus. Virology 201, 294–302 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison CJ, Britt WJ, Chapman NM, Mullican J, Tracy S. Reduced congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after maternal immunization with a guinea pig CMV glycoprotein before gestational primary CMV infection in the guinea pig model. J. Infect. Dis. 172(5), 1212–1220 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne N, Schleiss MR, Bravo FJ, Bernstein DI. Preconception immunization with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein vaccine improves pregnancy outcome in a guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection. J. Infect. Dis. 183, 59–64 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillitz E, Schleiss MR. The gM/gN complex of guinea pig cytomegalovirus is a target of the neutralizing antibody response to guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection. (In Press) (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Schleiss MR, Bourne N, Jensen NJ, Bravo F, Bernstein DI. Immunogenicity evaluation of DNA vaccines that target guinea pig cytomegalovirus proteins glycoprotein B and UL83. Viral. Immunol. 13(2), 155–167 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleiss MR, Bourne N, Bernstein DI. Preconception vaccination with a glycoprotein B (gB) DNA vaccine protects against cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission in the guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection. J. Infect. Dis. 188(12), 1868–1874 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleiss MR, Jensen NJ. Cloning and expression of the guinea pig cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB) in a recombinant baculovirus: utility for vaccine studies for the prevention of experimental infection. J. Virol. Methods 108(1), 59–65 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleiss MR, Bourne N, Stroup G, Bravo FJ, Jensen NJ, Bernstein DI. Protection against congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in guinea pigs conferred by a purified recombinant glycoprotein B (gB) vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 189, 1374–1381 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue Y, Zhou SS, Barry PA. Antibody responses to rhesus cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B in naturally infected rhesus macaques. J. Gen. Virol. 84(Pt 12), 3371–3379 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkington R, Shoukry NH, Walker S et al. Cross-reactive recognition of human and primate cytomegalovirus sequences by human CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for glycoprotein B and H. Eur. J. Immunol.34(11), 3216–3226 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elek SD, Stern H. Development of a vaccine against mental retardation caused by cytomegalovirus infection in utero. Lancet 1(7845), 1–5 (1974).
   Google Scholar
• Neff BJ, Weibel RE, Buynak EB, McLean AA, Hilleman MR. Clinical and laboratory studies of live cytomegalovirus vaccine AD-169. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 160(1), 32–37 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern H. Live cytomegalovirus vaccination of healthy volunteers: eight-year follow-up studies. Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. 20(1), 263–269 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plotkin SA, Furukawa T, Zygraich N, Huygelen C. Candidate cytomegalovirus strain for human vaccination. Infect. Immun. 12(3), 521–527 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Just M, Buergin-Wolff A, Emoedi G, Hernandez R. Immunisation trials with live attenuated cytomegalovirus TOWNE 125. Infection 3(2), 111–114 (1975).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonczol E, Ianacone J, Furlini G, Ho W, Plotkin SA. Humoral immune response to cytomegalovirus Towne vaccine strain and to Toledo low-passage strain. J. Infect. Dis. 159(5), 851–859 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler SP, Starr SE, Plotkin SA et al. Immunity induced by primary human cytomegalovirus infection protects against secondary infection among women of childbearing age. J. Infect. Dis. 171(1), 26–32 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler SP, Hempfling SH, Starr SE, Plotkin SA, Riddell S. Safety and immunogenicity of the Towne strain cytomegalovirus vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17(3), 200–206 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehrz RC, Christianson WR, Linner KM, Groth KE, Balfour HH Jr. Cytomegalovirus vaccine. Specific humoral and cellular immune responses in human volunteers. Arch. Intern. Med. 140(7), 936–939 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Starr SE, Glazer JP, Friedman HM, Farquhar JD, Plotkin SA. Specific cellular and humoral immunity after immunization with live Towne strain cytomegalovirus vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 143(4), 585–589 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisher GR, Starr SE, Friedman HM, Plotkin SA. Vaccination of pediatric nurses with live attenuated cytomegalovirus. Am. J. Dis. Child. 136(4), 294–296 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plotkin SA, Starr SE, Friedman HM, Gonczol E, Weibel RE. Protective effects of Towne cytomegalovirus vaccine against low-passage cytomegalovirus administered as a challenge. J. Infect. Dis. 159, 860–865 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinnan GV Jr, Delery M, Rook AH et al. Comparative virulence and immunogenicity of the Towne strain and a nonattenuated strain of cytomegalovirus. Ann. Intern. Med. 101, 478–483 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazer JP, Friedman HM, Grossman RA et al. Live cytomegalovirus vaccination of renal transplant candidates. A preliminary trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 91(5), 676–683 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marker SC, Simmons RL, Balfour HH Jr. Cytomegalovirus vaccine in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc.13(1 Pt 1), 117–119 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA, Smiley ML, Friedman HM et al. Towne-vaccine-induced prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplants. Lancet1(8376), 528–530 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brayman KL, Dafoe DC, Smythe WR et al. Prophylaxis of serious cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant candidates using live human cytomegalovirus vaccine. Interim results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Surg. 123(12), 1502–1508 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plotkin SA, Starr SE, Friedman HM et al. Effect of Towne live virus vaccine on cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplant. A controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 114, 525–531 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA, Higgins R, Kurtz JB et al. Multicenter trial of Towne strain attenuated virus vaccine in seronegative renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 58(11), 1176–1178 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balfour HH Jr, Sachs GW, Welo P, Gehrz RC, Simmons R. Cytomegalovirus vaccine in renal transplant candidates: progress report of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. 20(1), 289–304 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balfour HH Jr. Prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in renal allograft recipients. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.Suppl. 80, 88–93 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Sachs GW, Simmons RL, Balfour HH Jr. Cytomegalovirus vaccine: persistence of humoral immunity following immunization of renal transplant candidates. Vaccine 2(3), 215–218 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang ES, Huong SM, Tegtmeier GE, Alford C. Cytomegalovirus: genetic variation of viral genomes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 354, 332–46 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prichard MN, Penfold ME, Duke GM, Spaete RR, Kemble GW. A review of genetic differences between limited and extensively passaged human cytomegalovirus strains. Rev. Med. Virol. 11, 191–200 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemble G, Duke G, Winter R, Spaete R. Defined large-scale alterations of the human cytomegalovirus genome constructed by cotransfection of overlapping cosmids. J. Virol. 70, 2044–2048 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heineman T, Schleiss M, Bernstein D, Fast P, Spaete R, Kemble G. Preliminary safety results from a phase 1 study of four new live, recombinant HCMV Towne/Toledo chimeric vaccines. Abstracts of the 27th Herpes Simplex Virus Workshop. (2002) Abstract 16.05.
   Google Scholar
• Spaete RR, Thayer RM, Probert WS et al. Human cytomegalovirus strain Towne glycorprotein B is processed by proteolytic cleavage. Virology 167(1), 207–225 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaete RR. A recombinant subunit vaccine approach to HCMV vaccine development. Transplant Proc.23(3 Suppl 3), 90–96 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaete RR, Saxena A, Scott PI et al. Sequence requirements for proteolytic processing of glycoprotein B of human cytomegalovirus strain Towne. J. Virol. 64(6), 2922–2931 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pass RF, Duliege AM, Boppana S et al. A subunit cytomegalovirus vaccine based on recombinant envelope glycoprotein B and a new adjuvant. J. Infect. Dis. 180(4), 970–975 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey SE, Harrison C, Pass RF et al. Effects of antigen dose and immunization regimens on antibody responses to a cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B subunit vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 180(5), 1700–1703 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell DK, Holmes SJ, Burke RL, Duliege AM, Adler SP. Immunogenicity of a recombinant human cytomegalovirus gB vaccine in seronegative toddlers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 21(2), 133–138 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis HAE, Singh T, Newkirk MN. Recombinant cytomegalovirus glycoprotein gB (UL55) induces an autoantibody response to the U1–70 kDa small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Eur. J. Immunol.29, 3643–3653 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleiss MR, Bernstein DI, Passo M et al. Lack of induction of autoantibody responses following immunization with cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B (gB) in healthy CMV seronegative subjects. Vaccine 23(5), 687–692 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA. Is there a formula for an effective CMV vaccine? J. Clin. Virol. 25 (Suppl 2)13–21 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall GS, Li M, Stout GG et al. Antibodies to the major linear neutralizing domains of cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B among natural seropositives and CMV subunit vaccine recipients. Viral. Immunol. 13(3), 329–341 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall BC, Adler SP. Avidity maturation following immunization with two human cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccines: a live attenuated vaccine (Towne) and a recombinant glycoprotein vaccine (gB/MF59). Viral. Immunol. 16(4), 491–500 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA. Vaccination against cytomegalovirus, the changeling demon. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18, 313–325 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Pass RF. Detection of cytomegalovirus infection during clinical trials of glycoprotein B vaccine. Vaccine 23(4), 507–510 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drulak MW, Malinoski FJ, Fuller SA et al. Vaccination of seropositive subjects with CHIRON CMV gB subunit vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant for production of CMV immune globulin. Viral. Immunol. 13(1), 49–56 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells DE, Vugler LG, Britt WJ. Structural and immunological characterization of human cytomegalovirus gp55–116 (gB) expressed in insect cells. J. Gen. Virol. 71(Pt 4), 873–880 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tackaberry ES, Dudani AK, Prior F et al. Development of biopharmaceuticals in plant expression systems: cloning, expression and immunological reactivity of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (UL55) in seeds of transgenic tobacco. Vaccine 17(23–24), 3020–3029 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonczol E, Ianacone J, Ho WZ, Starr S, Meignier B, Plotkin S. Isolated gA/gB glycoprotein complex of human cytomegalovirus envelope induces humoral and cellular immune-responses in human volunteers. Vaccine 8(2), 130–136 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Billstrom MA, Davies JA, Buchan A, Skinner GR. Development of subunit preparations of cytomegalovirus antigen by aqueous extraction for immunization against cytomegalovirus infection. Intervirology 36(1), 20–31 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temperton NJ. DNA vaccines against cytomegalovirus: current progress. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agent.19(3), 169–172 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endresz V, Kari L, Berencsi K et al. Induction of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-glycoprotein B (gB)-specific neutralizing antibody and phosphoprotein 65 (pp65)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by naked DNA immunization. Vaccine 17(1), 50–58 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endresz V, Burian K, Berencsi K et al. Optimization of DNA immunization against human cytomegalovirus. Vaccine 19(28–29), 3972–3980 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temperton NJ, Quenelle DC, Lawson KM et al. Enhancement of humoral immune responses to a human cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine: adjuvant effects of aluminum phosphate and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J. Med. Virol. 70(1), 86–90 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao ZQ, Gallez-Hawkins G, Lomeli NA et al. Site-directed mutation in a conserved kinase domain of human cytomegalovirus-pp65 with preservation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte targeting. Vaccine 19(13–14), 1628–1635 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallez-Hawkins G, Lomeli NA, Li X et al. Kinase-deficient CMVpp65 triggers a CMV pp65 specific T-cell immune response in HLA-A*0201.Kb transgenic mice after DNA immunization. Scand J. Immunol.55(6), 592–598 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans TG, Wloch M, Hermanson G, Selinsky C, Geall A, Kaslow D. Phase 1 trial of a bivalent, formulated plasmid DNA CMV vaccine for use in the transplant population. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.(2004) (Abstract G-543).
   Google Scholar
• Gallez-Hawkins G, Villacres MC, Li X, Sanborn MC, Lomeli NA, Zaia JA. Use of transgenic HLA A*0201/Kb and HHD II mice to evaluate frequency of cytomegalovirus IE1-derived peptide usage in eliciting human CD8 cytokine response. J. Virol. 77(7), 4457–4462 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallez-Hawkins G, Li X, Franck AE et al. DNA and low titer, helper-free, recombinant AAV prime-boost vaccination for cytomegalovirus induces an immune response to CMV-pp65 and CMV-IE1 in transgenic HLA A*0201 mice. Vaccine 23(6), 819–826 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastoret PP, Vanderplasschen A. Poxviruses as vaccine vectors. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 26(5–6), 343–355 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonczol E, Berensci K, Pincus S et al. Preclinical evaluation of an ALVAC (canarypox)-human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B vaccine candidate. Vaccine 13(12), 1080–1085 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler SP, Plotkin SA, Gonczol E et al. A canarypox vector expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B primes for antibody responses to a live attenuated CMV vaccine (Towne). J. Infect. Dis. 180(3), 843–846 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DI, Schleiss MR, Berencsi K et al. Effect of previous or simultaneous immunization with canarypox expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B (gB) on response to subunit gB vaccine plus MF59 in healthy CMV-seronegative adults. J. Infect. Dis. 185(5), 686–690 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, La Rosa C, Maas R et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing a soluble form of glycoprotein B causes durable immunity and neutralizing antibodies against multiple strains of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 78(8), 3965–3976 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berencsi K, Gyulai Z, Gonczol E et al. A canarypox vector-expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) phosphoprotein 65 induces long-lasting cytotoxic T cell responses in human CMV-seronegative subjects. J. Infect. Dis. 183(8), 1171–1179 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, La Rosa C, Mekhoubad S et al. Attenuated poxviruses generate clinically relevant frequencies of CMV-specific T cells. Blood 104(3), 847–856 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundstrom K. Alphavirus vectors for vaccine production and gene therapy. Expert Rev. Vaccines 2(3), 447–459 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Paston SJ, Dodi IA, Madrigal JA. Progress made towards the development of a CMV peptide vaccine. Hum. Immunol. 65(5), 544–549 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenMohamed L, Krishnan R, Longmate J et al. Induction of CTL response by a minimal epitope vaccine in HLA A*0201/DR1 transgenic mice: dependence on HLA class II restricted T(H) response. Hum. Immunol. 61(8), 764–779 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Rosa C, Wang Z, Brewer JC et al. Preclinical development of an adjuvant-free peptide vaccine with activity against CMV pp65 in HLA transgenic mice. Blood 100(10), 3681–3689 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaia JA, Gallez-Hawkins G, Li X, Yao ZQ et al. Infrequent occurrence of natural mutations in the pp65 (495–503) epitope sequence presented by the HLA A*0201 allele among human cytomegalovirus isolates. J. Virol. 75(5), 2472–2474 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solache A, Morgan CL, Dodi AI et al. Identification of three HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes in the cytomegalovirus protein pp65 that are conserved between eight strains of the virus. J. Immunol. 163(10), 5512–5518 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal IN, Quinn A, Henry SC, Hamilton JD, Staats HF, Frothingham R. Nasal peptide vaccination elicits CD8 responses and reduces viral burden after challenge with virulent murine cytomegalovirus. Microbiol. Immunol. 49(2), 113–119 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irmiere A, Gibson W. Isolation and characterization of a noninfectious virion-like particle released from cells infected with human strains of cytomegalovirus. Virology 130(1), 118–133 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson W, Irmiere A. Selection of particles and proteins for use as human cytomegalovirus subunit vaccines. Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. 20(1), 305–324 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pepperl S, Munster J, Mach M, Harris JR, Plachter B. Dense bodies of human cytomegalovirus induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in the absence of viral gene expression. J. Virol. 74, 6132–6146 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepperl-Klindworth S, Frankenberg N, Riegler S, Plachter B. Protein delivery by subviral particles of human cytomegalovirus. Gene Ther. 10(3), 278–284 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snydman DR, Werner BG, Heinze-Lacey B et al. Use of cytomegalovirus immune globulin to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in renal-transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 317(17), 1049–1054 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Snydman DR, Werner BG, Meissner HC et al. Use of cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in multiply transfused premature neonates. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14(1), 34–40 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Borucki MJ, Spritzler J, Asmuth DM et al. A phase II, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of a human monoclonal anti-cytomegalovirus antibody (MSL-109) in combination with standard therapy versus standard therapy alone in the treatment of AIDS patients with Cytomegalovirus retinitis. Antiviral Res. 64(2), 103–111 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeckh M, Bowden RA, Storer B et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of a cytomegalovirus-specific monoclonal antibody (MSL-109) for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 7(6), 343–351 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Coelingh KL, Britt WJ. Human cytomegalovirus neutralizing antibody-resistant phenotype is associated with reduced expression of glycoprotein H. J. Virol. 69(10), 6047–6053 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigro G, Adler SP, La Torre R, Best AM. Passive maternal immunization following primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy is safe, immunogenic, and effectively treats and prevents congenital CMV infection. Pediatr. Res. 57, 174 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Fisher S, Genbacev O, Maidji E, Pereira L. Human cytomegalovirus infection of placental cytotrophoblasts in vitro and in utero: implications for transmission and pathogenesis. J. Virol. 74(15), 6808–6820 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen MG. Impersonal influence: how perceptions of mass collectives affect political attitudes. (Ed.) Public Opin. Q. 64(2), 234–237 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar