81
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Viral sequence diversity: challenges for AIDS vaccine designs

&
Pages 1405-1417 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization. AIDS epidemic update report (2007).
  • Letvin NL. Progress and obstacles in the development of an AIDS vaccine. Nature Rev. Immunol.6(12), 930–939 (2006).
  • Sekaly R-P. The failed HIV Merck vaccine study: a step back or a launching point for future vaccine development? J. Exp. Med.205(1), 7–12 (2008).
  • McMichael AJ. HIV VACCINES. Annu. Rev. Immunol.24(1), 227–255 (2006).
  • Thorner AR, Barouch DH. HIV-1 vaccine development: progress and prospects. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. (9), 71–75 (2007).
  • Freed EO, Martin MA. Fields Virology. Howley PM, Knipe DM (Eds). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA (2001).
  • Hallenberger S, Bosch V, Angliker H et al. Inhibition of furin-mediated cleavage activation of HIV-1 glycoprotein gpl60. Nature360(6402), 358–361 (1992).
  • Prabakaran P, Dimitrov AS, Fouts TR, Dimitrov DS, KuanTeh J. Structure and function of the HIV envelope glycoprotein as entry mediator, vaccine immunogen, and target for inhibitors. In: Advances in Pharmacology. Academic Press, MA, USA (2007).
  • Gaschen B, Taylor J, Yusim K et al. Diversity considerations in HIV-1 vaccine selection. Science296(5577), 2354–2360 (2002).
  • Robertson DL, Anderson JP, Bradac JA et al. A reference guide to HIV-1 classification. In: Human Retroviruses and AIDS. Korber B, Kuiken C, Foley B et al. (Eds). 492–505 (1999).
  • Johnston MI. Progress in HIV vaccine development. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.1, 504–510 (2001).
  • Berman P, Gregory T, Riddle L et al. Protection of chimpanzees from infection by HIV-1 after vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein gp120 but not gp160. Nature345, 622–625 (1990).
  • Polacino P. Limited breadth of protetive immunity elicited by SIVmne gp160 vaccines in combination immunization regimen. J. Virol.73, 618–630 (1999).
  • Barry AP, Silvestri G, Safrit JT et al. Depletion of CD8+ cells in sooty mangabey monkeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus reveals limited role for immune control of virus replication in a natural host species. J. Immunol.178(12), 8002–8012 (2007).
  • Murthy KK, Cobb EK, Rouse SR et al. Active and passive immunization against HIV type 1 infection in chimpanzees. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses14(Suppl. 3), S271–S276 (1998).
  • Conley AJ, Kessler JA, II, Boots LJ et al. The consequence of passive administration of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody before challenge of chimpanzees with a primary virus isolate. J. Virol.70(10), 6751–6758 (1996).
  • Clements JE, Montelaro RC, Zink MC et al. Cross-protective immune responses induced in rhesus macaques by immunization with attenuated macrophage-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol.69(5), 2737–2744 (1995).
  • Gardner M, Rosenthal A, Jennings M et al. Passive immunization of rhesus macaques against SIV infection and disease. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses11(7), 843–854 (1995).
  • Haigwood NL, Watson A, Sutton WF et al. Passive immune globulin therapy in the SIV/macaque model: early intervention can alter disease profile. Immunol. Lett.51(1–2), 107–114 (1996).
  • Van Rompay KK, Berardi CJ, Dillard-Telm S et al. Passive immunization of newborn rhesus macaques prevents oral simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis.177(5), 1247–1259 (1998).
  • Mascola JR, Lewis MG, Stiegler G et al. Protection of macaques against pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6PD by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol.73(5), 4009–4018 (1999).
  • Mascola JR, Stiegler G, VanCott TC et al. Protection of macaques against vaginal transmission of a pathogenic HIV-1/SIV chimeric virus by passive infusion of neutralizing antibodies. Nat. Med.6(2), 207–210 (2000).
  • Baba TW, Liska V, Hofmann-Lehmann R et al. Human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies of the IgG1 subtype protect against mucosal simian–human immunodeficiency virus infection. Nat. Med.6(2), 200–206 (2000).
  • Foresman L, Jia F, Li Z et al. Neutralizing antibodies administered before, but not after, virulent SHIV prevent infection in macaques. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses14(12), 1035–1043 (1998).
  • Li A, Baba TW, Sodroski J et al. Synergistic neutralization of a chimeric SIV/HIV type 1 virus with combinations of human anti-HIV type 1 envelope monoclonal antibodies or hyperimmune globulins. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses13(8), 647–656 (1997).
  • Li A, Katinger H, Posner MR et al. Synergistic neutralization of simian–human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-vpu+ by triple and quadruple combinations of human monoclonal antibodies and high-titer anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 immunoglobulins. J. Virol.72(4), 3235–3240 (1998).
  • Shibata R, Igarashi T, Haigwood N et al. Neutralizing antibody directed against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein can completely block HIV-1/SIV chimeric virus infections of macaque monkeys. Nat. Med.5(2), 204–210 (1999).
  • Barnett SW. Vaccination with HIV-1 gp120 DNA induces immune responses that are boosted by a recombinant gp120 protein subunit. Vaccine15, 869–873 (1997).
  • Burton DR, Montefiori DC. The antibody response in HIV-1 infection. AIDS11, S87–S98 (1997).
  • Graham BS. Determinants of antibody response after recombinant gp160 boosting in vaccinia-naive volunteers preimed with gp160-recombinant vaccinina virus. J. Infect. Dis.170, 782–786 (1994).
  • Mascola JR, Snyder SW, Weislow OS et al. Immunization with envelope subunit vaccine products elicits neutralizing antibodies against labratory-adapted but not primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Infect. Dis.173, 340–348 (1996).
  • Mascola JR. Protection of macaques against vaginal transmission of pathogenic HIV-1/SIV chimeric virus by passive infusion of neutralizing antibodies. Nat. Med.6, 207–210 (2000).
  • Parren PW. Neutralization of HIV-1 by antibody to gp120 is determined primarily by occupancy of sites on the virion irrespective of eptiope specificity. J. Virol.73, 3512–3519 (1998).
  • Van Cott TC. Antibodies with specificity to native gp120 and neutralizaion activity against primary HIV-1 isolates elciited by immunization with oligomeric gp160. J. Virol.71, 4319–4330 (1997).
  • Yang X. Characterization of stable, soluble trimer contaiing complete ectodomains of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol.74, 5716–5725 (2000).
  • Cho MW. Polyvalent envelope glycoprotein vaccine elicits a broader neutralizing antibody response but is unable to provide sterilizing protection against heterologous Simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection in pigtailed macaques. J Virol.75, 2224–2234 (2001).
  • Cole KS, Rowles JL, Murphey-Corb M et al. A model for the maturation of protective antibody responses to SIV envelope proteins in experimentally immunized monkeys. J. Med. Primatol.26(1–2), 51–58 (1997).
  • Cole KS, Murphey-Corb M, Narayan O et al. Common themes of antibody maturation to simian immunodeficiency virus, simian–human immunodeficiency virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. J. Virol.72(10), 7852–7859 (1998).
  • Fuller DH, Simpson L, Cole KS et al. Gene gun-based nucleic acid immunization alone or in combination with recombinant vaccinia vectors suppresses virus burden in rhesus macaques challenged with a heterologous SIV. Immunol. Cell Biol.75(4), 389–396 (1997).
  • Johnson RP, Lifson JD, Czajak SC et al. Highly attenuated vaccine strains of simian immunodeficiency virus protect against vaginal challenge: inverse relationship of degree of protection with level of attenuation. J. Virol.73(6), 4952–4961 (1999).
  • Hammond SA, Cook SJ, Lichtenstein DL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Maturation of the cellular and humoral immune responses to persistent infection in horses by equine infectious anemia virus is a complex and lengthy process. J. Virol.71(5), 3840–3852 (1997).
  • Montelaro RC, Cole KS, Hammond SA. Maturation of immune responses to lentivirus infection: implications for AIDS vaccine development. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses14(Suppl. 3), S255–S259 (1998).
  • Van Rompay K, Greenier JL, Cole KS et al. Immunization of newborn rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines prolongs survival after oral challenge with virulent SIVmac251. J. Virol.77, 179–190 (2003).
  • Emini EA, Schleif WA, Nunberg JH et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by gpl20 V3 domain-specific monoclonal antibody. Nature355(6362), 728 (1992).
  • Holl V, Peressin M, Decoville T et al. Nonneutralizing antibodies are able to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in macrophages and immature dendritic cells. J. Virol.80(12), 6177–6181 (2006).
  • Mascola JR, Lewis MG, Stiegler G et al. Protection of macaques against pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6pd by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol.73(5), 4009–4018 (1999).
  • Manrique M, Micewicz E, Kozlowski PA et al. DNA-MVA Vaccine protection after X4 SHIV challenge in macaques correlates with day-of-challenge antiviral CD4+ cell-mediated immunity levels and postchallenge preservation of CD4+ T cell memory. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses24(3), 505–519 (2008).
  • Nilsson C, Makitalo B, Thorstensson R et al. Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac in macaques can induce protection against mucosal infection with SIVsm. AIDS12(17), 2261–2270 (1998).
  • Wyand MS, Manson K, Montefiori DC et al. Protection by live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus against heterologous challenge. J. Virol.73(10), 8356–8363 (1999).
  • Wyand MS, Manson KH, Garcia-Moll M, Montefiori D, Desrosiers RC. Vaccine protection by a triple deletion mutant of simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol.70(6), 3724–3733 (1996).
  • Xu R, Srivastava IK, Kuller L et al. Immunization with HIV-1 SF162-derived envelope gp140 proteins does not protect macaques from heterologous simian–human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P infection. Virology349(2), 276–289 (2006).
  • Someya K, Cecilia D, Ami Y et al. Vaccination of rhesus macaques with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin env V3 elicits neutralizing antibody-mediated protection against simian–human immunodeficiency virus with a homologous but not a heterologous V3 motif. J. Virol.79(3), 1452–1462 (2005).
  • Nickle DC, Jensen MA, Gottlieb GS et al. Consensus and ancestral state HIV vaccines. Science299(5612), 1515–1518 (2003).
  • Weaver EA, Lu Z, Camacho ZT et al. Cross-subtype T-cell immune responses induced by a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M consensus env immunogen. J. Virol.80(14), 6745–6756 (2006).
  • Gao F, Weaver EA, Lu Z et al. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M consensus envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol.79(2), 1154–1163 (2005).
  • Kuiken CL, Foley B, Freed E et al. (Eds). HIV Sequence Compendium. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, LA-UR 03-3564, USA (2002).
  • Zhan X. Minor components of a multi-envelope HIV vaccine are recognized by type-specific T-helper cells. Vaccine22, 1206–1213 (2004).
  • Yusim K, Kesmir C, Gaschen B. Clustering patterns of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteins reveal imprints of immune evasion on HIV-1 global variation. J. Virol.76, 8757–8768 (2002).
  • Zolla-Pazner S. Identifying epitopes of HIV-1 that induce protective antibodies. Nat. Rev. Immunol.4, 199–210 (2004).
  • Doria-Rose NA, Learn GH, Rodrigo AG et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B ancestral envelope protein is functional and elicits neutralizing antibodies in rabbits similar to those elicited by a circulating subtype B envelope. J. Virol.79(17), 11214–11224 (2005).
  • Kothe DL, Decker JM, Li Y et al. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of HIV-1 consensus subtype B envelope glycoproteins. Virology360(1), 218–234 (2007).
  • Kothe DL, Li Y, Decker JM et al. Ancestral and consensus envelope immunogens for HIV-1 subtype C. Virology352(2), 438–449 (2006).
  • Scriba TJ, zur Megede J, Glashoff RH et al. Functionally-inactive and immunogenic Tat, Rev and Nef DNA vaccines derived from sub-Saharan subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 consensus sequences. Vaccine23(9), 1158 (2005).
  • Liao H-X, Sutherland LL, Xia S-M et al. A group M consensus envelope glycoprotein induces antibodies that neutralize subsets of subtype B and C HIV-1 primary viruses. Virology353(2), 268–282 (2006).
  • Davies MN, Flower DR. Harnessing bioinformatics to discover new vaccines. Drug. Discov. Today12(9–10), 389–395 (2007).
  • Burgers WA, van Harmelen JH, Shephard E et al. Design and preclinical evaluation of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C DNA vaccine for clinical trial. J. Gen. Virol.87(2), 399–410 (2006).
  • De Groot AS, Bishop EA, Khan B et al. Engineering immunogenic consensus T-helper epitopes for a cross-clade HIV vaccine. Methods34(4), 476 (2004).
  • Hamano T, Sawanpanyalert P, Yanai H et al. Determination of HIV type 1 CRF01_AE gag p17 and env-V3 consensus sequences for HIV/AIDS vaccine design. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses20(3), 337–340 (2004).
  • Hanke T, McMichael AJ, Mwau M et al. Development of a DNA-MVA/HIVA vaccine for Kenya. Vaccine20(15), 1995 (2002).
  • Krohn K, Stanescu I, Blazevic V et al. A DNA HIV-1 vaccine based on a fusion gene expressing non-structural and structural genes of consensus sequence of the A–C subtypes and the ancestor sequence of the F–H subtypes. Preclinical and clinical studies. Microbes Infect.7(14), 1405 (2005).
  • Kumar S, Aggarwal P, Vajpayee M, Pandey RM, Seth P. Development of a candidate DNA/MVA HIV-1 subtype C vaccine for India. Vaccine24(14), 2585 (2006).
  • Malm M, Rollman E, Ustav M et al. Cross-clade protection induced by human immunodeficiency virus-1 DNA immunogens expressing consensus sequences of multiple genes and epitopes from subtypes A, B, C, and FGH. Viral Immunol.18(4), 678–688 (2005).
  • Nkolola J, Wee EG-T, Im E-J. Engineering RENTA, a DNA prime–MVA boost HIV vaccine tailored for Eastern and Central Africa. Gene Ther.11(13), 1069–1080 (2004).
  • Thomson SA, Jaramillo AB, Shoobridge M et al. Development of a synthetic consensus sequence scrambled antigen HIV-1 vaccine designed for global use. Vaccine23(38), 4647 (2005).
  • Slobod K, Coleclough C, Bonsignori M et al. HIV vaccine rationale, design and testing. Curr. HIV Res.3(2), 107–112 (2005).
  • Azizi A, Anderson D, Ghorbani M, Gee K, Diaz-Mitoma F. Immunogenicity of a polyvalent HIV-1 candidate vaccine based on fourteen wild type gp120 proteins in golden hamsters. BMC Immunol.7(1), 25 (2006).
  • Chakrabarti BK, Ling X, Yang Z-Y et al. Expanded breadth of virus neutralization after immunization with a multiclade envelope HIV vaccine candidate. Vaccine23(26), 3434 (2005).
  • Ljungberg K, Rollman E, Eriksson L, Hinkula J, Wahren B. Enhanced immune responses after DNA vaccination with combined envelope genes from different HIV-1 subtypes. Virology302(1), 44 (2002).
  • Rollman E, Hinkula J, Arteaga J et al. Multi-subtype gp160 DNA immunization induces broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies. Gene Ther.11(14), 1146–1154 (2004).
  • Wang S, Pal R, Mascola JR et al. Polyvalent HIV-1 Env vaccine formulations delivered by the DNA priming plus protein boosting approach are effective in generating neutralizing antibodies against primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from subtypes A, B, C, D and E. Virology350(1), 34–47 (2006).
  • Brave A, Boberg A, Gudmundsdotter L et al. A new multi-clade DNA prime/recombinant MVA Boost vaccine induces broad and high levels of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell and humoral responses in mice. Mol. Ther.15(9), 1724–1733 (2007).
  • Brave A, Ljungberg K, Boberg A et al. Multigene/multisubtype HIV-1 vaccine induces potent cellular and humoral immune responses by needle-free intradermal delivery. Mol. Ther.12(6), 1197 (2005).
  • Cristillo AD, Wang S, Caskey MS et al. Preclinical evaluation of cellular immune responses elicited by a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost HIV-1 vaccine. Virology346(1), 151 (2006).
  • Kong W-P, Huang Y, Yang Z-Y et al. Immunogenicity of multiple gene and clade human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA vaccines. J. Virol.77(23), 12764–12772 (2003).
  • Pal R, Wang S, Kalyanaraman VS et al. Polyvalent DNA prime and envelope protein boost HIV-1 vaccine elicits humoral and cellular responses and controls plasma viremia in rhesus macaques following rectal challenge with an R5 SHIV isolate. J. Med. Primatol.34(5–6), 226–236 (2005).
  • Pal R, Wang S, Kalyanaraman VS et al. Immunization of rhesus macaques with a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine elicits protective antibody response against simian human immunodeficiency virus of R5 phenotype. Virology348(2), 341–353 (2006).
  • Pal R, Yu Q, Wang S et al. Definitive toxicology and biodistribution study of a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine in rabbits. Vaccine24(8), 1225 (2006).
  • Seaman MS, Xu L, Beaudry K et al. multiclade human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope immunogens elicit broad cellular and humoral immunity in rhesus monkeys. J. Virol.79(5), 2956–2963 (2005).
  • Wang S, Kennedy JS, West K et al. Cross-subtype antibody and cellular immune responses induced by a polyvalent DNA prime–protein boost HIV-1 vaccine in healthy human volunteers. Vaccine26(8), 1098–1110 (2008).
  • Fischer W, Perkins S, Theiler J et al. Polyvalent vaccines for optimal coverage of potential T-cell epitopes in global HIV-1 variants. Nat. Med.13(1), 100–106 (2007).
  • Azizi A, Anderson DE, Torres JV et al. Induction of broad cross-subtype-specific HIV-1 immune responses by a novel multivalent HIV-1 peptide vaccine in cynomolgus macaques. J. Immunol.180(4), 2174–2186 (2008).
  • Hanke T. STEP trial and HIV-1 vaccines inducing T-cell responses. Expert Rev. Vaccines7(3), 303–309 (2008).
  • Watkins DI, Burton DR, Kallas EG, Moore JP, Koff WC. Nonhuman primate models and the failure of the Merck HIV-1 vaccine in humans. Nat. Med.14(6), 617–621 (2008).
  • Cole K, Rowles J, Jagerski B et al. Evolution of envelope-specific antibody responses in monkeys experimentally infected or immunized with simian immunodeficiency virus and its association with the development of protective immunity. J. Virol.71, 5069–5079 (1997).
  • Dorner F, Barrett PN. Vaccine technology: looking to the future. Ann. Med.31(1), 51–60 (1999).
  • Graham B. Clinical trials of HIV vaccines. Annu. Rev. Med.53, 207–221 (2002).
  • Mascola JR. Defining the protective antibody response for HIV-1. Curr. Mol. Med.3, 209–216 (2003).
  • Crooks ET, Moore PL, Franti M et al. A comparative immunogenicity study of HIV-1 virus-like particles bearing various forms of envelope proteins, particles bearing no envelope and soluble monomeric gp120. Virology366(2), 245–262 (2007).
  • McBurney SP, Young KR, Ross TM. Membrane embedded HIV-1 envelope on the surface of a virus-like particle elicits broader immune responses than soluble envelopes. Virology358(2), 334–346 (2007).
  • Gaschen B. Diversity considerations in HIV-1 vaccine selection. Science296, 2354–2360 (2002).
  • Gao F. Consensus and ancestral state of HIV vaccines. Science299, 1515–1518 (2003).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.