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Reviews

Emerging strategies to treat ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms

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References

An attempt at quantifying how the incidence of rupture has been reduced by public health measures to limit smoking and using endovascular technology for the elective repair of large aneurysms in those more than 75 years of age.

  • Multicentre aneurysm screening study group. Multicentre aneurysm screening study (MASS): cost effectiveness analysis of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms based on four year results from randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002;325:1135.
  • Svensjo S, Mani K, Bjorck M, et al. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in 65-year-old men remains cost-effective with contemporary epidemiology and management. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014;47:357–365.
  • Mani K, Bjorck M, Wanhainen A. Changes in the management of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm disease in Sweden. Br J Surg. 2013;100:638–644.

Just one example of the changing national trends in abdominal aortic aneurysm from a country which offers population screening to men.

  • Lindholt JS, Sogaard R, Laustsen J. Prognosis of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms in Denmark from 1994-2008. Clin Epidemiol. 2012;4:111–113.
  • Filipovic M, Seagroatt V, Goldacre MJ. Differences between women and men in surgical treatment and case fatality rates for ruptured aortic abdominal aneurysm in England. Br J Surg. 2007;94:1096–1099.
  • Mureebe L, Egorova N, McKinsey JF, et al. Gender trends in the repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms and outcomes. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51:9S–13S.
  • Karthikesalingam A, Holt PJ, Vidal-Diez A, et al. Mortality from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: clinical lessons from a comparison of outcomes in England and the USA. Lancet. 2014;383:963–969.
  • Sweeting MJ, Balm R, Desgranges P, et al. Ruptured Aneurysm Trialists. Individual-patient meta-analysis of three randomized trials comparing endovascular versus open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg. 2015;102:1229–1239.

Highlighting the increased risk of colonic and mesenteric ischaemia following open repair and the that endovascular repair has only a small, non-significant effect on operative mortality.

  • Acosta S, Ogren M, Bergqvist D, et al. The Hardman index in patients operated on for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: A systematic review. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:949–954.
  • IMPROVE trial investigators. One-year outcomes from the IMPROVE randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2061–2069.

State of art information 2015 and the first report showing the health economic advantages of a strategy of preferential endovascular repair, as well as stressing thatg patient-preferred outcomes are better with an endovascular strategy.

  • CRASH trial collaborators, Roberts I, Shakur H, Afolabi A, et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:1096–1101, 1101 e1-2.
  • Napolitano LM, Cohen MJ, Cotton BA, et al. Tranexamic acid in trauma: how should we use it? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74:1575–1586.
  • Veith FJ, Cayne NS, Berland TL, et al. Current role for endovascular treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Semin Vasc Surg. 2012;25:174–176.
  • IMPROVE trial investigators. Observations from the IMPROVE trial concerning the clinical care of patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg. 2014;101:216–224. discussion 224.

Highlighing the possibility of real survival gains if repair can be conducted under local rather than general anaesthesia and questionning the value of permissive hypotension in this elderly cohort of patients.

  • Tran NT, Quiroga E, Singh N, et al. Preoperative risk score for the prediction of mortality following repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61:127S.
  • Wise ES, Hocking KM, Brophy CM. Prediction of in-hospital mortality after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair using an artificial neural network. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62:8–15.
  • Karkos CD, Menexes GC, Patelis N, et al A systematic review and meta-analysis of abdominal compartment syndrome after endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59:829–842.
  • Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, De Waele J, et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1190–1206.

Important best practice guidelines that are all too often disregarded.

  • Reimerink JJ, Hoornweg LL, Vahl AC, et al. Endovascular repair versus open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2013;258:248–256.
  • Desgranges P, Kobeiter H, Katsahian S, et al. ECAR (Endovasculaire vs. Chirurgie dans les Anevrysmes Rompus): a French Randomized Controlled Trial of endovascular vs. open surgical repair of ruptured aorto-illiac aneurysms. Presented at European Society for Vascular Surgery, Stockholm, September 2014. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50:303–310.
  • Dick F, Diehm N, Opfermann P, et al. Endovascular suitability and outcome after open surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg. 2012;99:940–947.
  • IMPROVE trial investigators. The effect of aortic morphology on peri-operative mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneury. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1328–1334.
  • Derubertis BG, Trocciola SM, Ryer EJ, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm in women: prevalence, risk factors, and implications for screening. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46:630–635.
  • Svensjo S, Bjorck M, Wanhainen A. Current prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in 70-year-old women. Br J Surg. 2013;100:367–372.
  • Li X, Zhao G, Zhang J, et al. Prevalence and trends of the abdominal aortic aneurysms epidemic in general population–a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e81260.
  • Sweeting MJ, Thompson SG, Brown LC, et al. Meta-analysis of individual patient data to examine factors affecting growth and rupture of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg. 2012;99:655–665.

Noting the increased risk of colonic and mesenteric ischaemia following open repair and the that endovascular repair has only a small, non-significant effect on operative mortality.

  • Egorova NN, Vouyouka AG, McKinsey JF, et al. Effect of gender on long-term survival after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair based on results from the Medicare national database. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:1-12.e6. discussion 11-2.
  • Lo RC, Bensley RP, Hamdan AD, et al. Gender differences in abdominal aortic aneurysm presentation, repair, and mortality in the Vascular Study Group of New England. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57:1261–1268.

A recent paper emphasising that outcomes and selection bias are increased in women.

  • Karthikesalingam A, Nicoli TK, Holt PJ, et al. The fate of patients referred to a specialist vascular unit with large infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysms over a two-year period. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;42:295–301.
  • LeFevre ML, Force USPST. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:281–290.
  • Hinchliffe RJ, Ribbons T, Ulug P, et al. Transfer of patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm from general hospitals to specialist vascular centres: results of a Delphi consensus study. Emerg Med J. 2013;30:483–486.
  • IMPROVE trial investigators. Endovascular or open repair strategy for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 30 day outcomes from IMPROVE randomised trial. BMJ. 2014;348:f7661.
  • Azhar B, Patel SR, Holt PJ, et al. Misdiagnosis of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endovasc Ther. 2014;21:568–575.
  • Robinson WP, Schanzer A, Li Y, et al Derivation and validation of a practical risk score for prediction of mortality after open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms in a U.S. regional cohort and comparison to existing scoring systems. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57:354–361.
  • Schanzer A, Greenberg RK, Hevelone N, et al. Predictors of abdominal aortic aneurysm sac enlargement after endovascular repair. Circulation. 2011;123:2848–2855.

Indicating the high risks of elective endovascular repair outside the anatomical parameters recommended by the manufacturer’s instructions for use.

  • Mayer D, Aeschbacher S, Pfammatter T, et al. Complete replacement of open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms by endovascular aneurysm repair: a two-center 14-year experience. Ann Surg. 2012;256:688–695.
  • Leotta DF, Starnes BW. Custom fenestration templates for endovascular repair of juxtarenal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61:1637–1641.

As vascular surgery services become re-organised into larger units, this type of approach is likely to be pivotal in reducing the operative mortality in those patients considered for aneurysm repair.

  • CRASH trial collaborators, Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:23–32.
  • Brenner ML, Moore LJ, DuBose JJ, et al. A clinical series of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for hemorrhage control and resuscitation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:506–511.
  • Gidlund KD, Wanhainen A, Bjorck M. Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome after endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;41:742–747.

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