Next generation: tuberculosis vaccines that elicit protective CD8⁺ T cells

References

• Lefford MJ. Transfer of adoptive immunity to tuberculosis in mice. Infect. Immun.11, 1174–1181 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orme IM, Collins FM. Adoptive protection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lung. Dissociation between cells that passively transfer protective immunity and those that transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin. Cell. Immunol.84, 113–120 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orme IM. The kinetics of emergence and loss of mediator T lymphocytes acquired in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.J. Immunol.138, 293–298 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orme IM. Characteristics and specificity of acquired immunologic memory to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Immunol.140, 3589–3593 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrazzini T, Hug K, Louis JA. Importance of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells in the immunologic control of infection with Mycobacterium bovis strain bacillus Calmette–Guerin in mice. Assessment by elimination of T cell subsets in vivo.J. Immunol.139, 2032–2037 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng CG, Britton WJ. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediate adoptive immunity to aerosol infection of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin. J. Infect. Dis.181, 1846–1849 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller I, Cobbold SP, Waldmann H, Kaufmann SH. Impaired resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection after selective in vivo depletion of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ T cells. Infect. Immun.55, 2037–2041 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox JH, Knight BC, Ivanyi J. Mechanisms of recrudescence of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice. Infect. Immun.57, 1719–1724 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa AO, Mazzaccaro RJ, Russell RG et al. Relative contributions of distinct MHC class I-dependent cell populations in protection to tuberculosis infection in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97, 4204–4208 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behar SM, Dascher CC, Grusby MJ, Wang CR, Brenner MB. Susceptibility of mice deficient in CD1D or TAP1 to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.J. Exp. Med.189, 1973–1980 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolph MS, Raupach B, Kobernick HH et al. MHC class Ia-restricted T cells partially account for β2-microglobulin-dependent resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Eur. J. Immunol.31, 1944–1949 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urdahl KB, Liggitt D, Bevan MJ. CD8+ T cells accumulate in the lungs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected Kb-/-Db-/- mice, but provide minimal protection. J. Immunol.170, 1987–1994 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodworth JS, Behar SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells and their role in immunity. Crit. Rev. Immunol.26, 317–352 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogues T, Goodrich M, Ryan L, LaCourse R, North R. The relative importance of T cell subsets in immunity and immunopathology of airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J. Exp. Med.193, 271–280 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Pinxteren LA, Cassidy JP, Smedegaard BH, Agger EM, Andersen P. Control of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on CD8 T cells. Eur. J. Immunol.30, 3689–3698 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CM, Wilson NS, Waithman J et al. Cognate CD4(+) T cell licensing of dendritic cells in CD8(+) T cell immunity. Nat. Immunol.5, 1143–1148 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serbina NV, Lazarevic V, Flynn JL. CD4(+) T cells are required for the development of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Immunol.167, 6991–7000 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamath AB, Woodworth J, Xiong X, Taylor C, Weng Y, Behar SM. Cytolytic CD8+ T cells recognizing CFP10 are recruited to the lung after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Exp. Med.200, 1479–1489 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano M, Denis O, D’Souza S et al. Induction of in vivo functional Db-restricted cytolytic T cell activity against a putative phosphate transport receptor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.J. Immunol.172, 6913–6921 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShane H, Behboudi S, Goonetilleke N, Brookes R, Hill AV. Protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced by dendritic cells pulsed with both CD8(+)- and CD4(+)-T-cell epitopes from antigen 85A. Infect. Immun.70, 1623–1626 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yewdell JW, Reits E, Neefjes J. Making sense of mass destruction: quantitating MHC class I antigen presentation. Nat. Rev. Immunol.3, 952–961 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cresswell P, Ackerman AL, Giodini A, Peaper DR, Wearsch PA. Mechanisms of MHC class I-restricted antigen processing and cross-presentation. Immunol. Rev.207, 145–157 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majlessi L, Rojas MJ, Brodin P, Leclerc C. CD8+-T-cell responses of Mycobacterium-infected mice to a newly identified major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted epitope shared by proteins of the ESAT-6 family. Infect. Immun.71, 7173–7177 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SM, Malin AS, Pauline T et al. Characterization of human Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin-reactive CD8+ T cells. Infect. Immun.67, 5223–5230 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray DN. A coordinated strategy for evaluating new vaccines for human and animal tuberculosis. Tuberculosis81, 141–146 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamath AT, Fruth U, Brennan MJ et al. New live mycobacterial vaccines: the Geneva consensus on essential steps towards clinical development. Vaccine23, 3753–3761 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orme IM, McMurray DN, Belisle JT. Tuberculosis vaccine development: recent progress. Trends Microbiol.9, 115–118 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamath AB, Behar SM. Anamnestic responses of mice following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Infect. Immun.73, 6110–6118 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrick SC, Yang AL, Morris SL. Vaccination with a Sindbis virus-based DNA vaccine expressing antigen 85B induces protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infect. Immun.73, 7727–7735 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano M, D’Souza S, Adnet PY et al. Priming but not boosting with plasmid DNA encoding mycolyl-transferase Ag85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis increases the survival time of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccinated mice against low dose intravenous challenge with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Vaccine24, 3353–3364 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellman I, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells: specialized and regulated antigen processing machines. Cell106, 255–258 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, Lanzavecchia A. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J. Exp. Med.182, 389–400 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delamarre L, Pack M, Chang H, Mellman I, Trombetta ES. Differential lysosomal proteolysis in antigen-presenting cells determines antigen fate. Science307, 1630–1634 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii S, Liu K, Smith C, Bonito AJ, Steinman RM. The linkage of innate to adaptive immunity via maturing dendritic cells in vivo requires CD40 ligation in addition to antigen presentation and CD80/86 costimulation. J. Exp. Med.199, 1607–1618 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demangel C, Bean AG, Martin E, Feng CG, Kamath AT, Britton WJ. Protection against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin-infected dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol.29, 1972–1979 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn DA, Lines RA, Lewinsohn DM. Human dendritic cells presenting adenovirally expressed antigen elicit Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.166, 843–848 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malowany JI, McCormick S, Santosuosso M et al. Development of cell-based tuberculosis vaccines: genetically modified dendritic cell vaccine is a much more potent activator of CD4 and CD8 T cells than peptide- or protein-loaded counterparts. Mol. Ther.13, 766–775 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano H, Nagata T, Suda T et al. Immunization with dendritic cells retrovirally transduced with mycobacterial antigen 85A gene elicits the specific cellular immunity including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity specific to an epitope on antigen 85A. Vaccine24, 2110–2119 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Turner J, Basaraba RJ, Belisle JT, Orme IM. Florid pulmonary inflammatory responses in mice vaccinated with antigen-85 pulsed dendritic cells and challenged by aerosol with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Cell. Immunol.220, 13–19 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pithie AD, Rahelu M, Kumararatne DS et al. Generation of cytolytic T cells in individuals infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and vaccinated with BCG. Thorax47, 695–701 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cayabyab MJ, Hovav AH, Hsu T et al. Generation of CD8+ T-cell responses by a recombinant nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis vaccine vector expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Env. J. Virol.80, 1645–1652 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uno-Furuta S, Matsuo K, Tamaki S et al. Immunization with recombinant Calmette–Guerin bacillus (BCG)-hepatitis C virus (HCV) elicits HCV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice. Vaccine21, 3149–3156 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz MA, Harth G, Dillon BJ, Maslesa-Galic’ S. Recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccines expressing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 30-kDa major secretory protein induce greater protective immunity against tuberculosis than conventional BCG vaccines in a highly susceptible animal model. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97, 13853–13858 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz MA, Harth G. A new vaccine against tuberculosis affords greater survival after challenge than the current vaccine in the guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect. Immun.71, 1672–1679 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray PJ, Aldovini A, Young RA. Manipulation and potentiation of antimycobacterial immunity using recombinant bacille Calmette–Guerin strains that secrete cytokines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 934–939 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pym AS, Brodin P, Majlessi L et al. Recombinant BCG exporting ESAT-6 confers enhanced protection against tuberculosis. Nat. Med.9, 533–539 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grode L, Seiler P, Baumann S et al. Increased vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin mutants that secrete listeriolysin. J. Clin. Invest.115, 2472–2479 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winau F, Weber S, Sad S et al. Apoptotic vesicles crossprime CD8 T cells and protect against tuberculosis. Immunity24, 105–117 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaible UE, Winau F, Sieling PA et al. Apoptosis facilitates antigen presentation to T lymphocytes through MHC-I and CD1 in tuberculosis. Nat. Med.9, 1039–1046 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess J, Miko D, Catic A, Lehmensiek V, Russell DG, Kaufmann SH. Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin strains secreting listeriolysin of Listeria monocytogenes.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA95, 5299–5304 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conradt P, Hess J, Kaufmann SH. Cytolytic T-cell responses to human dendritic cells and macrophages infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and recombinant BCG secreting listeriolysin. Microbes. Infect.1, 753–764 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin C, Williams A, Hernandez-Pando R et al. The live Mycobacterium tuberculosis phoP mutant strain is more attenuated than BCG and confers protective immunity against tuberculosis in mice and guinea pigs. Vaccine24, 3408–3419 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambandamurthy VK, Derrick SC, Jalapathy KV et al. Long-term protection against tuberculosis following vaccination with a severely attenuated double lysine and pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infect. Immun.73, 1196–1203 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson SL, Dascher CC, Sambandamurthy VK et al. Protection elicited by a double leucine and pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Infect. Immun.72, 3031–3037 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambandamurthy VK, Wang X, Chen B et al. A pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly attenuated and protects mice against tuberculosis. Nat. Med.8, 1171–1174 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambandamurthy VK, Derrick SC, Hsu T et al.Mycobacterium tuberculosis δRD1 δpanCD: a safe and limited replicating mutant strain that protects immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice against experimental tuberculosis. Vaccine24, 6309–6320 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner MA, Yuan S, Prestidge R, Chuk D, Watson JD, Tan PL. Immunization with heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae stimulates CD8+ cytotoxic T cells specific for macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infect. Immun.65, 4525–4530 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagranderie MR, Balazuc AM, Deriaud E, Leclerc CD, Gheorghiu M. Comparison of immune responses of mice immunized with five different Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine strains. Infect. Immun.64, 1–9 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Thorson L, Stokes RW et al. Single mucosal, but not parenteral, immunization with recombinant adenoviral-based vaccine provides potent protection from pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Immunol.173, 6357–6365 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santosuosso M, Zhang X, McCormick S, Wang J, Hitt M, Xing Z. Mechanisms of mucosal and parenteral tuberculosis vaccinations: adenoviral-based mucosal immunization preferentially elicits sustained accumulation of immune protective CD4 and CD8 T cells within the airway lumen. J. Immunol.174, 7986–7994 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen P, Doherty TM. The success and failure of BCG – implications for a novel tuberculosis vaccine. Nat. Rev. Microbiol.3, 656–662 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havenga M, Vogels R, Zuijdgeest D et al. Novel replication-incompetent adenoviral B-group vectors: high vector stability and yield in PER.C6 cells. J. Gen. Virol.87, 2135–2143 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DM, Nanda A, Havenga MJ et al. Hexon-chimaeric adenovirus serotype 5 vectors circumvent pre-existing anti-vector immunity. Nature441, 239–243 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington LE, Most RR, Whitton JL, Ahmed R. Recombinant vaccinia virus-induced T-cell immunity: quantitation of the response to the virus vector and the foreign epitope. J. Virol.76, 3329–3337 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu R, Johnson AJ, Liggitt D, Bevan MJ. Cellular and humoral immunity against vaccinia virus infection of mice. J. Immunol.172, 6265–6271 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyakov IM, Earl P, Dzutsev A et al. Shared modes of protection against poxvirus infection by attenuated and conventional smallpox vaccine viruses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100, 9458–9463 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder JT, Belyakov IM, Dzutsev A, Lemonnier F, Berzofsky JA. Protection against lethal vaccinia virus challenge in HLA-A2 transgenic mice by immunization with a single CD8+ T-cell peptide epitope of vaccinia and variola viruses. J. Virol.78, 7052–7060 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GL, Murphy BR, Moss B. Construction and characterization of an infectious vaccinia virus recombinant that expresses the influenza hemagglutinin gene and induces resistance to influenza virus infection in hamsters. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA80, 7155–7159 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss B, Smith GL, Gerin JL, Purcell RH. Live recombinant vaccinia virus protects chimpanzees against hepatitis B. Nature311, 67–69 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremer KJ, Mackett M, Wohlenberg C, Notkins AL, Moss B. Vaccinia virus recombinant expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D prevents latent herpes in mice. Science228, 737–740 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShane H, Brookes R, Gilbert SC, Hill AV. Enhanced immunogenicity of CD4(+) T-cell responses and protective efficacy of a DNA-modified vaccinia virus Ankara prime–boost vaccination regimen for murine tuberculosis. Infect. Immun.69, 681–686 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss B. Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 11341–11348 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Nakaya Y, Molano A et al. Induction of protective immunity against malaria by priming–boosting immunization with recombinant cold-adapted influenza and modified vaccinia Ankara viruses expressing a CD8+-T-cell epitope derived from the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium yoelii.J. Virol.77, 11859–11866 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter G, Staib C. Vaccinia vectors as candidate vaccines: the development of modified vaccinia virus Ankara for antigen delivery. Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord.3, 263–271 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drexler I, Staib C, Sutter G. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara as antigen delivery system: how can we best use its potential? Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.15, 506–512 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosma A, Nagaraj R, Buhler S et al. Therapeutic vaccination with MVA-HIV-1 nef elicits Nef-specific T-helper cell responses in chronically HIV-1 infected individuals. Vaccine22, 21–29 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons J, Sinos C, Destree A et al. Expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae proteins by vaccinia virus. Infect. Immun.58, 4089–4098 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Venkataprasad N, Ivanyi J, Vordermeier HM. Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia viruses protects mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunology92, 6–9 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malin AS, Huygen K, Content J et al. Vaccinia expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-secreted proteins: tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence enhances expression and immunogenicity of M. tuberculosis Ag85. Microbes Infect.2, 1677–1685 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng CG, Blanchard TJ, Smith GL, Hill AV, Britton WJ. Induction of CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses to a secreted antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by an attenuated vaccinia virus. Immunol. Cell Biol.79, 569–575 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goonetilleke NP, McShane H, Hannan CM et al. Enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccine using mucosal administration and boosting with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara. J. Immunol.171, 1602–1609 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams A, Goonetilleke NP, McShane H et al. Boosting with poxviruses enhances Mycobacterium bovis BCG efficacy against tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Infect. Immun.73, 3814–3816 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShane H, Pathan AA, Sander CR et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85A boosts BCG-primed and naturally acquired antimycobacterial immunity in humans. Nat. Med.10, 1240–1244 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShane H, Pathan AA, Sander CR, Goonetilleke NP, Fletcher HA, Hill AV. Boosting BCG with MVA85A: the first candidate subunit vaccine for tuberculosis in clinical trials. Tuberculosis (Edinb.)85, 47–52 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huygen K, Content J, Denis O et al. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccine. Nat. Med.2, 893–898 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca DP, Benaissa-Trouw B, van Engelen M, Kraaijeveld CA, Snippe H, Verheul AF. Induction of cell-mediated immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using DNA vaccines encoding cytotoxic and helper T-cell epitopes of the 38-kilodalton protein. Infect. Immun.69, 4839–4845 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeiky YA, Alderson MR, Ovendale PJ et al. Differential immune responses and protective efficacy induced by components of a tuberculosis polyprotein vaccine, Mtb72F, delivered as naked DNA or recombinant protein. J. Immunol.172, 7618–7628 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowrie DB, Tascon RE, Bonato VL et al. Therapy of tuberculosis in mice by DNA vaccination. Nature400, 269–271 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonato VL, Goncalves ED, Soares EG et al. Immune regulatory effect of pHSP65 DNA therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis: activation of CD8+ cells, interferon-γ recovery and reduction of lung injury. Immunology113, 130–138 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JL, Turner OC, Basaraba RJ, Belisle JT, Huygen K, Orme IM. Pulmonary necrosis resulting from DNA vaccination against tuberculosis. Infect. Immun.71, 2192–2198 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner J, Rhoades ER, Keen M, Belisle JT, Frank AA, Orme IM. Effective preexposure tuberculosis vaccines fail to protect when they are given in an immunotherapeutic mode. Infect. Immun.68, 1706–1709 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Sherry RM et al. Inability to immunize patients with metastatic melanoma using plasmid DNA encoding the gp100 melanoma-melanocyte antigen. Hum. Gene Ther.14, 709–714 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triozzi PL, Aldrich W, Allen KO, Carlisle RR, LoBuglio AF, Conry RM. Phase I study of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding MART-1 in patients with resected melanoma at risk for relapse. J. Immunother.28, 382–388 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng CG, Palendira U, Demangel C, Spratt JM, Malin AS, Britton WJ. Priming by DNA immunization augments protective efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin against tuberculosis. Infect. Immun.69, 4174–4176 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrick SC, Yang AL, Morris SL. A polyvalent DNA vaccine expressing an ESAT6-Ag85B fusion protein protects mice against a primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and boosts BCG-induced protective immunity. Vaccine23, 780–788 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goter-Robinson C, Derrick SC, Yang AL, Jeon BY, Morris SL. Protection against an aerogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in BCG-immunized and DNA-vaccinated mice is associated with early type I cytokine responses. Vaccine24, 3522–3529 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triccas JA, Sun L, Palendira U, Britton WJ. Comparative affects of plasmid-encoded interleukin 12 and interleukin 18 on the protective efficacy of DNA vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Immunol. Cell Biol.80, 346–350 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai H, Yu DH, Tian X, Zhu YX. Coadministration of interleukin 2 plasmid DNA with combined DNA vaccines significantly enhances the protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.DNA Cell Biol.24, 605–613 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamath AT, Feng CG, Macdonald M, Briscoe H, Britton WJ. Differential protective efficacy of DNA vaccines expressing secreted proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infect. Immun.67, 1702–1707 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirman JR, Turon T, Su H et al. Enhanced immunogenicity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by vaccination with an alphavirus plasmid replicon expressing antigen 85A. Infect. Immun.71, 575–579 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimal S, Thomas MS, Heath AW. Fusion of antigen to Fas-ligand in a DNA vaccine enhances immunogenicity. Vaccine25, 2306–2315 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huygen K Plasmid DNA vaccination. Microbes Infect.7, 932–938 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrick SC, Repique C, Snoy P, Yang AL, Morris S. Immunization with a DNA vaccine cocktail protects mice lacking CD4 cells against an aerogenic infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infect. Immun.72, 1685–1692 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Souza S, Romano M, Korf J, Wang XM, Adnet PY, Huygen K. Partial reconstitution of the CD4+-T-cell compartment in CD4 gene knockout mice restores responses to tuberculosis DNA vaccines. Infect. Immun.74, 2751–2759 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich G, Bubert A, Gentschev I et al. Delivery of antigen-encoding plasmid DNA into the cytosol of macrophages by attenuated suicide Listeria monocytogenes.Nat. Biotechnol.16, 181–185 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miki K, Nagata T, Tanaka T et al. Induction of protective cellular immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by recombinant attenuated self-destructing Listeria monocytogenes strains harboring eukaryotic expression plasmids for antigen 85 complex and MPB/MPT51. Infect. Immun.72, 2014–2021 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennekov T, Dietrich J, Rosenkrands I, Stryhn A, Doherty TM, Andersen P. Alteration of epitope recognition pattern in Ag85B and ESAT-6 has a profound influence on vaccine-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Eur. J. Immunol.36, 3346–3355 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shams H, Klucar P, Weis SE et al. Characterization of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide that is recognized by human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the context of multiple HLA alleles. J. Immunol.173, 1966–1977 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn DM, Zhu L, Madison VJ et al. Classically restricted human CD8+ T lymphocytes derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected cells: definition of antigenic specificity. J. Immunol.166, 439–446 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denis O, Tanghe A, Palfliet K et al. Vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding mycobacterial antigen 85A stimulates a CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopic repertoire broader than that stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection. Infect. Immun.66, 1527–1533 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamath A, Woodworth JS, Behar SM. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and the development of central memory during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Immunol.177, 6361–6369 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar