573
Views
145
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness

Pages 347-365 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Mahy BWJ. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Mahy BWJ (Ed.). Springer, Germany (2005).
  • Brown F. Stepping stones in foot-and-mouth research: a personal view. In: Foot and Mouth Disease, Current Perspectives. Sobrino F, Domingo E (Eds). Horizon Bioscience, Wymondham, UK, 1–17, 2004.
  • Mahy BW. Overview of foot-and-mouth disease and its impact as a re-emergent viral infection. In: Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Current Perspectives. Sobrino F, Domingo E (Eds). Horizon Bioscience, Norfolk, UK 437–446 (2004).
  • Vannier P, Capua I, Le Potier MF et al. Marker vaccines and the impact of their use on diagnosis and prophylactic measures. Rev. Sci. Tech.26(2), 351–372 (2007).
  • Brooksby JB. Portraits of viruses – foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Intervirology18(1–2), 1–23 (1982).
  • Cartwright B, Morrell DJ, Brown F. Nature of the antibody response to the foot-and-mouth disease virus particle, its 12S protein subunit and the isolated immunizing polypeptide VP1. J. Gen. Virol.63(2), 375–381 (1982).
  • Mattion N, Konig G, Seki C et al. Reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease in Argentina: characterisation of the isolates and development of tools for the control and eradication of the disease. Vaccine22(31–32), 4149–4162 (2004).
  • Paton DJ, Valarcher JF, Bergmann I et al. Selection of foot and mouth disease vaccine strains – a review. Rev. Sci. Tech.24(3), 981–993 (2005).
  • Council Directive 2003/85/EC on community measures for the control of foot-and-mouth disease repealing. Directive 85/511/EEC and Decisions 89/531/EEC and 96/665/EEC and amending Directive 92/46/EEC. Official J. Eur. Union L306 2003 46, 22 November 2003.
  • Office International of Epizootics. Foot and mouth disease. In: Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Commission OS (Ed.). International Office of Epizootics, Paris, France (2005).
  • Kitching P, Hammond J, Jeggo M et al. Global FMD control – is it an option? Vaccine25(30), 5660–5664 (2007).
  • Doel TR. FMD vaccines. Virus Res.91(1), 81–99 (2003).
  • Oh Y, Charleston B, Paton D et al. Importance of cell mediated immunity for protection against foot-and-mouth disease. In: Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of EuFMD. EUFMD (Eds). Paphos, Cyprus (2006) (Appendix 38).
  • Doel TR, Chong WK. Comparative immunogenicity of 146S, 75S and 12S particles of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Arch. Virol.73(2), 185–191 (1982).
  • Anon. Foot-and-mouth disease (ruminants) vaccine (inactivated). In: European Pharmacopoeia. Directorate for the Quality of Medicines – Council of Europe (2006).
  • OIE. Foot-and-mouth disease. In: Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines, Web Format (6th Edition, Volume 1). World Organisation for Animal Health Paris, France (2008).
  • Goris N, Merkelbach-Peters P, Diev VI et al. European Pharmacopoeia foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing in cattle: between test variability and its consequences. Vaccine25(17), 3373–3379 (2007).
  • Vianna Filho YL, Astudillo V, Gomes I et al. Potency control of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle. Comparison of the 50% protective dose and the protection against generalization. Vaccine11(14), 1424–1428 (1993).
  • Goris N, Willems T, Diev VI et al. Indirect foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing based on a serological alternative. Vaccine26(31), 3870–3879 (2008).
  • Strebel K, Beck E, Strohmaier K, Schaller H. Characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus gene products with antisera against bacterially synthesized fusion proteins. J. Virol.57(3), 983–991 (1986).
  • Doel TR. Natural and vaccine induced immunity to FMD. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.288, 103–131 (2005).
  • Pay TW, Hingley PJ. The use of serum neutralizing antibody assay for the determination of the potency of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccines in cattle. Dev. Biol. Stand.64, 153–161 (1986).
  • Ahl R, Haas B, Lorenz RJ, Wittmann G. Alternative potency test of FMD vaccines and results of comparative antibody assays in different cell systems and ELISA. In: Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Lindholm, Denmark, 51–60 (1990).
  • Brehm KE, Kumar N, Thulke HH, Haas B. High potency vaccines induce protection against heterologous challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine26(13), 1681–1687 (2008).
  • Rweyemamu MM, Booth JC, Head M, Pay TWF. Microneutralization tests for serological typing and subtyping of foot-and-mouth-disease virus-strains. J. Hygiene81(1), 107–123 (1978).
  • Kitching RP, Rendle R, Ferris NP. Rapid correlation between field isolates and vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Vaccine6(5), 403–408 (1988).
  • Alonso FA, Casas Olascoaga RC, Astudillo VM, Sondahl MS, Gomes I, Vianna Filho YL. Updating of foot and mouth disease virus strains of epidemiological importance in South America. Bol. Cent. Panam. Fiebre Aftosa53, 11–18 (1987).
  • Rweyemamu MM, Hingley PJ. Foot and mouth-disease virus-strain differentiation – analysis of the serological data. J. Biol. Stand.12(2), 225–229 (1984).
  • Kitching RP, Rendle R, Ferris NP. Rapid correlation between field isolates and vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine6(5), 403–408 (1988).
  • Mahapatra M, Aggarwal N, Cox S et al. Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based approach for the selection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine strains. Vet. Microbiol.126(1–3), 40–50 (2008).
  • Samuel AR, Knowles NJ, Samuel GD, Crowther JR. Evaluation of a trapping ELISA for the differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains using monoclonal antibodies. Biologicals19(4), 299–310 (1991).
  • Maree FF, Reeve R, Blignaut B et al. Predicting antigenic sites on the FMDV capsid from cross-reactivity data. In: The Global Control of FMD – Tools, Ideas and Ideals. Erice, Italy, 113 (2008) (Appendix 117).
  • Barteling SJ, Swam H, Anemaet DAJ, Tuyn C, Vreeswijk J. Foot-and-mouth vaccines from the European Vaccine Banks seem to be sufficiently stable for emergency vaccination. In: Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Poiana-Brasov, Romania, 23–27 September. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Vienna, Austria 68–70 (1997).
  • Vosloo W, Knowles NJ, Thomson GR. Genetic relationships between southern African SAT-2 isolates of foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Epidemiol. Infect.109(3), 547–558 (1992).
  • Rweyemamu MM. Selection of vaccine strains of foot and mouth-disease virus. Br. Vet. J.134(1), 63–67 (1978).
  • Bruckner L, Griot C. FMD Vaccines. Potency testing in the target species. In: Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Izmir, Turkey, 17–20 September. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, 327 (2002).
  • Kitching RP. Global Epidemiology and Prospects for Control of Foot and Mouth Disease. Compans RW, Cooper MD, Honjo TJ, Melchers F, Olsnes S, Vogt PK (Eds). Springer, Germany (2005).
  • Sutmoller P, Barteling SS, Olascoaga RC, Sumption KJ. Control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. Virus Res.91(1), 101–144 (2003).
  • Doel TR. Natural and vaccine-induced immunity to foot and mouth disease: the prospects for improved vaccines. Rev. Sci. Tech.15(3), 883–911 (1996).
  • Salt JS, Williams L, Statham R, Barnett PV. Further studies on the rate of development of protection in cattle given emergency vaccination against FMD. In: Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Food and Agriculture Organisation. Vienna, Austria (1995).
  • Salt JS, Barnett PV, Dani P, Williams L. Emergency vaccination of pigs against foot-and-mouth disease: protection against disease and reduction in contact transmission. Vaccine16(7), 746–754 (1998).
  • Cox SJ, Barnett PV, Dani P, Salt JS. Emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: protection against disease and reduction in contact transmission. Vaccine17(15–16), 1858–1868 (1999).
  • Barnett PV, Carabin H. A review of emergency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines. Vaccine20(11–12), 1505–1514 (2002).
  • Graves JH, Cowan KM, Trautman R. Immunochemical studies of foot-and-mouth disease. II. Characterization of RNA-free viruslike particles. Virology34(2), 269–274 (1968).
  • Sellers RF, Herniman KA. Early protection of pigs against foot-and-mouth disease. Br. Vet. J.130(5), 440–445 (1974).
  • Gibson CF, Donaldson AI, Ferris NP. Response of sheep vaccinated with large doses of vaccine to challenge by airborne foot and mouth disease virus. Vaccine2(2), 157–161 (1984).
  • Donaldson AI, Kitching RP. Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease by vaccinated cattle following natural challenge. Res. Vet. Sci.46(1), 9–14 (1989).
  • Doel TR, Williams L, Barnett PV. Emergency vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease: rate of development of immunity and its implications for the carrier state. Vaccine12(7), 592–600 (1994).
  • Pay TW, Hingley PJ. Correlation of 140S antigen dose with the serum neutralizing antibody response and the level of protection induced in cattle by foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Vaccine5(1), 60–64 (1987).
  • Parida S, Fleming L, Oh Y et al. Reduction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus load in nasal excretions, saliva and exhaled air of vaccinated pigs following direct contact challenge. Vaccine25(45), 7806–7817 (2007).
  • Donaldson AI, Doel TR. Foot-and-mouth disease: the risk for Great Britain after 1992. Vet. Rec.131(6), 114–120 (1992).
  • Sharma SK. Foot-and-mouth disease in sheep and goats. Vet. Res. J.4, 1–21 (1981).
  • Leforban Y. Prevention measures against foot-and-mouth disease in Europe in recent years. Vaccine17(13–14), 1755–1759 (1999).
  • Kitching RP. A recent history of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Comp. Pathol.118(2), 89–108 (1998).
  • Barnett PV, Cox SJ. The role of small ruminants in the epidemiology and transmission of foot-and-mouth disease. Vet. J.158(1), 6–13 (1999).
  • Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM. The foot-and-mouth epidemic in Great Britain: pattern of spread and impact of interventions. Science292(5519), 1155–1160 (2001).
  • Donaldson AI, Alexandersen S. Predicting the spread of foot and mouth disease by airborne virus. Rev. Sci. Tech.21(3), 569–575 (2002).
  • Parida S, Fleming L, Oh Y et al. Emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: significance and detection of subsequent sub-clinical infection. Vaccine26(27–28), 3469–3479 (2008).
  • Cox SJ, Parida S, Voyce C et al. Further evaluation of higher potency vaccines for early protection of cattle against FMDV direct contact challenge. Vaccine25(44), 7687–7695 (2007).
  • Cox SJ, Voyce C, Parida S et al. Effect of emergency FMD vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following direct contact challenge of cattle. Vaccine24(16), 3184–3190 (2006).
  • Cox SJ, Voyce C, Parida S et al. Protection against direct-contact challenge following emergency FMD vaccination of cattle and the effect on virus excretion from the oropharynx. Vaccine23(9), 1106–1113 (2005).
  • Eble PL, Bouma A, de Bruin MG, van Hemert-Kluitenberg F, van Oirschot JT, Dekker A. Vaccination of pigs two weeks before infection significantly reduces transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine22(11–12), 1372–1378 (2004).
  • Eble PL, Bouma A, Weerdmeester K, Stegeman JA, Dekker A. Serological and mucosal immune responses after vaccination and infection with FMDV in pigs. Vaccine25(6), 1043–1054 (2007).
  • Eble PL, de Bruin MG, Bouma A, van Hemert-Kluitenberg F, Dekker A. Comparison of immune responses after intra-typic heterologous and homologous vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in pigs. Vaccine24(9), 1274–1281 (2006).
  • Golde WT, Pacheco JM, Duque H et al. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus confers complete clinical protection in 7 days and partial protection in 4 days: use in emergency outbreak response. Vaccine23(50), 5775–5782 (2005).
  • Orsel K, de Jong MC, Bouma A, Stegeman JA, Dekker A. The effect of vaccination on foot and mouth disease virus transmission among dairy cows. Vaccine25(2), 327–335 (2007).
  • Orsel K, Dekker A, Bouma A, Stegeman JA, de Jong MC. Vaccination against foot and mouth disease reduces virus transmission in groups of calves. Vaccine23(41), 4887–4894 (2005).
  • Orsel K, Dekker A, Bouma A, Stegeman JA, de Jong MC. Quantification of foot and mouth disease virus excretion and transmission within groups of lambs with and without vaccination. Vaccine25(14), 2673–2679 (2007).
  • Alexandersen S, Zhang Z, Donaldson AI, Garland AJ. The pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Comp. Pathol.129(1), 1–36 (2003).
  • Parida S, Anderson J, Cox SJ, Barnett PV, Paton DJ. Secretory IgA as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance. Vaccine24(8), 1107–1116 (2006).
  • Parida S, Oh Y, Reid SM et al. Interferon-γ production in vitro from whole blood of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccinated and infected cattle after incubation with inactivated FMDV. Vaccine24(7), 964–969 (2006).
  • Eble PL, de Koeijer AA, de Jong MC, Engel B, Dekker A. A meta-analysis quantifying transmission parameters of FMDV strain O Taiwan among non-vaccinated and vaccinated pigs. Prev. Vet. Med.83(1), 98–106 (2008).
  • Cox SJ, Dani P, Salt JS, Barnett PV. Effect of emergency vaccines on local virus replication and virus persistence in sheep using two different adjuvant formulations. In: Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the Europen Commision for the Control of Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Food and Agriculture Organisation. Pirbright, UK 139–143 (1998).
  • Moonen P, Jacobs L, Crienen A, Dekker A. Detection of carriers of foot-and-mouth disease virus among vaccinated cattle. Vet. Microbiol.103(3–4), 151–160 (2004).
  • Dawe PS, Flanagan FO, Madekurozwa RL et al. Natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) to cattle in a wildlife area of Zimbabwe. Vet. Rec.134(10), 230–232 (1994).
  • Dawe PS, Sorensen K, Ferris NP, Barnett IT, Armstrong RM, Knowles NJ. Experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from carrier African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) to cattle in Zimbabwe. Vet. Rec.134(9), 211–215 (1994).
  • Tenzin F, Dekker A, Vernooij H, Bouma A, Stegeman A. Rate of foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission by carriers quantified from experimental data. Risk Anal.28(2), 303–309 (2008).
  • McCullough KC, Bruckner L, Schaffner R, Fraefel W, Muller HK, Kihm U. Relationship between the anti-FMD virus antibody reaction as measured by different assays, and protection in vivo against challenge infection. Vet. Microbiol.30(2–3), 99–112 (1992).
  • McCullough KC, De Simone F, Brocchi E, Capucci L, Crowther JR, Kihm U. Protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease. J. Virol.66(4), 1835–1840 (1992).
  • Collen T. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (aphthovirus): viral T cell epitopes. Morrison BMIGI (Ed.). CRC Press, FL, USA (1994).
  • Waheed U, Gibson D, Paton DJ, Khan QM, Parida S. Development and Evaluation of IgM ELISA for the Detection of FMDV. EuFMD (Ed.). Erice, Italy (2008).
  • Golde WT, Nfon CK, Toka FN. Immune evasion during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of swine. Immunol. Rev.225, 85–95 (2008).
  • Sobrino F, Saiz M, Jimenez-Clavero MA et al. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a long known virus, but a current threat. Vet. Res.32(1), 1–30 (2001).
  • Salt JS. The carrier state in foot and mouth disease-an immunological review. Br. Vet. J.149(3), 207–223 (1993).
  • Archetti IL, Amadori M, Donn A, Salt J, Lodetti E. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cattle by assessment of antibody response in oropharyngeal fluids. J. Clin. Microbiol.33(1), 79–84 (1995).
  • Salt JS, Mulcahy G, Kitching RP. Isotype-specific antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in sera and secretions of ‘carrier’ and ‘non-carrier’ cattle. Epidemiol. Infect.117(2), 349–360 (1996).
  • Francis MJ, Ouldridge EJ, Black L. Antibody response in bovine pharyngeal fluid following foot-and-mouth disease vaccination and, or, exposure to live virus. Res. Vet. Sci.35(2), 206–210 (1983).
  • Grubman MJ, Baxt B. Foot-and-mouth disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.17(2), 465–493 (2004).
  • Barteling SJ, Vreeswijk J. Developments in foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Vaccine9(2), 75–88 (1991).
  • Juleff N, Windsor M, Reid E et al. Foot-and-mouth disease virus persists in the light zone of germinal centres. PLoS ONE3(10), E3434 (2008).
  • Hunter P. The performance of southern African territories serotypes of foot and mouth disease antigen in oil-adjuvanted vaccines. Rev. Sci. Tech.15(3), 913–922 (1996).
  • Cox S, Parida S, Hamblin P et al. Longevity of protection in cattle following vaccination with emergency fmd from the UK strategic reserve – preliminary results. In: The Global Control of FMD – Tools, Ideas and Ideals. Erice, Italy (2008) (Appendix 15).
  • Barnett PV, Pullen L, Williams L, Doel TR. International bank for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine: assessment of Montanide ISA 25 and ISA 206, two commercially available oil adjuvants. Vaccine14(13), 1187–1198 (1996).
  • Cox SJ, Aggarwal N, Statham RJ, Barnett PV. Longevity of antibody and cytokine responses following vaccination with high potency emergency FMD vaccines. Vaccine21(13–14), 1336–1347 (2003).
  • Selman P, Chénard G, Dekker A. Cedivac-FMD; Duration of immunity in cattle, sheep and pigs. In: International Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Tools, Trends and Perspectives. Paphos, Cyprus 215 (2006) (Appendix 231).
  • Blanco E, Garcia-Briones M, Sanz-Parra A et al. Identification of T-cell epitopes in nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol.75(7), 3164–3174 (2001).
  • Collen T, Baron J, Childerstone A et al. Heterotypic recognition of recombinant FMDV proteins by bovine T-cells: the polymerase (P3Dpol) as an immunodominant T-cell immunogen. Virus Res.56(2), 125–133 (1998).
  • Foster M, Cook A, Cedillo L, Parkhouse RM. Serological and cellular immune responses to non-structural proteins in animals infected with FMDV. Vet. Q.20(Suppl. 2), S28–S30 (1998).
  • Gerner W, Denyer MS, Takamatsu HH et al. Identification of novel foot-and-mouth disease virus specific T-cell epitopes in c/c and d/d haplotype miniature swine. Virus Res.121(2), 223–228 (2006).
  • Blanco E, McCullough K, Summerfield A et al. Interspecies major histocompatibility complex-restricted Th cell epitope on foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein VP4. J. Virol.74(10), 4902–4907 (2000).
  • Bautista EM, Ferman GS, Golde WT. Induction of lymphopenia and inhibition of T cell function during acute infection of swine with foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.92(1–2), 61–73 (2003).
  • Childerstone AJ, Cedillo-Baron L, Foster-Cuevas M, Parkhouse RM. Demonstration of bovine CD8+ T-cell responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Gen. Virol.80 (Pt 3), 663–669 (1999).
  • Collen T. T cell Responses of Cattle to Foot and Mouth Disease Virus. Council for National Academic Awards, London, UK 246 (1991).
  • Van Lierop MJ, Wagenaar JP, van Noort JM, Hensen EJ. Sequences derived from the highly antigenic VP1 region 140 to 160 of foot-and-mouth disease virus do not prime for a bovine T-cell response against intact virus. J. Virol.69(7), 4511–4514 (1995).
  • Ilott MC, Salt JS, Gaskell RM, Kitching RP. Dexamethasone inhibits virus production and the secretory IgA response in oesophageal–pharyngeal fluid in cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Epidemiol. Infect.118(2), 181–187 (1997).
  • Glass EJ, Oliver RA, Collen T, Doel TR, Dimarchi R, Spooner RL. MHC class II restricted recognition of FMDV peptides by bovine T cells. Immunology74(4), 594–599 (1991).
  • Van Lierop MJ, Nilsson PR, Wagenaar JP et al. The influence of MHC polymorphism on the selection of T-cell determinants of FMDV in cattle. Immunology84(1), 79–85 (1995).
  • Garcia-Briones MM, Russell GC, Oliver RA et al. Association of bovine DRB3 alleles with immune response to FMDV peptides and protection against viral challenge. Vaccine19(9–10), 1167–1171 (2000).
  • Moraes MP, de Los Santos T, Koster M et al. Enhanced antiviral activity against foot-and-mouth disease virus by a combination of type I and II porcine interferons. J. Virol.81(13), 7124–7135 (2007).
  • Summerfield A, Guzylack-Piriou L, Harwood L, McCullough KC. Innate immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus: current understanding and future directions. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.296 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Zhang ZD, Hutching G, Kitching P, Alexandersen S. The effects of γ interferon on replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in persistently infected bovine cells. Arch. Virol.147(11), 2157–2167 (2002).
  • Takamatsu HH, Denyer MS, Stirling C et al. Porcine γδ T cells: possible roles on the innate and adaptive immune responses following virus infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.112(1–2), 49–61 (2006).
  • Garcia-Briones MM, Blanco E, Chiva C, Andreu D, Ley V, Sobrino F. Immunogenicity and T cell recognition in swine of foot-and-mouth disease virus polymerase 3D. Virology322(2), 264–275 (2004).
  • Guzman E, Taylor G, Charleston B, Skinner MA, Ellis SA. An MHC-restricted CD8+ T-cell response is induced in cattle by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection and also following vaccination with inactivated FMDV. J. Gen. Virol.89(Pt 3), 667–675 (2008).
  • Collen T, Doel TR. Heterotypic recognition of foot-and-mouth disease virus by cattle lymphocytes. J. Gen. Virol.71(Pt 2), 309–315 (1990).
  • Garcia Valcarcel MR. Cellular Immune Recognition of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus. University of London, UK, 262 (1993).
  • van Lierop MJ, van Maanen K, Meloen RH, Rutten VP, de Jong MA, Hensen EJ. Proliferative lymphocyte responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus and three FMDV peptides after vaccination or immunization with these peptides in cattle. Immunology75(3), 406–413 (1992).
  • Cunliffe HR. Inactivation of foot and mouth disease with ethyleneimine. Appl. Microbiol.26, 747 (1973).
  • Doel TR. Optimisation of the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Vaccine17(13–14), 1767–1771 (1999).
  • Parida S, Cox SJ, Reid SM et al. The application of new techniques to the improved detection of persistently infected cattle after vaccination and contact exposure to foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine23(44), 5186–5195 (2005).
  • Strohmaier K, Franze R, Adam KH. Location and characterization of the antigenic portion of the FMDV immunizing protein. J. Gen. Virol.59(Pt 2), 295–306 (1982).
  • Bittle JL, Houghten RA, Alexander H et al. Protection against foot-and-mouth disease by immunization with a chemically synthesized peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence. Nature298(5869), 30–33 (1982).
  • DiMarchi R, Brooke G, Gale C, Cracknell V, Doel T, Mowat N. Protection of cattle against foot-and-mouth disease by a synthetic peptide. Science232(4750), 639–641 (1986).
  • Francis MJ, Hastings GZ, Brown F, McDermed J, Lu YA, Tam JP. Immunological evaluation of the multiple antigen peptide (MAP) system using the major immunogenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Immunology73(3), 249–254 (1991).
  • Nagai Y, Kato A. Paramyxovirus reverse genetics is coming of age. Microbiol. Immunol.43(7), 613–624 (1999).
  • Pfaff E, Mussgay M, Bohm HO, Schulz GE, Schaller H. Antibodies against a preselected peptide recognize and neutralize foot and mouth disease virus. EMBO J.1(7), 869–874 (1982).
  • Kit M, Kit S, Little SP, Di Marchi RD, Gale C. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)-based viral vector which expresses foot-and-mouth disease epitopes. Vaccine9(8), 564–572 (1991).
  • Kitson JD, Burke KL, Pullen LA, Belsham GJ, Almond JW. Chimeric polioviruses that include sequences derived from two independent antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) induce neutralizing antibodies against FMDV in guinea pigs. J. Virol.65(6), 3068–3075 (1991).
  • Wang JH, Liang CM, Peng JM et al. Induction of immunity in swine by purified recombinant VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine21(25–26), 3721–3729 (2003).
  • Chan EW, Wong HT, Cheng SC et al. An immunoglobulin G based chimeric protein induced foot-and-mouth disease specific immune response in swine. Vaccine19(4–5), 538–546 (2000).
  • Su C, Duan X, Wang X et al. Heterologous expression of FMDV immunodominant epitopes and HSP70 in P. pastoris and the subsequent immune response in mice. Vet. Microbiol.124(3–4), 256–263 (2007).
  • Dus Santos MJ, Wigdorovitz A, Trono K et al. A novel methodology to develop a foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) peptide-based vaccine in transgenic plants. Vaccine20(7–8), 1141–1147 (2002).
  • Wu L, Jiang L, Zhou Z et al. Expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes in tobacco by a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector. Vaccine21(27–30), 4390–4398 (2003).
  • Pan L, Zhang Y, Wang Y et al. Foliar extracts from transgenic tomato plants expressing the structural polyprotein, P1-2A, and protease, 3C, from foot-and-mouth disease virus elicit a protective response in guinea pigs. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.121(1–2), 83–90 (2008).
  • Wang CY, Chang TY, Walfield AM et al. Effective synthetic peptide vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease in swine. Vaccine20(19–20), 2603–2610 (2002).
  • Rodriguez LL, Barrera J, Kramer E, Lubroth J, Brown F, Golde WT. A synthetic peptide containing the consensus sequence of the G-H loop region of foot-and-mouth disease virus type-O VP1 and a promiscuous T-helper epitope induces peptide-specific antibodies but fails to protect cattle against viral challenge. Vaccine21(25–26), 3751–3756 (2003).
  • Beard C, Ward G, Rieder E, Chinsangaram J, Grubman MJ, Mason PW. Development of DNA vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease, evaluation of vaccines encoding replicating and non-replicating nucleic acids in swine. J. Biotechnol.73(2–3), 243–249 (1999).
  • Benvenisti L, Rogel A, Kuznetzova L, Bujanover S, Becker Y, Stram Y. Gene gun-mediate DNA vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine19(28–29), 3885–3895 (2001).
  • Chinsangaram J, Beard C, Mason PW, Zellner MK, Ward G, Grubman MJ. Antibody response in mice inoculated with DNA expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins. J. Virol.72(5), 4454–4457 (1998).
  • Frimann TH, Barfoed AM, Aasted B, Kamstrup S. Vaccination of mice with plasmids expressing processed capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus – importance of dominant and subdominant epitopes for antigenicity and protection. Vaccine25(33), 6191–6200 (2007).
  • Shieh JJ, Liang CM, Chen CY et al. Enhancement of the immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus by DNA priming and protein boosting immunization. Vaccine19(28–29), 4002–4010 (2001).
  • Ward G, Rieder E, Mason PW. Plasmid DNA encoding replicating foot-and-mouth disease virus genomes induces antiviral immune responses in swine. J. Virol.71(10), 7442–7447 (1997).
  • Wong HT, Cheng SC, Chan EW et al. Plasmids encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 epitopes elicited immune responses in mice and swine and protected swine against viral infection. Virology278(1), 27–35 (2000).
  • Zhang HY, Sun SH, Guo YJ et al. Immune response in mice inoculated with plasmid DNAs containing multiple-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine21(32), 4704–4707 (2003).
  • Fan H, Tong T, Chen H, Guo A. Immunization of DNA vaccine encoding C3d–VP1 fusion enhanced protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Genes35(2), 347–357 (2007).
  • Kim JJ, Yang JS, Manson KH, Weiner DB. Modulation of antigen-specific cellular immune responses to DNA vaccination in rhesus macaques through the use of IL-2, IFN-γ, or IL-4 gene adjuvants. Vaccine19(17–19), 2496–2505 (2001).
  • Li Y, Aggarwal N, Takamatsu HH, Sterling CM, Voyce C, Barnett PV. Enhancing immune responses against a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding a FMDV empty capsid from serotype O. Vaccine24(21), 4602–4606 (2006).
  • Cedillo-Barron L, Foster-Cuevas M, Belsham GJ, Lefevre F, Parkhouse RM. Induction of a protective response in swine vaccinated with DNA encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid proteins and the 3D RNA polymerase. J. Gen. Virol.82(Pt 7), 1713–1724 (2001).
  • Costa-Pereira AP, Williams TM, Strobl B, Watling D, Briscoe J, Kerr IM. The antiviral response to γ interferon. J. Virol.76(18), 9060–9068 (2002).
  • Mingxiao M, Ningyi J, Juan LH et al. Immunogenicity of plasmids encoding P12A and 3C of FMDV and swine IL-18. Antiviral Res.76(1), 59–67 (2007).
  • Park JH, Kim SJ, Oem JK et al. Enhanced immune response with foot and mouth disease virus VP1 and interleukin-1 fusion genes. J. Vet. Sci.7(3), 257–262 (2006).
  • Wong HT, Cheng SC, Sin FW, Chan EW, Sheng ZT, Xie Y. A DNA vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease elicits an immune response in swine which is enhanced by co-administration with interleukin-2. Vaccine20(21–22), 2641–2647 (2002).
  • Xiao C, Jin H, Hu Y et al. Enhanced protective efficacy and reduced viral load of foot-and-mouth disease DNA vaccine with co-stimulatory molecules as the molecular adjuvants. Antiviral Res.76(1), 11–20 (2007).
  • Zhang HY, Sun SH, Guo YJ et al. Optimization strategy for plasmid DNAs containing multiple-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus by cis-expression with IL-2. Vaccine26(6), 769–777 (2008).
  • Li Y, Stirling CM, Denyer MS et al. Dramatic improvement in FMD DNA vaccine efficacy and cross-serotype antibody induction in pigs following a protein boost. Vaccine26(21), 2647–2656 (2008).
  • Crowther JR, Farias S, Carpenter WC, Samuel AR. Identification of a 5th neutralizable site on type-O foot-and-mouth-disease virus following characterization of single and quintuple monoclonal-antibody escape mutants. J. Gen. Virol.74, 1547–1553 (1993).
  • Saiz M, Nunez JI, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Baranowski E, Sobrino F. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: biology and prospects for disease control. Microbes Infect.4(11), 1183–1192 (2002).
  • Chinsangaram J, Moraes MP, Koster M, Grubman MJ. Novel viral disease control strategy: adenovirus expressing a interferon rapidly protects swine from foot-and-mouth disease. J. Virol.77(2), 1621–1625 (2003).
  • Abrams CC, King AM, Belsham GJ. Assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids synthesized by a vaccinia virus expression system. J. Gen. Virol.76(Pt 12), 3089–3098 (1995).
  • Belsham GJ, Abrams CC, King AM, Roosien J, Vlak JM. Myristoylation of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein precursors is independent of other viral proteins and occurs in both mammalian and insect cells. J. Gen. Virol.72(Pt 3), 747–751 (1991).
  • Grubman MJ, Morgan DO, Kendall J, Baxt B. Capsid intermediates assembled in a foot-and-mouth disease virus genome RNA-programmed cell-free translation system and in infected cells. J. Virol.56(1), 120–126 (1985).
  • Grubman MJ, Mason PW. Prospects, including time-frames, for improved foot and mouth disease vaccines. Rev. Sci. Tech.21(3), 589–600 (2002).
  • Lewis SA, Morgan DO, Grubman MJ. Expression, processing, and assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid structures in heterologous systems: induction of a neutralizing antibody response in guinea pigs. J. Virol.65(12), 6572–6580 (1991).
  • Roosien J, Belsham GJ, Ryan MD, King AM, Vlak JM. Synthesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors. J. Gen. Virol.71(Pt 8), 1703–1711 (1990).
  • Rowlands DJ, Sangar DV, Brown F. A comparative chemical and serological study of the full and empty particles of foot-and mouth disease virus. J. Gen. Virol.26(3), 227–238 (1975).
  • Mayr GA, Chinsangaram J, Grubman MJ. Development of replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 containing the capsid and 3C protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate. Virology263(2), 496–506 (1999).
  • Mayr GA, O’Donnell V, Chinsangaram J, Mason PW, Grubman MJ. Immune responses and protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) challenge in swine vaccinated with adenovirus–FMDV constructs. Vaccine19(15–16), 2152–2162 (2001).
  • Moraes MP, Mayr GA, Mason PW, Grubman MJ. Early protection against homologous challenge after a single dose of replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain A24. Vaccine20(11–12), 1631–1639 (2002).
  • Wu Q, Moraes MP, Grubman MJ. Recombinant adenovirus co-expressing capsid proteins of two serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV): in vitro characterization and induction of neutralizing antibodies against FMDV in swine. Virus Res.93(2), 211–219 (2003).
  • Grubman MJ. Development of novel strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: marker vaccines and antivirals. Biologicals33(4), 227–234 (2005).
  • Oem JK, Chang BS, Joo HD et al. Development of an epitope-blocking-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate between animals infected with and vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. Methods142(1–2), 174–181 (2007).
  • Li Z, Yi Y, Yin X, Zhang Z, Liu J. Expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins in silkworm-baculovirus expression system and its utilization as a subunit vaccine. PLoS ONE3(5), E2273 (2008).
  • Usherwood EJ, Nash AA. Lymphocyte recognition of picornaviruses. J. Gen. Virol.76(Pt 3), 499–508 (1995).
  • Balamurugan V, Kumar RM, Suryanarayana VV. Past and present vaccine development strategies for the control of foot-and-mouth disease. Acta Virol.48(4), 201–214 (2004).
  • Sanz-Parra A, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Garcia-Briones MM, Blanco E, Sobrino F, Ley V. Recombinant viruses expressing the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid precursor polypeptide (P1) induce cellular but not humoral antiviral immunity and partial protection in pigs. Virology259(1), 129–134 (1999).
  • Berinstein A, Tami C, Taboga O, Smitsaart E, Carrillo E. Protective immunity against foot-and-mouth disease virus induced by a recombinant vaccinia virus. Vaccine18(21), 2231–2238 (2000).
  • Zheng M, Jin N, Zhang H et al. Construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant fowlpox virus containing the capsid and 3C protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. Methods136(1–2), 230–237 (2006).
  • He Y, Qian P, Zhang K et al. Construction and immune response characterization of a recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing capsid precursor protein (P1) and a multiepitope peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine. Virus Genes36(2), 393–400 (2008).
  • Qian P, Li XM, Jin ML, Peng GQ, Chen HC. An approach to a FMD vaccine based on genetic engineered attenuated pseudorabies virus: one experiment using VP1 gene alone generates an antibody responds on FMD and pseudorabies in swine. Vaccine22(17–18), 2129–2136 (2004).
  • Yao Q, Qian P, Huang Q, Cao Y, Chen H. Comparison of immune responses to different foot-and-mouth disease genetically engineered vaccines in guinea pigs. J. Virol. Methods147(1), 143–150 (2008).
  • Rieder E, Baxt B, Lubroth J, Mason PW. Vaccines prepared from chimeras of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) induce neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity to multiple serotypes of FMDV. J. Virol.68(11), 7092–7098 (1994).
  • Fowler VL, Paton DJ, Rieder E, Barnett PV. Chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses: evaluation of their efficacy as potential marker vaccines in cattle. Vaccine26(16), 1982–1989 (2008).
  • Van Rensburg HG, Mason PW. Construction and evaluation of a recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for inactivated vaccine production. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.969, 83–87 (2002).
  • Bigeriego P, Rosas MF, Zamora E, Martinez-Salas E, Sobrino F. Heterotypic inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection by combinations of RNA transcripts corresponding to the 5´ and 3´ regions. Antiviral Res.44(2), 133–141 (1999).
  • de los Santos T, Wu Q, de Avila Botton S, Grubman MJ. Short hairpin RNA targeted to the highly conserved 2B nonstructural protein coding region inhibits replication of multiple serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virology335(2), 222–231 (2005).
  • Gutierrez A, Rodriguez A, Pintado B, Sobrino F. Transient inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of BHK-21 cells by antisense oligonucleotides directed against the second functional initiator AUG. Antiviral Res.22(1), 1–13 (1993).
  • Kahana R, Kuznetzova L, Rogel A et al. Inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by small interfering RNA. J. Gen. Virol.85(Pt 11), 3213–3217 (2004).
  • Liu M, Chen W, Ni Z et al. Cross-inhibition to heterologous foot-and-mouth disease virus infection induced by RNA interference targeting the conserved regions of viral genome. Virology336(1), 51–59 (2005).
  • Rosas MF, Martinez-Salas E, Sobrino F. Stable expression of antisense RNAs targeted to the 5´ non-coding region confers heterotypic inhibition to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection. J. Gen. Virol.84(Pt 2), 393–402 (2003).
  • Chen W, Liu M, Jiao Y et al. Adenovirus-mediated RNA interference against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol.80(7), 3559–3566 (2006).
  • Chen W, Yan W, Du Q et al. RNA interference targeting VP1 inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in BHK-21 cells and suckling mice. J. Virol.78(13), 6900–6907 (2004).
  • Sakamoto K, Ohashi S, Yamazoe R, Takahashi K, Furuta Y. The inhibition of FMD virus excretion from the infected pigs by an antiviral agent, T-1105. In: International Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Tools, Trends and Perspectives. Paphos, Cyprus 414 (2006) (Appendix 464).
  • Kamstrup S, Frimann TH, Barfoed AM. Protection of Balb/c mice against infection with FMDV by immunostimulation with CpG oligonucleotides. Antiviral Res.72(1), 42–48 (2006).
  • Goris N, De Palma A, Toussaint JF, Musch I, Neyts J, De Clercq K. 2´-C-methylcytidine as a potent and selective inhibitor of the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Antiviral Res.73(3), 161–168 (2007).
  • Le Bon A, Schiavoni G, D’Agostino G, Gresser I, Belardelli F, Tough DF. Type I interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity14(4), 461–470 (2001).
  • Leforban Y. How predictable were the outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in Europe in 2001 and is vaccination the answer? Rev. Sci. Tech.21(3), 549–556, 539–547 (2002).
  • Leforban Y, Gerbier G. Review of the status of foot and mouth disease and approach to control/eradication in Europe and Central Asia. Rev. Sci. Tech.21(3), 477–492 (2002).
  • Leforban Y, Gerbier G, Rweyemamu M. Action of FAO in the control of foot and mouth disease. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.25(5–6), 373–382 (2002).
  • Brocchi E, Bergmann IE, Dekker A et al. Comparative evaluation of six ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine24(47–48), 6966–6979 (2006).
  • Paton DJ, de Clercq K, Greiner M et al. Application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle. Vaccine24(42–43), 6503–6512 (2006).
  • Perkins J, Clavijo A, Hindson BJ, Lenhoff RJ, McBride MT. Multiplexed detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Anal. Chem.78(15), 5462–5468 (2006).
  • Perkins J, Parida S, Clavijo A. Evaluation of multiplexed foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein antibody assay against standardized bovine serum panel. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.14(11), 1472–1482 (2007).
  • Mateo R, Luna E, Rincon V, Mateu MG. Engineering viable foot-and-mouth disease viruses of increased thermostability as a step in the development of improved vaccines. J. Virol.82(24), 12232–12240 (2008).
  • Hogenesch H. Mechanisms of stimulation of the immune response by aluminum adjuvants. Vaccine20(Suppl. 3), S34–S39 (2002).
  • Mata-Haro V, Cekic C, Martin M, Chilton PM, Casella CR, Mitchell TC. The vaccine adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A as a TRIF-biased agonist of TLR4. Science316(5831), 1628–1632 (2007).
  • Kelly CD, O’Loughlin C, Gelder FB, Peterson JW, Sower LE, Cirino NM. Rapid generation of an anthrax immunotherapeutic from goats using a novel non-toxic muramyl dipeptide adjuvant. J. Immune Based Ther. Vaccines5, 11 (2007).
  • Weeratna RD, Makinen SR, McCluskie MJ, Davis HL. TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants: comparison of CpG ODN and resiquimod (R-848). Vaccine23(45), 5263–5270 (2005).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.