Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy Volume 11, 2013 - Issue 9
Submit an article Journal homepage
635
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Inflammation & Infection of the Heart - Review

Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis: focus on clinical aspects

Anders DahlGentofte University Hospital, Niels Andersens vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkCorrespondence[email protected]
&
Niels Eske BruunGentofte University Hospital, Niels Andersens vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
Pages 1247-1257 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Fisher K, Phillips C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiol. 155( Pt 6), 1749–1757 (2009).
  • Moellering RC Jr. Emergence of Enterococcus as a significant pathogen. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14(6), 1173–1176 (1992).
  • Poh CH, Oh HML, Tan AL. Epidemiology and clinical outcome of enterococcal bacteraemia in an acute care hospital. J. Infect. 52(5), 383–386 (2006).
  • Shaked H, Carmeli Y, Schwartz D, Siegman-Igra Y. Enterococcal bacteraemia: epidemiological, microbiological, clinical and prognostic characteristics, and the impact of high level gentamicin resistance. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 38(11–12), 995–1000 (2006).
  • Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J et al. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 29(11), 996–1011 (2008).
  • Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur. Heart J. 30(19), 2369–2413 (2009).
  • Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 169(5), 463–473 (2009).
  • Sy RW, Kritharides L. Health care exposure and age in infective endocarditis: results of a contemporary population-based profile of 1536 patients in Australia. Eur. Heart J. 31(15), 1890–1897 (2010).
  • Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, Vanderschueren S, Herregods M-C, Peetermans WE. Infective endocarditis: changing epidemiology and predictors of 6-month mortality: a prospective cohort study. Eur. Heart J. 28(2), 196–203 (2007).
  • Selton-Suty C, Célard M, Le Moing V et al. Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in infective endocarditis: a 1-year population-based survey. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54(9), 1230–1239 (2012).
  • Scudeller L BL. Population-based surveillance of infectious endocarditis in an italian region. Arch. Intern. Med. 169(18), 1718–1725 (2009).
  • Siegman-Igra Y. Infective endocarditis following gastrointestinal and genitourinary procedures: an argument in favour of prophylaxis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 42(3), 208–214 (2010).
  • Megran DW. Enterococcal endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15(1), 63–71 (1992).
  • Moellering RC Jr, Watson BK, Kunz LJ. Endocarditis due to group D streptococci. Comparison of disease caused by streptococcus bovis with that produced by the enterococci. Am. J. Med. 57(2), 239–250 (1974).
  • Geraci JE, Martin WJ. Antibiotic therapy of bacterial endocarditis. VI. Subacute enterococcal endocarditis; clinical, pathologic and therapeutic consideration of 33 cases. Circulation 10(2), 173–194 (1954).
  • Mandell GL, Kaye D, Levison ME, Hook EW. Enterococcal endocarditis. An analysis of 38 patients observed at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. Arch. Intern. Med. 125(2), 258–264 (1970).
  • Fernández Guerrero ML, Goyenechea A, Verdejo C, Roblas RF, de Górgolas M. Enterococcal endocarditis on native and prosthetic valves: a review of clinical and prognostic factors with emphasis on hospital-acquired infections as a major determinant of outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 86(6), 363–377 (2007).
  • Herzstein J, Ryan JL, Mangi RJ, Greco TP, Andriole VT. Optimal therapy for enterococcal endocarditis. Am. J. Med. 76(2), 186–191 (1984).
  • Wilson WR, Wilkowske CJ, Wright AJ, Sande MA, Geraci JE. Treatment of streptomycin-susceptible and streptomycin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis. Ann. Intern. Med. 100(6), 816–823 (1984).
  • Rice LB, Calderwood SB, Eliopoulos GM, Farber BF, Karchmer AW. Enterococcal endocarditis: a comparison of prosthetic and native valve disease. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13(1), 1–7 (1991).
  • Martínez-Marcos FJ, Lomas-Cabezas JM, Hidalgo-Tenorio C et al. [Enterococcal endocarditis: a multicenter study of 76 cases]. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clín. 27(10), 571–579 (2009).
  • Fernández-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Gavaldà J et al. Ampicillinplus ceftriaxone is as effective as ampicillin plus gentamicin for treating Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 56(9), 1261–1268 (2013).
  • Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30(4), 633–638 (2000).
  • Olaison L, Schadewitz K. Enterococcal endocarditis in Sweden, 1995–1999: can shorter therapy with aminoglycosides be used? Clin. Infect. Dis. 34(2), 159–166 (2002).
  • Dahl A, Rasmussen RV, Bundgaard H et al. Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis: a pilot study of the relationship between duration of gentamicin treatment and outcome. Circulation 127(17), 1810–1817 (2013).
  • Koenig MG, Kaye D. Enterococcal endocarditis. Report of nineteen cases with long-term follow-up data. N. Engl. J. Med. 264, 257–264 (1961).
  • Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 111(23), e394–e434 (2005).
  • Habib G, Derumeaux G, Avierinos JF et al. Value and limitations of the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33(7), 2023–2029 (1999).
  • Pinholt M, Ostergaard C, Arpi M et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics and 30-day mortality of enterococcal bacteraemia in Denmark 2006–2009: a population-based cohort study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12236 (2013) ( Epub ahead of print).
  • Rasmussen RV, Høst U, Arpi M et al. Prevalence of infective endocarditis in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: the value of screening with echocardiography. Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 12(6), 414–420 (2011).
  • Fowler VG Jr, Li J, Corey GR et al. Role of echocardiography in evaluation of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: experience in 103 patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 30(4), 1072–1078 (1997).
  • Saby L, Laas O, Habib G et al. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography for diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis: increased valvular 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake as a novel major criterion. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2013).
  • Bruun NE, Habib G, Thuny F, Sogaard P. Cardiac imaging in infectious endocarditis. Eur. Heart J. (2013) [ Epub ahead of print].
  • Eliopoulos GM, Eliopoulos CT. Therapy of enterococcal infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9(2), 118–126 (1990).
  • Jawetz E, Gunnison JB, Coleman VR. The combined action of penicillin with streptomycin or chloromycetin on enterococci in vitro. science. 111(2880), 254–256 (1950).
  • Henry NK, Wilson WR, Geraci JE. Treatment of streptomycin-susceptible enterococcal experimental endocarditis with combinations of penicillin and low- or high-dose streptomycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 30(5), 725–728 (1986).
  • Jawetz E, Sonne M. Penicillin-streptomycin treatment of enterococcal endocarditis. A re-evaluation. N. Engl. J. Med. 274(13), 710–715 (1966).
  • Serra P, Brandimarte C, Martino P, Carlone S, Giunchi G. Synergistic treatment of enterococcal endocarditis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Arch. Intern. Med. 137(11), 1562–1567 (1977).
  • Dubé L, Caillon J, Jacqueline C, Bugnon D, Potel G, Asseray N. The optimal aminoglycoside and its dosage for the treatment of severe Enterococcus faecalis infection. An experimental study in the rabbit endocarditis model. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31(10), 2545–2547 (2012).
  • Gavaldà J, Cardona PJ, Almirante B et al. Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis using once-daily dosing regimen of gentamicin plus simulated profiles of ampicillin in human serum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(1), 173–178 (1996).
  • Houlihan HH, Stokes DP, Rybak MJ. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and ampicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin once daily or thrice daily against Enterococcus faecalis in an in vitro infection model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46(1), 79–86 (2000).
  • Schwank S, Blaser J. Once-versus thrice-daily netilmicin combined with amoxicillin, penicillin, or vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(10), 2258–2261 (1996).
  • Marangos MN, Nicolau DP, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. Influence of gentamicin dosing interval on the efficacy of penicillin-containing regimens in experimental Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39(4), 519–522 (1997).
  • Fantin B, Carbon C. Importance of the aminoglycoside dosing regimen in the penicillin-netilmicin combination for treatment of Enterococcus faecalis-induced experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34(12), 2387–2391 (1990).
  • Tam VH, Mckinnon PS, Levine DP, Brandel SM, Rybak MJ. Once-daily aminoglycoside in the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis: case report and review. Pharmacotherapy 20(9), 1116–1119 (2000).
  • Graham JC, Gould FK. Role of aminoglycosides in the treatment of bacterial endocarditis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49(3), 437–444 (2002).
  • Buchholtz K, Larsen CT, Schaadt B, Hassager C, Bruun NE. Once versus twice daily gentamicin dosing for infective endocarditis: a randomized clinical trial. Cardiology 119(2), 65–71 (2011).
  • Westling K, Aufwerber E, Ekdahl C et al. Swedish guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 39(11–12), 929–946 (2007).
  • Buchholtz K, Larsen CT, Hassager C, Bruun NE. Severity of gentamicin’s nephrotoxic effect on patients with infective endocarditis: a prospective observational cohort study of 373 patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 65–71 (2009).
  • Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Fowler VG Jr et al. Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(6), 713–721 (2009).
  • Buchholtz K, Larsen CT, Hassager C, Bruun NE. Infective endocarditis: long-term reversibility of kidney function impairment. A 1-y post-discharge follow-up study. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 42(6–7), 484–490 (2010).
  • McDonald JR, Olaison L, Anderson DJ et al. Enterococcal endocarditis: 107 cases from the international collaboration on endocarditis merged database. Am. J. Med. 118(7), 759–766 (2005).
  • Chirouze C, Athan E, Alla F et al. Enterococcal endocarditis in the beginning of the 21st century: analysis from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12166 (2013) ( Epub ahead of print).
  • Gavaldà J, Torres C, Tenorio C et al. Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(3), 639–646 (1999).
  • Gavaldá J, Onrubia PL, Gómez MTM et al. Efficacy of ampicillin combined with ceftriaxone and gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis with no high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52(3), 514–517 (2003).
  • Miro JM, Cervera C, Garcia-de-la-Maria C et al. Success of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone rescue therapy for a relapse of Enterococcus faecalis native-valve endocarditis and in vitro data on double beta-lactam activity. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 40(11–12), 968–972 (2008).
  • Arias CA, Contreras GA, Murray BE. Management of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16(6), 555–562 (2010).
  • Gavaldà J, Len O, Miró JM et al. Brief communication: treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. Ann. Intern. Med. 146(8), 574–579 (2007).
  • Miro JM, Pericas JM, Del Rio A. A new era for treating Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis: ampicillin plus short-course gentamicin or ampicillin plus ceftriaxone: that is the question! Circulation 127(17), 1763–1766 (2013).
  • McKinnell JA, Kunz DF, Chamot E et al. Association between vancomycin-resistant Enterococci bacteremia and ceftriaxone usage. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 33(7), 718–724 (2012).
  • Donskey CJ, Chowdhry TK, Hecker MT et al. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the density of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the stool of colonized patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 343(26), 1925–1932 (2000).
  • Manzella J, Benenson R, Pellerin G et al. Choice of antibiotic and risk of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus among patients admitted for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 21(12), 789–791 (2000).
  • Vesteinsdottir I, Gudlaugsdottir S, Einarsdottir R, Kalaitzakis E, Sigurdardottir O, Bjornsson ES. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile toxin-positive diarrhea: a population-based prospective case-control study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31(10), 2601–2610 (2012).
  • Lauridsen TK, Bruun LE, Rasmussen RV et al. Linezolid as rescue treatment for left-sided infective endocarditis: an observational, retrospective, multicenter study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31(10), 2567–2574 (2012).
  • Wareham DW, Abbas H, Karcher AM, Das SS. Treatment of prosthetic valve infective endocarditis due to multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria with linezolid. J. Infect. 52(4), 300–304 (2006).
  • Kullar R, Davis SL, Levine DP et al. High-dose daptomycin for treatment of complicated Gram-positive infections: a large, multicenter, retrospective study. Pharmacotherapy 31(6), 527–536 (2011).
  • Carpenter CF, Chambers HF. Daptomycin: another novel agent for treating infections due to drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(7), 994–1000 (2004).
  • Birmingham MC, Rayner CR, Meagher AK, Flavin SM, Batts DH, Schentag JJ. Linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant, Gram-positive infections: experience from a compassionate-use program. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36(2), 159–168 (2003).
  • Arias CA, Murray BE. Emergence and management of drug-resistant enterococcal infections. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 6(5), 637–655 (2008).
  • Murray BE. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 342(10), 710–721 (2000).
  • Stevens MP, Edmond MB. Endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci: case report and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(8), 1134–1142 (2005).
  • Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39(3), 309–317 (2004).
  • Johnson AP, Warner M, Woodford N, Speller DC, Livermore DM. Antibiotic resistance among enterococci causing endocarditis in the UK: analysis of isolates referred to a reference laboratory. BMJ 317(7159), 629–630 (1998).
  • Anderson DJ, Murdoch DR, Sexton DJ et al. Risk factors for infective endocarditis in patients with enterococcal bacteremia: a case-control study. Infection 32(2), 72–77 (2004).
  • Aslangul E, Ruimy R, Chau F, Garry L, Andremont A, Fantin B. Relationship between the level of acquired resistance to gentamicin and synergism with amoxicillin in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(10), 4144–4148 (2005).
  • Munita JM, Arias CA, Murray BE. Editorial commentary: Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis: is it time to abandon aminoglycosides? Clin. Infect. Dis. 56(9), 1269–1272 (2013).
  • Munita JM, Arias CA, Murray BE. Enterococcal endocarditis: can we win the war? Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 14(4), 339–349 (2012).
  • Anderson DJ, Olaison L, McDonald JR et al. Enterococcal prosthetic valve infective endocarditis: report of 45 episodes from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-merged database. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 24(10), 665–670 (2005).
  • Rasmussen RV, Bruun LE, Lund J, Larsen CT, Hassager C, Bruun NE. The impact of cardiac surgery in native valve infective endocarditis: can euro SCORE guide patient selection? Int. J. Cardiol. 149(3), 304–309 (2011).
  • Leone S, Ravasio V, Durante-Mangoni E et al. Epidemiology, characteristics, and outcome of infective endocarditis in Italy: the Italian Study on Endocarditis. Infection 40(5), 527–535 (2012).
  • Fernández-Guerrero ML, Verdejo C, Azofra J, de Górgolas M. Hospital-acquired infectious endocarditis not associated with cardiac surgery: an emerging problem. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20(1), 16–23 (1995).
  • Fernández-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Tornos P et al. Contemporary epidemiology and prognosis of health care-associated infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47(10), 1287–1297 (2008).
  • Fernández-Guerrero ML, Herrero L, Bellver M, Gadea I, Roblas RF, de Górgolas M. Nosocomial enterococcal endocarditis: a serious hazard for hospitalized patients with enterococcal bacteraemia. J. Intern. Med. 252(6), 510–515 (2002).
  • Ben-Ami R, Giladi M, Carmeli Y, Orni-Wasserlauf R, Siegman-Igra Y. Hospital-acquired infective endocarditis: should the definition be broadened? Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(6), 843–850 (2004).
  • Tompsett R, Berman W. Enterococcal endocarditis: duration and mode of treatment. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 89, 49–57 (1978).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.