138
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Meningococcal serogroup W135 in the African meningitis belt: epidemiology, immunity and vaccines

, &
Pages 319-336 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Goldschneider I, Gotschlich EC, Artenstein MS. Human immunity to the meningococcus. I. The role of humoral antibodies. J. Exp. Med.129, 1307–1326 (1969).
  • Andrews N, Borrow R, Miller E. Validation of serological correlate of protection for meningococcal C conjugate vaccine by using efficacy estimates from postlicensure surveillance in England. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.10, 780–786 (2003).
  • Denis F, Rey JL, Amadou A et al. Emergence of meningococcal meningitis caused by W 135 subgroup in Africa. Lancet2, 1335–1336 (1982).
  • Fonkoua MC, Taha MK, Nicolas P et al. Recent increase in meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and W135, Yaounde, Cameroon. Emerg. Infect. Dis.8, 327–329 (2002).
  • Kwara A, Adegbola RA, Corrah PT et al. Meningitis caused by a serogroup W135 clone of the ET-37 complex of Neisseria meningitidis in West Africa. Trop. Med. Int. Health3, 742–746 (1998).
  • Guibourdenche M, Hoiby EA, Riou JY et al. Epidemics of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis of subgroup III in Africa, 1989–94. Epidemiol. Infect.116, 115–120 (1996).
  • WHO. Neisseria meningitidis strains identified in Africa. Weekly Epidemiol. Record68, 311–312 (1993).
  • Mayer LW, Reeves MW, Al-Hamdan N et al. Outbreak of W135 meningococcal disease in 2000: not emergence of a new W135 strain, but clonal expansion within the electrophoretic type 37 complex. J. Infect. Dis.185, 1596–1605 (2002).
  • Taha MK, Achtman M, Alonso JM et al. Serogroup W135 meningococcal disease in Hajj pilgrims. Lancet356, 2159–2159 (2000).
  • Wilder-Smith A, Goh KT, Barkham T, Paton NI. Hajj-associated outbreak strain of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135: estimates of the attack rate in a defined population and the risk of invasive disease developing in carriers. Clin. Infect. Dis.36, 679–683 (2003).
  • Issa M, Molling P, Unemo M et al.Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W-135 isolated from healthy carriers and patients in Sudan after the Hajj in 2000. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.35, 230–233 (2003).
  • Hahne SJ, Gray SJ, Jean F et al. W135 meningococcal disease in England and Wales associated with Hajj 2000 and 2001. Lancet359, 582–583 (2002).
  • Aguilera JF, Perrocheau A, Meffre C, Hahne S. Outbreak of serogroup W135 meningococcal disease after the Hajj pilgrimage, Europe, 2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis.8, 761–767 (2002).
  • Wilder-Smith A, Barkham TM, Earnest A, Paton NI. Acquisition of W135 meningococcal carriage in Hajj pilgrims and transmission to household contacts: prospective study. Br. Med. J.325, 365–366 (2002).
  • Wang JF, Caugant DA, Morelli G, Koumare B, Achtman M. Antigenic and epidemiologic properties of the ET-37 complex of Neisseria meningitidis. J. Infect. Dis.167, 1320–1329 (1993).
  • Koumare B, Achtman M, Bougoudogo F, Cisse M, Wang JF. Molecular epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis in Mali: isolation of a new class 1 protein variant (P1.y). Bull. World Health Organ.74, 375–379 (1996).
  • Greenwood B. Manson Lecture. Meningococcal meningitis in Africa. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.93, 341–353 (1999).
  • Riou JY, Djibo S, Sangare L et al. A predictable comeback: the second pandemic of infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A subgroup III in Africa, 1995. Bull. World Health Organ.74, 181–187 (1996).
  • Lancellotti M, Guiyoule A, Ruckly C et al. Conserved virulence of C to B capsule switched Neisseria meningitidis clinical isolates belonging to ET-37/ST-11 clonal complex. Microbes Infect.8, 191–196 (2006).
  • Stefanelli P, Fazio C, Neri A, Sofia T, Mastrantonio P. First report of capsule replacement among electrophoretic type 37 Neisseria meningitidis strains in Italy. J. Clin. Microbiol.41, 5783–5786 (2003).
  • Vogel U, Claus H, Frosch M. Rapid serogroup switching in Neisseria meningitidis [letter]. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 219–220 (2000).
  • Swartley JS, Marfin AA, Edupuganti S et al. Capsule switching of Neisseria meningitidis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA94, 271–276 (1997).
  • Taha MK, Parent DCI, Schlumberger M et al.Neisseria meningitidis serogroups W135 and A were equally prevalent among meningitis cases occurring at the end of the 2001 epidemics in Burkina Faso and Niger. J. Clin. Microbiol.40, 1083–1084 (2002).
  • Ouedraogo-Traore R, Hoiby EA, Sanou I et al. Molecular characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated in Burkina Faso in 2001. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.34, 804–807 (2002).
  • Parent du Chatelet I, Traore Y, Gessner BD et al. Bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso: surveillance using field-based polymerase chain reaction testing. Clin. Infect. Dis.40, 17–25 (2005).
  • Decosas J, Koama JBT. Chronicle of an outbreak foretold: meningococcal meningitidis W135 in Burkina Faso. Lancet763–765 (2002).
  • WHO. Epidemic meningitis: surveillance and response activities during the 2002–2003 season in the countries of the African meningitis belt. Report on an informal WHO consultation. WHO, Geneva 24–25 2003.
  • Forgor AA, Leimkugel J, Hodgson A et al. Emergence of W135 meningococcal meningitis in Ghana. Trop. Med. Int. Health10, 1229–1234 (2005).
  • World Health Organization. Enhanced surveillance of epidemic meningococcal meningitis in Africa: a three-year experience. Weekly Epidemiol. Rep.80(37), 313–320 (2005).
  • WHO. Meningococcal disease, African meningitis belt, epidemic season 2006. Weekly Epidemiol. Rep.81(13), 313–320 (2006).
  • Bhattacharjee AK, Jennings HJ, Kenny CP, Martin A, Smith IC. Structural determination of the polysaccharide antigens of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups Y, W-135, and BO1. Can. J. Biochem.54, 1–8 (1976).
  • Bhattacharjee AK, Jennings HJ, Kenny CP, Martin A, Smith IP. Structural determination of the sialic acid polysaccharide antigens of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups B and C with carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance. J. Biol. Chem.250, 1926–1932 (1975).
  • Claus H, Borrow R, Achtman M et al. Genetics of capsule O-acetylation in serogroup C, W135 and Y meningococci. Mol. Microbiol.51, 227–239 (2004).
  • Nicolas P, Djibo S, Moussa A et al. Molecular epidemiology of meningococci isolated in Niger in 2003 shows serogroup A sequence type (ST)-7 and serogroup W135 ST-11 or ST-2881 strains. J. Clin. Microbiol.43, 1437–1438 (2005).
  • Moore PS. Meningococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a model for the epidemic process. Clin. Infect. Dis.14, 515–525 (1992).
  • Crowe BA, Wall RA, Kusecek B et al. Clonal and variable properties of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from cases and carriers during and after an epidemic in The Gambia, West Africa. J. Infect. Dis.159, 686–700 (1989).
  • Olyhoek T, Crowe BA, Achtman M. Clonal population structure of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A isolated from epidemics and pandemics between 1915 and 1983. Rev. Infect. Dis.9, 665–692 (1987).
  • Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Parent du Chatelet I, Sanou O, Alonso JM, Taha MK. The establishment of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 of the clonal complex ET-37/ST-11 as an epidemic clone and the persistence of serogroup A isolates in Burkina Faso. Microbes Infect.7, 645–649 (2005).
  • Nicolas P, Norheim G, Garnotel E, Djibo S, Caugant DA. Molecular epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis isolated in the African meningitis belt between 1988 and 2003 shows dominance of sequence type 5 (ST-5) and ST-11 complexes. J. Clin. Microbiol.43, 5129–5135 (2005).
  • Taha MK, Alonso JM, Cafferkey M et al. Interlaboratory comparison of PCR-based identification and genogrouping of Neisseria meningitidis. J. Clin. Microbiol.43, 144–149 (2005).
  • Guiver M, Borrow R. PCR Diagnosis. In: Meningococcal disease. Methods and Protocols. Pollard AJ, Maiden MCJ (Eds). Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, USA 23–40 (2001).
  • Orvelid P, Backman A, Olcen P. PCR identification of the group A Neisseria meningitidis gene in cerebrospinal fluid. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.31, 481–483 (1999).
  • Bennett DE, Mulhall RM, Cafferkey MT. PCR-based assay for detection of Neisseria meningitidis capsular serogroups 29E, X, and Z. J. Clin. Microbiol.42, 1764–1765 (2004).
  • Birtles A, Hardy K, Gray SJ et al. Multilocus sequence typing of Neisseria meningitidis directly from clinical samples and application of the method to the investigation of meningococcal disease case clusters. J. Clin. Microbiol.43, 6007–6014 (2005).
  • Djibo S, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Boisier P et al. Evaluation of the Pastorex® meningitis kit for the rapid identification of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and W135. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.100, 573–578 (2006).
  • Sidikou F, Djibo S, Taha MK et al. Polymerase chain reaction assay and bacterial meningitis surveillance in remote areas, Niger. Emerg. Infect. Dis.9, 1486–1488 (2003).
  • Vienne P, Ducos-Galand M, Guiyoule A et al. The role of particular strains of Neisseria meningitidis in meningococcal arthritis, pericarditis, and pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis.37, 1639–1642 (2003).
  • Faye A, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Taha MK et al. Clinical features and outcome of pediatric Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 infection: a report of 5 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis.38, 1635–1637 (2004).
  • Molyneux EM, Walsh AL, Forsyth H et al. Dexamethasone treatment in childhood bacterial meningitis in Malawi: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet360, 211–218 (2002).
  • Mwangi I, Berkley J, Lowe B et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in children admitted to a rural Kenyan hospital: increasing antibiotic resistance and outcome. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21, 1042–1048 (2002).
  • Lewis RF, Dorlencourt F, Pinel J. Long-acting oily chloramphenicol for meningococcal meningitis. Lancet352, 823 (1998).
  • Nathan N, Borel T, Djibo A et al. Ceftriaxone as effective as long-acting chloramphenicol in short-course treatment of meningococcal meningitis during epidemics: a randomised non-inferiority study. Lancet366, 308–313 (2005).
  • Duke T, Michael A, Mokela D, Wal T, Reeder J. Chloramphenicol or ceftriaxone, or both, as treatment for meningitis in developing countries? Arch. Dis. Child.88, 536–539 (2003).
  • Pinner RW, Onyango F, Perkins BA et al. Epidemic meningococcal disease in Nairobi, Kenya, 1989. The Kenya/Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Meningitis Study Group. J. Infect. Dis.166, 359–364 (1992).
  • Boisier P, Djibo S, Sidikou F et al. Epidemiological patterns of meningococcal meningitis in Niger in 2003 and 2004: under the threat of N. meningitidis serogroup W135. Trop. Med. Int. Health10, 435–443 (2005).
  • Bertherat E, Yada A, Djingarey MH, Koumare B. First major epidemic caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 in Africa? Med. Trop. (Mars)62, 301–304 (2002).
  • Koumare B, Bougoudogo F, Cisse M, Doumbia T, Keita MM. Bacteriological aspects of purulent meningitis in Bamako district. Apropos of 1,541 bacterial strains collected from 1979 to 1991. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot.86, 136–140 (1993).
  • Greenwood BM, Blakebrough IS, Bradley AK, Wali S, Whittle HC. Meningococcal disease and season in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet1, 1339–1342 (1984).
  • Mueller JE, Yaro S, Traore Y et al.Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and W-135: carriage and immunity in Burkina Faso, 2003. J. Infect. Dis.193, 812–820 (2006).
  • Blakebrough IS, Greenwood BM, Whittle HC, Bradley AK, Gilles HM. The epidemiology of infections due to Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in a northern Nigerian community. J. Infect. Dis.146, 626–637 (1982).
  • Molesworth AM, Cuevas LE, Connor SJ, Morse AP, Thomson MC. Environmental risk and meningitis epidemics in Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis.9, 1287–1293 (2003).
  • Campagne G, Schuchat A, Djibo S, Ousseini A, Cisse L, Chippaux JP. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in Niamey, Niger, 1981–1996. Bull. WHO499–508 (1997).
  • Musher DM. How contagious are common respiratory tract infections? N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1256–1266 (2003).
  • McCall BJ, Neill AS, Young MM. Risk factors for invasive meningococcal disease in southern Queensland, 2000–2001. Intern. Med. J.34, 464–468 (2004).
  • Pereiro I, Diez-Domingo J, Segarra L et al. Risk factors for invasive disease among children in Spain. J. Infect.48, 320–329 (2004).
  • Baker M, McNicholas A, Garrett N et al. Household crowding a major risk factor for epidemic meningococcal disease in Auckland children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.19, 983–990 (2000).
  • Stanwell-Smith RE, Stuart JM, Hughes AO et al. Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case control study. Epidemiol. Infect.112, 315–328 (1994).
  • Tikhomirov E, Santamaria M, Esteves K. Meningococcal disease: public health burden and control. World Health Stat. Quart.50, 170–177 (1997).
  • Hastings L, Stuart J, Andrews N, Begg N. A retrospective survey of clusters of meningococcal disease in England and Wales, 1993 to 1995: estimated risks of further cases in household and educational settings. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Rev.7, R195–R200 (1997).
  • Hodgson A, Smith T, Gagneux S et al. Risk factors for meningococcal meningitis in northern Ghana. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.95, 477–480 (2001).
  • Moore PS, Hierholzer J, DeWitt W et al. Respiratory viruses and mycoplasma as cofactors for epidemic group A meningococcal meningitis [see comments]. JAMA264, 1271–1275 (1990).
  • Moore PS, Harrison LH, Telzak EE, Ajello GW, Broome CV. Group A meningococcal carriage in travelers returning from Saudi Arabia. JAMA260, 2686–2689 (1988).
  • Greenwood BM, Greenwood AM, Bradley AK et al. Factors influencing susceptibility to meningococcal disease during an epidemic in The Gambia, West Africa. J. Infect.14, 167–184 (1987).
  • Whittle HC, Werblinska J, Hassan-King M et al. Is there a genetic immune defect in families with meningococcal meningitis? J. Infect.3, 140–149 (1981).
  • Allen A, Obaro S, Bojang K et al. Variation in toll-like receptor 4 and susceptibility to group A meningococcal meningitis in Gambian children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.22, 1018–1019 (2003).
  • Raghunathan PL, Jones JD, Tiendrebeogo SR et al. Predictors of Immunity after a Major Serogroup W-135 Meningococcal Disease Epidemic, Burkina Faso, 2002. J. Infect. Dis.193, 607–616 (2006).
  • Amadou Hamidou A DS, Moussa A et al. Asymptomatic carriage of serogroup W135 meningococcus in Niamey (Niger): relationship with acquired protective immunity. Presented at Medicine and Health in the Tropics. Marseille, France, 11–15 September, Abstract YI–Y163. In, 2005.
  • Boisier PNP, Djibo S, Amadou–Hamidou A, Sidikou F, Chanteau S. Self-contained outburst of meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135, ST-2881, in Niger with high reate of asymptomatic carriage in the community. Presented at Medicine and Health in the Tropics. Marseille, France, 11–15 September, Abstract P591 (2005).
  • Saliou P, Thabaut A, Durosoir JL. Sensitivity study for sulfamides and antibiotics of 260 strains of Neisseria meningitidis isolated in Upper Volta. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiale.74, 263–272 (1981).
  • Gagneux SP, Hodgson A, Smith TA et al. Prospective study of a serogroup X Neisseria meningitidis outbreak in northern Ghana. J. Infect. Dis.185, 618–626 (2002).
  • Odugbemi T, Ademidun O, Agbabiaka A, Banjo T. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis among school children at Ijede, Lagos State, Nigeria. Ethiop. Med. J.30, 33–36 (1992).
  • MacLennan JM, Urwin R, Obaro S et al. Carriage of serogroup W-135, ET-37 meningococci in The Gambia: implications for immunisation policy? Lancet356, 1078 (2000).
  • Djibo S, Nicolas P, Campagne G, Chippaux JP. Pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in a school of Niamey, Niger. Med. Trop. (Mars)64, 363–366 (2004).
  • Hassan-King MK, Wall RA, Greenwood BM. Meningococcal carriage, meningococcal disease and vaccination. J. Infect.16, 55–59 (1988).
  • Edwards EA, Devine LF, Sengbusch GH, Ward HW. Immunological investigations of meningococcal disease. III. Brevity of group C acquisition prior to disease occurrence. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.9, 105–110 (1977).
  • Boutet R, Stuart JM, Kaczmarski EB et al. Risk of laboratory-acquired meningococcal disease. J. Hosp. Infect.49, 282–284 (2001).
  • Yazdankhah SP, Caugant DA. Neisseria meningitidis: an overview of the carriage state. J. Med. Microbiol.53, 821–832 (2004).
  • Balmer P, Borrow R. Serolgic correlates of protection for evaluating the response to meningococcal vaccine. Expert Rev. Vaccines3(1), 77–87 (2004).
  • Fernandez J, Levine OS, Sanchez J et al. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type B colonization by vaccination: correlation with serum anti-capsular IgG concentration. J. Infect. Dis.182, 1553–1556 (2000).
  • Goldblatt D, Hussain M, Andrews N et al. Antibody responses to nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults: a longitudinal household study. J. Infect. Dis.192, 387–393 (2005).
  • Al-Mazrou Y, Khalil M, Borrow R et al. Immunogenicity of a meningococcal ACYW135 polysaccharide vaccine in Saudi children aged under 2 years. Infect. Immun.73, 2932–2939 (2005).
  • Khalil M, Al-Mazrou Y, Balmer P et al. Immunogenicity of meningococcal ACYW135 polysaccharide vaccine in Saudi children 5 to 9 years of age. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.12, 1251–1253 (2005).
  • Antignac A, Ducos-Garland M, Guiyoule A, Pries R, Alonso JM, Taha MK. Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated from invasive infection in France (1999–2002): phenotypes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Clin. Infect. Dis.37(7), 912–920 (2003).
  • Dull PM, Abdelwahab J, Sacchi CT et al.Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W-135 carriage among US travelers to the 2001 Hajj. J. Infect. Dis.191, 33–39 (2005).
  • Maiden MC, Stuart JM. Carriage of serogroup C meningococci 1 year after meningococcal C conjugate polysaccharide vaccination. Lancet359, 1829–1831 (2002).
  • Kriz P, Kriz B, Svandova E, Musilek M. Antimeningococcal herd immunity in the Czech Republic – influence of an emerging clone, Neisseria meningitidis ET-15/37. Epidemiol. Infect.123, 193–200 (1999).
  • Claus H, Maiden MC, Wilson DJ et al. Genetic analysis of meningococci carried by children and young adults. J. Infect. Dis.191, 1263–1271 (2005).
  • Amir J, Louie L, Granoff DM. Naturally-acquired immunity to Neisseria meningitidis group A. Vaccine23, 977–983 (2005).
  • Vodopija I, Baklaic Z, Hauser P et al. Reactivity and immunogenicity of bivalent (AC) and tetravalent (ACW135Y) meningococcal vaccines containing O-acetyl-negative or O-acetyl-positive group C polysaccharide. Infect. Immun.42, 599–604 (1983).
  • Cadoz M, Armand J, Arminjon F, Gire R, Lafaix C. Tetravalent (A, C, Y, W 135) meningococcal vaccine in children: immunogenicity and safety. Vaccine3, 340–342 (1985).
  • Ambrosch F, Wiedermann G, Crooy P, George AM. Immunogenicity and side-effects of a new tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Bull. World Health Organ.61, 317–323 (1983).
  • Campbell JD, Edelman R, King JC Jr. et al. Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine given to healthy adults. J. Infect. Dis.186, 1848–1851 (2002).
  • Pichichero M, Casey J, Blatter M et al. Comparative trial of the safety and immunogenicity of quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) meningococcal polysaccharide-diphtheria conjugate vaccine versus quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in two- to ten-year-old children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.24, 57–62 (2005).
  • Keyserling H, Papa T, Koranyi K et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and immune memory of a novel meningococcal (groups A, C, Y, and W-135) polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (MCV-4) in healthy adolescents. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.159, 907–913 (2005).
  • Granoff DM, Morgan A, Welsch JA. Immunogenicity of an investigational quadrivalent Neisseria meningitidis-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in 2-year old children. Vaccine23, 4307–4314 (2005).
  • Fijen CA, Kuijper EJ, Drogari-Apiranthitou M et al. Protection against meningococcal serogroup ACYW disease in complement-deficient individuals vaccinated with the tetravalent meningococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Clin. Exp. Immunol.114, 362–369 (1998).
  • Goldschneider I, Gotschlich EC, Artenstein MS. Human immunity to the meningococcus. II. Development of natural immunity. J. Exp. Med.129, 1327–1348 (1969).
  • Reller LB, MacGregor RR, Beaty HN. Bactericidal antibody after colonization with Neisseria meningitidis. J. Infect. Dis.127, 56–62 (1973).
  • Balmer P, Borrow R, Miller E. Impact of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in the UK. J. Med. Microbiol.51, 717–722 (2002).
  • Diggle MA, Clarke SC. Increased genetic diversity of Neisseria meningitidis isolates after the introduction of meningococcal serogroup C polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. J. Clin. Microbiol.43, 4649–4653 (2005).
  • Taha MK DA, Antignac A, Zarantonelli ML, Larribe M, Alonso A. The duality of virulence and transmissibility in Neisseria meningitidis. Trends Microbiol.10, 376–382 (2002).
  • Bille E, Zahar JR, Perrin A et al. A chromosomally integrated bacteriophage in invasive meningococci. J. Exp. Med.201, 1905–1913 (2005).
  • Artenstein MS, Gold R, Zimmerly JG et al. Prevention of meningococcal disease by group C polysaccharide vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med.282, 417–420 (1970).
  • Gold R, Artenstein MS. Meningococcal infections. 2. Field trial of group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in 1969–70. Bull. World Health Organ.45, 279–282 (1971).
  • Wahdan MH, Rizk F, el Akkad AM et al. A controlled field trial of a serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Bull. World Health Organ.48, 667–673 (1973).
  • Erwa HH, Haseeb MA, Idris AA et al. A serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine: studies in the Sudan to combat cerebrospinal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis group A. Bull. World Health Organ.49, 301–305 (1973).
  • WHO. Requirements for meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser.594, 50–75 (1976).
  • Nicolas P. Menomune: a tetravalent vaccine for the prophylaxis of meningococcal infections of types A, C, W135, Y. Med. Trop. (Mars)62, 129–131 (2002).
  • Anonymous. Meningococcal vaccines: polysaccharide and polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec.77, 331–339 (2002).
  • Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, Almuneef MA, Osoba AO. Neisseria meningitidis W-135 carriage during the Hajj season 2003. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.36, 264–268 (2004).
  • Miller E, Salisbury D, Ramsay M. Planning, registration and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story. Vaccine20(Suppl. 1), S58–S67 (2001).
  • Soriano-Gabarro M, Toe L, Tiendrebeogo S et al. Effectiveness of a serogroup A/C/W-135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Burkina Faso, 2003. Presented at the 14th International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference,. Milwaukee, USA, September 5–10, Abstract book 5, (2004).
  • Peltola H, Safary A, Kayhty H, Karanko V, Andre FE. Evaluation of two tetravalent (ACYW135) meningococcal vaccines in infants and small children: a clinical study comparing immunogenicity of O-acetyl-negative and O-acetyl-positive group C polysaccharides. Pediatrics76, 91–96 (1985).
  • Rennels M, King J Jr, Ryall R et al. Dose escalation, safety and immunogenicity study of a tetravalent meninogococcal polysaccharide diphtheria conjugate vaccine in toddlers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21, 978–979 (2002).
  • Rennels M, King J, Jr., Ryall R, Papa T, Froeschle J. Dosage escalation, safety and immunogenicity study of four dosages of a tetravalent meninogococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23, 429–435 (2004).
  • El Bashir H, Heath PT, Papa T et al. Antibody responses to meningococcal (groups A, C, Y and W135) polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in children who previously received meningococcal C conjugate vaccine. Vaccine24, 2544–2549 (2006).
  • Lepow ML, Beeler J, Randolph M, Samuelson JS, Hankins WA. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent combined meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children. J. Infect. Dis.154, 1033–1036 (1986).
  • Vu DM, Welsch JA, Zuno-Mitchell P, Dela Cruz JV, Granoff DM. Antibody persistence 3 years after immunization of adolescents with quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine. J. Infect. Dis.193, 821–828 (2006).
  • Ismail AA, Harris SL, Granoff DM. Serum group A anticapsular antibodies in a Sudanese population immunized with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine during a group A epidemic. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23, 748–755 (2004).
  • Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Gotschlich EC et al. Meningococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: the case for mass and routine vaccination with available polysaccharide vaccines. Bull. World Health Organ.81, 745–750 (2003).
  • Bjune G, Hoiby EA, Gronnesby JK et al. Effect of outer membrane vesicle vaccine against group B meningococcal disease in Norway. Lancet338, 1093–1096 (1991).
  • de Moraes JC, Perkins BA, Camargo MC et al. Protective efficacy of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Lancet340, 1074–1078 (1992).
  • Sierra GV, Campa HC, Varcacel NM et al. Vaccine against group B Neisseria meningitidis: protection trial and mass vaccination results in Cuba. NIPH Ann.14, 195–207 (1991).
  • Cruz C, Pavez G, Aguilar E et al. Serotype-specific outbreak of group B meningococcal disease in Iquique, Chile. Epidemiol. Infect.105, 119–126 (1990).
  • Holst J, Aaberge IS, Oster P et al. A ‘tailor made’ vaccine trialled as part of public health response to group B meningococal epidemic in New Zealand. Eurosurveillance Weekly7, 6–9 (2003).
  • Norheim G, Aase A, Caugant DA et al. Development and characterisation of outer membrane vesicle vaccines against serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis. Vaccine23, 3762–3274 (2005).
  • Masignani V, Comanducci M, Giuliani MM et al. Vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis using three variants of the lipoprotein GNA1870. J. Exp. Med.197, 789–799 (2003).
  • Comanducci M, Bambini S, Brunelli B et al. NadA, a novel vaccine candidate of Neisseria meningitidis. J. Exp. Med.195, 1445–1454 (2002).
  • Pillai S, Howell A, Alexander K et al. Outer membrane protein (OMP) based vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. Vaccine23, 2206–2209 (2005).
  • Hankins WA, Gwaltney JJM, Hendley JO, Farquar JD, Samuelson JS. Clinical and serological evaluation of a meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine groups A, C, Y and W135(41306). Proc. Soc. Expert Biol. Med.169, 54–57 (1982).
  • Griffiss JM, Brandt BL, Altieri PL, Pier GB, Berman SL. Safety and immunogenicity of group Y and group W135 meningococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines in adults. Infect. Immun.34, 725–732 (1981).
  • Platonov AE, Beloborodov VB, Pavlova LI, Vershinina IV, Kayhty H. Vaccination of patients deficient in a late complement component with tetravalent meningococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Clin. Exp. Immunol.100, 32–39 (1995).

Website

  • World Health Organization. www.who.int Accessed 7 February 2006.
  • World Health Organization. Meningococcal meningitis. Fact sheet number 141. Revised May 2003. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs141/en/
  • Bilukha OO, Rosenstein N. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR. 54, (RR07), 1–21 (2005). www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ rr5407a1.htm
  • AAP endorses new meningococcal vaccine guidelines, American Academy of Pediatrics, May 25, 2005. www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/may05mv. htm Accessed 28 February 2006.
  • www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/soa_bacterial/en/index2.html#groups%20A,%20C,%20Y,%20W. Accessed 22 February 2006.
  • FDA statistical review and evaluation. Document for the vaccines and related biological products advisory Ccommittee (VRBPAC), September 22nd 2004. Menactra, Meningococcal (Groups A, C, Y, and W135) polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine. www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/briefing/4072B1_2b.htm Accessed 26 January 2006.
  • Update: Guillain-Barré Syndrome Among Recipients of Menactra® Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine –United States, October 2005 – February 2006, April 7, 2006. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5513a2.htm Accessed 9 May 2006.
  • Neisseria MLST Home Page. http://pubmlst.org/neisseria Accessed 9 May 2006.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.