Are we there yet? Closing the gender gap in coronary heart disease recognition, management and outcomes

References

• Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL et al. Heart Disease and Stroke statistics – 2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 127 (1), e6–e245, (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in the U.S. from 1980 through 2002: concealed leveling of mortality rates. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50(22), 2128–2132 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on Women's Health. Board on Population Health and Public Health Practices. Women's Health Research. Progress, Pitfalls, and Promise. Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women – 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123(11), 1243–1262 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy post-menopausal women: principal results of the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(3), 321–333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M et al. WHI Investigators. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA 289(20), 2673–2684 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 158(1), 47–54 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM et al. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(15), 1610–1618 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albert CM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM et al. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 299(17), 2027–2036 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ et al. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(15), 1567–1577 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S et al. B-Vitamin Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37,485 individuals. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(18), 1622–1631 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manson JE, Vitamin D and the heart: why we need large-scale clinical trials. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 77(12), 903–910 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Hsai, J, Heiss G, Ren H et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation 115(7), 846–854 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee I-M et al. A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(13), 1293–1304 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 150(6), 396–404 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(22), 2345–2359 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Ridker P, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH et al. JUPITER Study Group. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated c-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(21), 2195–2207 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul S, Morrissey RP, Diamond GA. By Jove! What is a clinician to make of JUPITER? Arch. Intern. Med. 170(12), 1073–1077 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Mannisto J, Mendola P, Vaarasmaki M et al. Elevated blood pressure in pregnancy and subsequent chronic disease risk. Circulation 127(6), 681–690 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udell JA, Lu H, Redelmeier DA. Long-term cardiovascular risk in women prescribed fertility therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. doi:10:1016/j.jacc.2013.05.085 (2013) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Canto AJ, Kiefe CI, Goldberg RJ et al. Differences in symptom presentation and hospital mortality according to type of acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 163(4), 572–579 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Berger JS, Elliott L, Gallup D et al. Sex differences in mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 302(8), 874–882 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Peterson ED, Rogers WJ, Kiefe CI, Canto J. Sex differences in mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Arch. Intern. Med. 169(19), 1767–1774 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Wenger NK. Women and coronary heart disease: a century after Herrick. Understudied, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Circulation 126(5), 604–611 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Stefanini GG, Baber U, Windecker S et al. Safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents in women: a patient-level pooled analysis of randomised trials. Lancet doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61782-1 (2013) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Puskas JD, Kilgo PD, Kutner M, Pusca SV, Lattouf O, Guyton RA. Off-pump techniques disproportionately benefit women and narrow the gender disparity in outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 116(Suppl. 1), I192–I199 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Geller SE, Koch A, Pellettieri B, Carnes M. Inclusion, analysis, and reporting of sex and race/ethnicity in clinical trials: have we made progress? J. Womens Health 20(3), 315–320 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar