References
- Crighton EJ, Moineddin R, Mamdani M, Upshur RE. Influenza and pneumonia hospitalizations in Ontario: a time-series analysis. Epidemiol. Infect.132, 1167–1174 (2004).
- Shek LP, Lee BW. Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. Paediatr. Respir. Rev.4, 105–111 (2003).
- Eickhoff TC, Sherman IL, Serfling RE. Observations on excess mortality associated with epidemic influenza. JAMA176, 776–782 (1961).
- Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA289, 179–186 (2003).
- Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA, Cosx C, Walsh EE. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high risk adults. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 1749–1759 (2005).
- Lui KJ, Kendal AP. Impact of influenza epidemics on mortality in the United States from October 1972 to May 1985. Am. J. Public Health77, 712–716 (1987).
- Choi K, Thacker SB. Mortality during influenza epidemics in the United States, 1967–1978. Am. J. Public Health72, 1280–1283 (1982).
- Alling DW, Blackwelder WC, Stuart-Harris CH. A study of excess mortality during influenza epidemics in the United States, 1968–1976. Am. J. Epidemiol.113, 30–43 (1981).
- Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Williamson D, Stroup DF, Arden NH, Schonberger LB. The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am. J. Public Health87, 1944–1950 (1997).
- Bhat N, Wright JG, Broder KR et al. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003–2004. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 2559–2567 (2005).
- Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Schonberger LB, Arden NH, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution. J. Infect. Dis.178, 53–60 (1998).
- Simonsen L, Reichert TA, Viboud C, Blackwater WC, Taylro RJ, Miller MA. Impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the US elderly population. Arch. Int. Med.165, 265–72 (2005).
- Wright PF, Ross KB, Thompson J, Karzon DT. Influenza A infections in young children: primary natural infection and protective efficacy of live vaccine-induced or naturally immunity. N. Engl. J. Med.296, 829–834 (1977).
- Glezen WP, Couch RB. Interpandemic influenza in the Houston area, 1974–76. N. Engl. J. Med.298, 587–592 (1978).
- Neuzil KM, Mellen BG, Wright PF, Mitchel EF, Griffin MR. The effects of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits and courses of antibiotics in children. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 225–231 (2000).
- Izurieta HS, Thompson WW, Kramarz P et al. Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 232–239 (2000).
- Molinari NA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Messonier ML et al. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine25, 5086–5096 (2007).
- Demicheli V, Rivetti D, Deeks JJ, Jefferson TO. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD001269 (2007).
- Rothberg MB, Rose DN. Vaccination versus treatment of influenza in working adults: a cost effectiveness analysis. Am. J. Med.118, 68–77 (2005).
- Bridges CB, Thompson WW, Meltzer MI et al. Effectiveness and cost–benefit of influenza vaccination of healthy working adults – a randomized controlled trial. JAMA284, 1655–1663 (2000).
- Belshe RB, Nichol KL, Black SB et al. Safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of live, attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccine in an indicated population aged 5–49 years. Clin. Infect. Dis.39, 920–927 (2004).
- Govaert TM, Thijs CT, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, Knottnerus JA. The efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. JAMA272, 1661–1665 (1994).
- Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rivetti A, Rudin M, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet366, 1165–1174 (2005).
- Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, Mullooly JP, Hak E. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N. Engl. J. Med.357, 1373–1381 (2007).
- Simonsen L, Taylor RJ, Viboud C, Miller MA, Jackson LA. Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing controversy. Lancet Infect. Dis.7, 658–666 (2007).
- Jackson LA, Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Neuzil KM, Weiss NS. Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors. Int. J. Epidemiol.35, 337–344 (2006).
- Jefferson T, Smith S, Demicheli V, Hamden A, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C. Assessment of the efficacy and effectivenss of influenza vaccines in healthy children: systematic review. Lancet365, 773–780 (2005).
- Monto AS, Davenport FM, Napier A, Francis T Jr. Effect of vaccination of a school-age population upon the course of an A2/Hong Kong influenza epidemic. Bull. World Health Organ.41, 537–542 (1969).
- Piedra PA, Gaglani MJ, Kozinetz CA et al. Herd immunity in adults against influenza-related illnesses with use of the trivalent-live attenuated influenza vaccine (CAIV-T) in children. Vaccine23, 1540–1548 (2005).
- Hurwitz ES, Haber M, Chang A et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of day care children in reducing influenza-related morbidity among household contacts. JAMA284, 1677–1682 (2000).
- Glezen WP. Herd protection against influenza. J. Clin. Virol.37, 237–243 (2006).
- Fiore AE, Shay DK, Haber P et al. Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2007. MMWR Recomm. Rep.56, 1–54 (2007).
- Treanor JJ, Campbell JD, Brady RC et al. Rapid licensure of a new, inactivated influenza vaccine in the United States. Hum. Vaccin.1, 239–244 (2005).
- Hobson D, Curry RL, Beare AS, Ward-Gardner A. The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses. J. Hyg.70, 767–777 (1972).
- Treanor J, Wright PF. Immune correlates of protection against influenza in the human challenge model. Dev. Biol.115, 97–104 (2003).
- Hehme NW, Kunzel W, Petschke F et al. Ten years experience with the trivalent split-influenza vaccine, Fluarix. Clin. Drug Invest.22, 751–769 (2002).
- Beran J, Prymula R, Chlíbek R et al. Evaluation of reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two influenza vaccines (vaxigrip and fluarix) in the season 1996–1997. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health6, 269–273 (1998).
- Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP). Note for Guidance on Harmonization of Requirements for Influenza Vaccines CPMP/BWP/214/96. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, London, UK (1997).
- Kanra G, Marchisio P, Feiterna-Sperling C et al. Comparison of immunogenicity and tolerability of a virosome-adjuvanted and a split influenza vaccine in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23, 300–306 (2004).
- Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou F, Trachana M, Pratsidou-Gertsi P, Tsitsami E, Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina V. Influenza vaccination in children with chronic rheumatic diseases and long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.19, 589–594 (2001).
- Goodwin K, Viboud C, Simonsen L. Antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly: a quantitative review. Vaccine24, 1159–1169 (2006).
- Webster RG. Immunity to influenza in the elderly. Vaccine18, 1686–1689 (2000).
- Targonski PV, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Immunosenescence: role and measurement in influenza vaccine response among the elderly. Vaccine25, 3066–3069 (2007).
- Ruf BR, Colberg K, Frick M, Preusche A. Open, randomized study to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an influenza split vaccine with an MF59-adjuvanted subunit vaccine and a virosome-based subunit vaccine in elderly. Infection32, 191–198 (2004).
- Van Hoecke C, Prikazsky V, Utö I, Menschikowski C. Immunogenicity of an inactivated split influenza vaccine in institutionalized elderly patients. Gerontology42, 190–198 (1996).
- Brydak LB, Calbecka M. Immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in patients with hemato–oncological disorders. Leuk. Lymphoma32, 369–374 (1999).
- Burbach G, Bienzle U, Stark K et al. Influenza vaccination in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation67, 753–755 (1999).
- Brydak LB, Machala M, Laguna P, Rokicka-Milewska R. Antibody response to influenza vaccination in splenectomized patients in Poland. J. Clin. Immunol.24, 225–236 (2004).
- Cox MM. Progress on baculovirus-derived influenza vaccines. Curr. Opin. Mol. Therap.10, 56–61 (2008).
- Tosh PK, Poland GA. Emerging vaccines for influenza. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs13, 21–40 (2008).
- Ernst WA, Kim HJ, Tumpey TM et al. Protection against H1, H5, H6 and H9 influenza A infection with liposomal matrix 2 epitope vaccines. Vaccine24, 5158–5168 (2006).
- Epstein CL, Kong WP, Misplon JA et al. Protection against multiple influenza A subtypes by vaccination with highly conserved nucleoprotein. Vaccine23, 5404–5410 (2005).
- Keitel WA, Atmar RL, Cate TR et al. Safety of high doses of influenza vaccine and effect on antibody responses in elderly persons. Arch. Intern. Med.166, 1121–1127 (2006).
Websites
- Update: influenza activity www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm57e215a1.htm (Accessed 28th February 2008)
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/2008/r080227.htm (Accessed 25th March 2008)