245
Views
50
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Recent approaches in hantavirus vaccine development

, &
Pages 67-76 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Nichol ST, Beaty BJ, Elliott RM et al. Family Bunyaviridae. In: Virus Taxonomy: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (Eds). Academic Press, 695–716 (2005).
  • Schmaljohn C, Hjelle B. Hantaviruses: a global disease problem. Emerg. Infect. Dis.3(2), 95–104 (1997).
  • Clement J, Heyman P, McKenna P, Colson P, Avsic-Zupanc T. The hantaviruses of Europe: from the bedside to the bench. Emerg. Infect. Dis.3(2), 205–211 (1997).
  • Keyaerts E, Ghijsels E, Lemey P et al. Plasma exchange-associated immunoglobulin m-negative hantavirus disease after a camping holiday in southern france. Clin. Infect. Dis.38(10), 1350–1356 (2004).
  • Klempa B, Schutt M, Auste B et al. First molecular identification of human Dobrava virus infection in central Europe. J. Clin. Microbiol.42(3), 1322–1325 (2004).
  • Linderholm M, Elgh F. Clinical characteristics of hantavirus infections on the Eurasian continent. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.256, 135–151 (2001).
  • Nolte KB, Feddersen RM, Foucar K et al. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States: a pathological description of a disease caused by a new agent. Hum. Pathol.26(1), 110–120 (1995).
  • Clement J, Maes P, Van RM. Acute kidney injury in emerging, non-tropical infections. Acta Clin. Belg.62(6), 387–395 (2007).
  • Clement J, Colson P, McKenna P. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in New England and Europe. N. Engl. J. Med.331(8), 545–546 (1994).
  • Duchin JS, Koster FT, Peters CJ et al. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinical description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. The Hantavirus Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med.330(14), 949–955 (1994).
  • Hjelle B, Jenison SA, Goade DE, Green WB, Feddersen RM, Scott AA. Hantaviruses: clinical, microbiologic, and epidemiologic aspects. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci.32(5–6), 469–508 (1995).
  • Song G. Epidemiological progresses of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. Chin. Med. J.112(5), 472–477 (1999).
  • Chen HX, Qiu FX. Epidemiologic surveillance on the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. Chin. Med. J.106(11), 857–863 (1993).
  • Nurgaleeva RG, Tkachenko EA, Stepanenko AG et al. An epidemiological analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome morbidity in the Republic of Bashkortostan in 1997. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.6, 45–49 (1999).
  • Hardestam J, Karlsson M, Falk KI, Olsson G, Klingstrom J, Lundkvist A. Puumala hantavirus excretion kinetics in bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Emerg. Infect. Dis.14(8), 1209–1215 (2008).
  • Clement J, Maes P, Van Ranst M. Hantaviruses in the old and new world. In: Perspectives in Medical Virology: Emerging Viruses in Human Populations. Tabor E (Ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006).
  • Schmaljohn CS, Hasty SE, Harrison SA, Dalrymple JM. Characterization of Hantaan virions, the prototype virus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J. Infect. Dis.148(6), 1005–1012 (1983).
  • Schmaljohn CS, Hasty SE, Dalrymple JM et al. Antigenic and genetic properties of viruses linked to hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Science227(4690), 1041–1044 (1985).
  • Schmaljohn CS, Dalrymple JM. Analysis of Hantaan virus RNA: evidence for a new genus of bunyaviridae. Virology131(2), 482–491 (1983).
  • Plyusnin A, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A. Hantaviruses: genome structure, expression and evolution. J. Gen. Virol.77(Pt 11), 2677–2687 (1996).
  • Stohwasser R, Raab K, Darai G, Bautz EK. Primary structure of the large (L) RNA segment of nephropathia epidemica virus strain Hallnas B1 coding for the viral RNA polymerase. Virology183(1), 386–391 (1991).
  • Huggins JW, Hsiang CM, Cosgriff TM et al. Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J. Infect. Dis.164(6), 1119–1127 (1991).
  • Mertz GJ, Miedzinski L, Goade D et al. Placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of intravenous ribavirin for the treatment of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in North America. Clin. Infect. Dis.39(9), 1307–1313 (2004).
  • Trofa AF, Levin M, Marchant CD, Hedrick J, Blatter MM. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine administered concomitantly with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy children 15 months of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.27(7), 658–660 (2008).
  • Falleiros Carvalho LH, Weckx LY. Universal use of inactivated polio vaccine. J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)82(3 Suppl.), S75–S82 (2006).
  • Webby RJ, Sandbulte MR. Influenza vaccines. Front Biosci.13, 4912–4924 (2008).
  • Roumiantzeff M. The present status of rabies vaccine development and clinical experience with rabies vaccine. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health19(4), 549–561 (1988).
  • Eckels KH, Putnak R. Formalin-inactivated whole virus and recombinant subunit flavivirus vaccines. Adv. Virus Res.61, 395–418 (2003).
  • Schioler KL, Samuel M, Wai KL. Vaccines for preventing Japanese encephalitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.3, CD004263 (2007).
  • Yamanishi K, Tanishita O, Tamura M et al. Development of inactivated vaccine against virus causing haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Vaccine6(3), 278–282 (1988).
  • Sohn YM, Rho HO, Park MS, Kim JS, Summers PL. Primary humoral immune responses to formalin inactivated hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome vaccine (Hantavax): consideration of active immunization in South Korea. Yonsei Med. J.42(3), 278–284 (2001).
  • Cho HW, Howard CR, Lee HW. Review of an inactivated vaccine against hantaviruses. Intervirology45(4–6), 328–333 (2002).
  • Cho HW, Howard CR. Antibody responses in humans to an inactivated hantavirus vaccine (Hantavax). Vaccine17(20–21), 2569–2575 (1999).
  • Hjelle B. Vaccines against hantaviruses. Expert.Rev.Vaccines.1(3), 373–384 (2002).
  • Hooper JW, Li D. Vaccines against hantaviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.256, 171–191 (2001).
  • Choi Y, Ahn CJ, Seong KM, Jung MY, Ahn BY. Inactivated Hantaan virus vaccine derived from suspension culture of Vero cells. Vaccine21(17–18), 1867–1873 (2003).
  • Lu Q, Zhu Z, Weng J. Immune responses to inactivated vaccine in people naturally infected with hantaviruses. J. Med. Virol.49(4), 333–335 (1996).
  • Song G, Huang YC, Hang CS et al. Preliminary human trial of inactivated golden hamster kidney cell (GHKC) vaccine against haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Vaccine10(4), 214–216 (1992).
  • Dong GM, Han L, An Q, Liu WX, Kong Y, Yang LH. Immunization effect of purified bivalent vaccine to haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome manufactured from primary cultured hamster kidney cells. Chin. Med. J.118(9), 766–768 (2005).
  • Ulrich R, Nassal M, Meisel H, Kruger DH. Core particles of hepatitis B virus as carrier for foreign epitopes. Adv. Virus Res.50, 141–182 (1998).
  • Schodel F, Peterson D, Hughes J, Wirtz R, Milich D. Hybrid hepatitis B virus core antigen as a vaccine carrier moiety: I. presentation of foreign epitopes. J. Biotechnol.44(1–3), 91–96 (1996).
  • Pumpens P, Borisova GP, Crowther RA, Grens E. Hepatitis B virus core particles as epitope carriers. Intervirology38(1–2), 63–74 (1995).
  • Pumpens P, Grens E. HBV core particles as a carrier for B cell/T cell epitopes. Intervirology44(2–3), 98–114 (2001).
  • Koletzki D, Lundkvist A, Sjolander KB et al. Puumala (PUU) hantavirus strain differences and insertion positions in the hepatitis B virus core antigen influence B-cell immunogenicity and protective potential of core-derived particles. Virology276(2), 364–375 (2000).
  • Ulrich R, Lundkvist A, Meisel H et al. Chimaeric HBV core particles carrying a defined segment of Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein evoke protective immunity in an animal model. Vaccine16(2–3), 272–280 (1998).
  • Ulrich R, Koletzki D, Lachmann S et al. New chimaeric hepatitis B virus core particles carrying hantavirus (serotype Puumala) epitopes: immunogenicity and protection against virus challenge. J. Biotechnol.73(2–3), 141–153 (1999).
  • Koletzki D, Biel SS, Meisel H et al. HBV core particles allow the insertion and surface exposure of the entire potentially protective region of Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein. Biol. Chem.380(3), 325–333 (1999).
  • Geldmacher A, Skrastina D, Petrovskis I et al. An amino-terminal segment of hantavirus nucleocapsid protein presented on hepatitis B virus core particles induces a strong and highly cross-reactive antibody response in mice. Virology323(1), 108–119 (2004).
  • Geldmacher A, Skrastina D, Borisova G et al. A hantavirus nucleocapsid protein segment exposed on hepatitis B virus core particles is highly immunogenic in mice when applied without adjuvants or in the presence of pre-existing anti-core antibodies. Vaccine23(30), 3973–3983 (2005).
  • Sasnauskas K, Bulavaite A, Hale A et al. Generation of recombinant virus-like particles of human and non-human polyomaviruses in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intervirology45(4–6), 308–317 (2002).
  • Gedvilaite A, Zvirbliene A, Staniulis J, Sasnauskas K, Kruger DH, Ulrich R. Segments of puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein inserted into chimeric polyomavirus-derived virus-like particles induce a strong immune response in mice. Viral Immunol.17(1), 51–68 (2004).
  • Chu YK, Jennings GB, Schmaljohn CS. A vaccinia virus-vectored Hantaan virus vaccine protects hamsters from challenge with Hantaan and Seoul viruses but not Puumala virus. J. Virol.69(10), 6417–6423 (1995).
  • Rizvanov AA, van Geelen AG, Morzunov S et al. Generation of a recombinant cytomegalovirus for expression of a hantavirus glycoprotein. J. Virol.77(22), 12203–12210 (2003).
  • Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina SF, van Geelen AG, St Jeor SC. Replication and immunoactivity of the recombinant Peromyscus maniculatus cytomegalovirus expressing hantavirus G1 glycoprotein in vivo and in vitro. Vaccine24(3), 327–334 (2006).
  • Schmaljohn CS, Hasty SE, Dalrymple JM. Preparation of candidate vaccinia-vectored vaccines for haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Vaccine10(1), 10–13 (1992).
  • Terajima M, Van Epps HL, Li D et al. Generation of recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing Puumala virus proteins and use in isolating cytotoxic T cells specific for Puumala virus. Virus Res.84(1–2), 67–77 (2002).
  • Xu X, Ruo SL, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP. Immunity to Hantavirus challenge in Meriones unguiculatus induced by vaccinia-vectored viral proteins. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.47(4), 397–404 (1992).
  • Moss B. Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93(21), 11341–11348 (1996).
  • McClain DJ, Summers PL, Harrison SA, Schmaljohn AL, Schmaljohn CS. Clinical evaluation of a vaccinia-vectored Hantaan virus vaccine. J. Med. Virol.60(1), 77–85 (2000).
  • Maeda K, West K, Hayasaka D, Ennis FA, Terajima M. Recombinant adenovirus vector vaccine induces stronger cytotoxic T-cell responses than recombinant vaccinia virus vector, plasmid DNA, or a combination of these. Viral Immunol.18(4), 657–667 (2005).
  • Lee BH, Yoshimatsu K, Araki K, Okumura M, Nakamura I, Arikawa J. A pseudotype vesicular stomatitis virus containing Hantaan virus envelope glycoproteins G1 and G2 as an alternative to hantavirus vaccine in mice. Vaccine24(15), 2928–2934 (2006).
  • Dargeviciute A, Brus SK, Sasnauskas K et al. Yeast-expressed Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein induces protection in a bank vole model. Vaccine20(29–30), 3523–3531 (2002).
  • de Carvalho NC, Sallberg M, Hultgren C, Lundkvist A. T-helper and humoral responses to Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein: identification of T-helper epitopes in a mouse model. J. Gen. Virol.82(Pt 1), 129–138 (2001).
  • Geldmacher A, Schmaler M, Kruger DH, Ulrich R. Yeast-expressed hantavirus Dobrava nucleocapsid protein induces a strong, long-lasting, and highly cross-reactive immune response in mice. Viral Immunol.17(1), 115–122 (2004).
  • Khattak S, Darai G, Sule S, Rosen-Wolff A. Characterization of expression of Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein in transgenic plants. Intervirology45(4–6), 334–339 (2002).
  • Lundkvist A, Kallio-Kokko H, Sjolander KB et al. Characterization of Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein: identification of B-cell epitopes and domains involved in protective immunity. Virology216(2), 397–406 (1996).
  • Schmaljohn CS, Chu YK, Schmaljohn AL, Dalrymple JM. Antigenic subunits of Hantaan virus expressed by baculovirus and vaccinia virus recombinants. J. Virol.64(7), 3162–3170 (1990).
  • Yoshimatsu K, Yoo YC, Yoshida R, Ishihara C, Azuma I, Arikawa J. Protective immunity of Hantaan virus nucleocapsid and envelope protein studied using baculovirus-expressed proteins. Arch. Virol.130(3–4), 365–376 (1993).
  • Maes P, Keyaerts E, Bonnet V et al. Truncated recombinant Dobrava hantavirus nucleocapsid proteins induce strong, long-lasting immune responses in mice. Intervirology49(5), 253–260 (2006).
  • Maes P, Clement J, Cauwe B et al. Truncated recombinant puumala virus nucleocapsid proteins protect mice against challenge in vivo. Viral Immunol.21(1), 49–60 (2008).
  • Antoniukas L, Grammel H, Reichl U. Production of hantavirus Puumala nucleocapsid protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for vaccine and diagnostics. J. Biotechnol.124(2), 347–362 (2006).
  • Schmidt J, Jandrig B, Klempa B et al. Nucleocapsid protein of cell culture-adapted Seoul virus strain 80–39: analysis of its encoding sequence, expression in yeast and immuno-reactivity. Virus Genes30(1), 37–48 (2005).
  • Klingstrom J, Maljkovic I, Zuber B, Rollman E, Kjerrstrom A, Lundkvist A. Vaccination of C57/BL6 mice with Dobrava hantavirus nucleocapsid protein in Freund’s adjuvant induced partial protection against challenge. Vaccine22(29–30), 4029–4034 (2004).
  • Razanskiene A, Schmidt J, Geldmacher A et al. High yields of stable and highly pure nucleocapsid proteins of different hantaviruses can be generated in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biotechnol.111(3), 319–333 (2004).
  • Lundkvist A, Niklasson B. Bank vole monoclonal antibodies against Puumala virus envelope glycoproteins: identification of epitopes involved in neutralization. Arch. Virol.126(1–4), 93–105 (1992).
  • Lundkvist A, Horling J, Niklasson B. The humoral response to Puumala virus infection (nephropathia epidemica) investigated by viral protein specific immunoassays. Arch. Virol.130(1–2), 121–130 (1993).
  • Lundkvist A, Horling J, Athlin L, Rosen A, Niklasson B. Neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against Puumala virus, causative agent of nephropathia epidemica: a novel method using antigen-coated magnetic beads for specific B cell isolation. J. Gen. Virol.74(Pt 7), 1303–1310 (1993).
  • Arikawa J, Schmaljohn AL, Dalrymple JM, Schmaljohn CS. Characterization of Hantaan virus envelope glycoprotein antigenic determinants defined by monoclonal antibodies. J. Gen. Virol.70(Pt 3), 615–624 (1989).
  • Chu YK, Rossi C, LeDuc JW, Lee HW, Schmaljohn CS, Dalrymple JM. Serological relationships among viruses in the Hantavirus genus, family Bunyaviridae. Virology198(1), 196–204 (1994).
  • Lundkvist A, Scholander C, Niklasson B. Anti-idiotypic antibodies against Puumala virus glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies inhibit virus infection in cell cultures. Arch. Virol.132(3–4), 255–265 (1993).
  • Asada H, Tamura M, Kondo K, Dohi Y, Yamanishi K. Cell-mediated immunity to virus causing haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Gen. Virol.69(Pt 9), 2179–2188 (1988).
  • Asada H, Tamura M, Kondo K et al. Role of T lymphocyte subsets in protection and recovery from Hantaan virus infection in mice. J. Gen. Virol.68(Pt 7), 1961–1969 (1987).
  • Kruger DH, Ulrich R, Lundkvist AA. Hantavirus infections and their prevention. Microbes. Infect.3(13), 1129–1144 (2001).
  • de Carvalho NC, Gonzalez Della Valle M, Padula P, Bjorling E, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist A. Cross-protection against challenge with Puumala virus after immunization with nucleocapsid proteins from different hantaviruses. J. Virol.76(13), 6669–6677 (2002).
  • Xiong Y, Yuan Y, Jia M, Yu B, Huang H. Stable expression of Hantavirus H8205 strain G1/IL-2 gene and immune protection of the fusion gene. J. Huazhong. Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci.27(2), 124–127 (2007).
  • Li J, Li KN, Gao J, Cui JH, Liu YF, Yang SJ. Heat shock protein 70 fused to or complexed with hantavirus nucleocapsid protein significantly enhances specific humoral and cellular immune responses in C57BL/6 mice. Vaccine26(25), 3175–3187 (2008).
  • Tischler ND, Rosemblatt M, Valenzuela PD. Characterization of cross-reactive and serotype-specific epitopes on the nucleocapsid proteins of hantaviruses. Virus Res.135(1), 1–9 (2008).
  • Kallio-Kokko H, Leveelahti R, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Human immune response to Puumala virus glycoproteins and nucleocapsid protein expressed in mammalian cells. J. Med. Virol.65(3), 605–613 (2001).
  • Wang M, Rossi C, Schmaljohn CS. Expression of non-conserved regions of the S genome segments of three hantaviruses: evaluation of the expressed polypeptides for diagnosis of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J. Gen. Virol.74(Pt 6), 1115–1124 (1993).
  • Elgh F, Linderholm M, Wadell G, Tarnvik A, Juto P. Development of humoral cross-reactivity to the nucleocapsid protein of heterologous hantaviruses in nephropathia epidemica. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.22(4), 309–315 (1998).
  • Sharma AK, Khuller GK. DNA vaccines: future strategies and relevance to intracellular pathogens. Immunol. Cell Biol.79(6), 537–546 (2001).
  • Bharadwaj M, Lyons CR, Wortman IA, Hjelle B. Intramuscular inoculation of Sin Nombre hantavirus cDNAs induces cellular and humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice. Vaccine17(22), 2836–2843 (1999).
  • Bharadwaj M, Mirowsky K, Ye C et al. Genetic vaccines protect against Sin Nombre hantavirus challenge in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). J. Gen. Virol.83(Pt 7), 1745–1751 (2002).
  • Custer DM, Thompson E, Schmaljohn CS, Ksiazek TG, Hooper JW. Active and passive vaccination against hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with Andes virus M genome segment-based DNA vaccine. J. Virol.77(18), 9894–9905 (2003).
  • Hooper JW, Kamrud KI, Elgh F, Custer D, Schmaljohn CS. DNA vaccination with hantavirus M segment elicits neutralizing antibodies and protects against seoul virus infection. Virology255(2), 269–278 (1999).
  • Hooper JW, Custer DM, Thompson E, Schmaljohn CS. DNA vaccination with the Hantaan virus M gene protects hamsters against three of four HFRS hantaviruses and elicits a high-titer neutralizing antibody response in Rhesus monkeys. J. Virol.75(18), 8469–8477 (2001).
  • Kamrud KI, Hooper JW, Elgh F, Schmaljohn CS. Comparison of the protective efficacy of naked DNA, DNA-based Sindbis replicon, and packaged Sindbis replicon vectors expressing Hantavirus structural genes in hamsters. Virology263(1), 209–219 (1999).
  • Koletzki D, Schirmbeck R, Lundkvist A, Meisel H, Kruger DH, Ulrich R. DNA vaccination of mice with a plasmid encoding Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein mimics the B-cell response induced by virus infection. J. Biotechnol.84(1), 73–78 (2001).
  • Zhang FL, Wu XA, Luo W et al. The expression and genetic immunization of chimeric fragment of Hantaan virus M and S segments. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.354(4), 858–863 (2007).
  • Hooper JW, Ferro AM, Wahl-Jensen V. Immune serum produced by DNA vaccination protects hamsters against lethal respiratory challenge with Andes virus. J. Virol.82(3), 1332–1338 (2008).
  • Woo GJ, Chun EY, Kim KH, Kim W. Analysis of immune responses against nucleocapsid protein of the Hantaan virus elicited by virus infection or DNA vaccination. J. Microbiol.43(6), 537–545 (2005).
  • Johansson P, Lindgren T, Lundstrom M, Holmstrom A, Elgh F, Bucht G. PCR-generated linear DNA fragments utilized as a hantavirus DNA vaccine. Vaccine20(27–28), 3379–3388 (2002).
  • Bucht G, Sjolander KB, Eriksson S, Lindgren L, Lundkvist A, Elgh F. Modifying the cellular transport of DNA-based vaccines alters the immune response to hantavirus nucleocapsid protein. Vaccine19(28–29), 3820–3829 (2001).
  • Lindkvist M, Lahti K, Lilliehook B, Holmstrom A, Ahlm C, Bucht G. Cross-reactive immune responses in mice after genetic vaccination with cDNA encoding hantavirus nucleocapsid proteins. Vaccine25(9), 1690–1699 (2007).
  • Li J, Ye ZX, Li KN et al.HSP70 gene fused with hantavirus S segment DNA significantly enhances the DNA vaccine potency against hantaviral nucleocapsid protein in vivo. Vaccine25(2), 239–252 (2007).
  • Zheng LY, Mou L, Lin S, Lu RM, Luo EJ. Enhancing DNA vaccine potency against hantavirus by co-administration of interleukin-12 expression vector as a genetic adjuvant. Chin. Med. J.118(4), 313–319 (2005).
  • Frolov I, Frolova E, Schlesinger S. Sindbis virus replicons and Sindbis virus: assembly of chimeras and of particles deficient in virus RNA. J. Virol.71(4), 2819–2829 (1997).
  • Frolova E, Frolov I, Schlesinger S. Packaging signals in alphaviruses. J. Virol.71(1), 248–258 (1997).
  • Kanerva M, Paakkala A, Mustonen J, Paakkala T, Lahtela J, Pasternack A. Pulmonary involvement in nephropathia epidemica: radiological findings and their clinical correlations. Clin. Nephrol.46(6), 369–378 (1996).
  • Elisaf M, Siamopoulos KC. Pulmonary involvement in patients with HFRS. Chest107(2), 588–589 (1995).
  • Clement J, Maes P, Muthusethupathi M, Nainan G, Van Ranst M. First evidence of fatal hantavirus nephropathy in India, mimicking leptospirosis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.21(3), 826–827 (2006).
  • Klempa B, Fichet-Calvet E, Lecompte E et al. Novel hantavirus sequences in shrew, guinea. Emerg. Infect. Dis.13(3), 520–522 (2007).
  • Song JW, Gu SH, Bennett SN et al. Seewis virus, a genetically distinct hantavirus in the Eurasian common shrew (Sorex araneus). Virol. J.4, 114 (2007).
  • Song JW, Kang HJ, Song KJ et al. Newfound hantavirus in Chinese mole shrew, Vietnam. Emerg. Infect. Dis.13(11), 1784–1787 (2007).
  • Arai S, Song JW, Sumibcay L et al. Hantavirus in northern short-tailed shrew, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis.13(9), 1420–1423 (2007).
  • Arai S, Bennett SN, Sumibcay L et al. Phylogenetically distinct hantaviruses in the masked shrew (Sorex cinereus) and dusky shrew (Sorex monticolus) in the United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.78(2), 348–351 (2008).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.