353
Views
119
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The osteoprotegerin/RANK/RANKL system: a bone key to vascular disease

, , , , &
Pages 801-811 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Aukrust P, Yndestad A, Waehre T, Gullestad L, Halvorsen B, Damas JK. Inflammation in coronary artery disease. Potential role for immunomodulatory therapy. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther.3, 1111–1124 (2005).
  • Wick G, Knoflach M, Xu Q. Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol.22, 361–403 (2004).
  • Kiechl S, Lorenz E, Reindl M et al. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and atherogenesis. N. Engl. J. Med.347, 185–192 (2002).
  • Karsenty G. The complexities of skeletal biology. Nature423, 316–318 (2003).
  • Schett G, Kiechl S, Redlich K et al. Soluble RANKL and risk of nontraumatic fracture. JAMA291, 1108–1113 (2004).
  • Teitelbaum SL. Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science289, 1504–1508 (2000).
  • Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL et al. A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature390, 175–179 (1997).
  • Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell93, 165–176 (1998).
  • Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N et al. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA95, 3597–3602 (1998).
  • Kong YY, Yoshida H, Sarosi I et al. OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature397, 315–323 (1999).
  • Goldring SR. Inflammatory mediators as essential elements in bone remodeling. Calcif. Tissue Int.73, 97–100 (2003).
  • Sezer O. Myeloma bone disease. Hematology10(Suppl. 1), 19–24 (2005).
  • Blair JM, Zhou H, Seibel MJ, Dunstan CR. Mechanisms of disease. Roles of OPG, RANKL and RANK in the pathophysiology of skeletal metastasis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol.3, 41–49 (2006).
  • Canalis E. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep.3, 98–102 (2005).
  • Grigoriadis AE, Wang ZQ, Cecchini MG et al. c-Fos: a key regulator of osteoclast–macrophage lineage determination and bone remodeling. Science266, 443–448 (1994).
  • Wada T, Nakashima T, Oliveira-dos-Santos AJ et al. The molecular scaffold Gab2 is a crucial component of RANK signaling and osteoclastogenesis. Nat. Med.11, 394–399 (2005).
  • Ruocco MG, Maeda S, Park JM et al. IκB kinase (IKK)β, but not IKKα, is a critical mediator of osteoclast survival and is required for inflammation-induced bone loss. J. Exp. Med.201, 1677–1687 (2005).
  • Hsu H, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR et al. Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96, 3540–3545 (1999).
  • Jones DH, Nakashima T, Sanchez OH. Regulation of cancer cell migration and bone metastasis by RANKL. Nature440, 692–696 (2006).
  • Truneh A, Sharma S, Silverman C et al. Temperature-sensitive differential affinity of TRAIL for its receptors. DR5 is the highest affinity receptor. J. Biol. Chem.275, 23319–23325 (2000).
  • Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell89, 309–319 (1997).
  • Rasmussen LM, Ledet T. Osteoprotegerin and diabetic macroangiopathy. Horm. Metab. Res.37(Suppl. 1), 90–94 (2005).
  • Olesen P, Ledet T, Rasmussen LM. Arterial osteoprotegerin: increased amounts in diabetes and modifiable synthesis from vascular smooth muscle cells by insulin and TNF-α. Diabetologia48, 561–568 (2005).
  • Kiechl S, Schett G, Wenning G et al. Osteoprotegerin is a risk factor for progressive atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Circulation109, 2175–2180 (2004).
  • Crisafulli A, Micari A, Altavilla D et al. Serum levels of osteoprotegerin and RANKL in patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Sci.109, 389–395 (2005).
  • Sandberg WJ, Yndestad A, Oie E et al. Enhanced T-cell expression of RANK ligand in acute coronary syndrome: possible role in plaque destabilization. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.26, 857–863 (2006).
  • Schoppet M, Sattler AM, Schaefer JR, Herzum M, Maisch B, Hofbauer LC. Increased osteoprotegerin serum levels in men with coronary artery disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88, 1024–1028 (2003).
  • Kazama J, Shigematsu T, Yano K et al. Increased circulating levels of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (osteoprotegerin) in patients with chronic renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis.39, 525–232 (2002).
  • Hermann-Arnhof KM, Kastenbauer T, Publig T et al. Initially elevated osteoprotegerin serum levels may predict a perioperative myocardial lesion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Crit. Care Med.34, 76–80 (2006).
  • Rasmussen LM, Tarnow L, Hansen TK, Parving H-H, Flyvbjerg A. Plasma osteoprotegerin levels are associated with glycaemic status, systolic blood pressure, kidney function and cardiovascular morbidity in type 1 diabetic patients. Eur. J. Endocrinol.154, 75–81 (2006).
  • Oh ES, Rhee EJ, Oh KW et al. Circulating osteoprotegerin levels are associated with age, waist-to-hip ratio, serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy Korean women. Metabolism54, 49–54 (2005).
  • Nagasaki T, Inaba M, Jono S et al. Increased levels of serum osteoprotegerin in hypothyroid patients and its normalization with restoration of normal thyroid function. Eur. J. Endocrinol.152, 347–353 (2005).
  • Avbersek-Luznik I, Malesic I, Rus I, Marc J. Increased levels of osteoprotegerin in hemodialysis patients. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.40, 1019–1023 (2002).
  • Collin-Osdoby P. Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin. Circ. Res.95, 1046–1057 (2004).
  • Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M. Serum measurement of osteoprotegerin: clinical relevance of potential applications. Eur. J. Endocrinol.145, 681–683 (2001).
  • Ueland T, Jemtland R, Godang K et al. Prognostic value of osteoprotegerin in heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.16, 1970–1976 (2004).
  • Rhee EJ, Lee WY, Kim SY et al. Relationship of serum osteoprotegerin levels with coronary artery disease severity, left ventricular hypertrophy and C-reactive protein. Clin. Sci.108, 237–243 (2005).
  • Kim SM, Lee J, Ryu OH et al. Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with inflammation and pulse wave velocity. Clin. Endocrinol.63, 594–598 (2005).
  • Vik A, Mathiesen EB, Noto AT, Sveinbjornsson B, Brox J, Hansen JB. Serum osteoprotegerin is inversely associated with carotid plaque echogenicity in humans. Atherosclerosis DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.002 (2006) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Browner WS, Lui L, Cummings SR. Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures, and mortality in elderly women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86, 631–637 (2001).
  • Knudsen S, Foss C, Poulsen P, Anderson N, Mogensen C, Rasmussen L. Increased plasma concentrations of osteoprotegerin in type 2 diabetic patients with microvascular complications. Eur. J. Endocrinol.149, 39–42 (2003).
  • Dhore CR, Cleutjens JPM, Lutgens E et al. Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.21, 1998–2003 (2001).
  • Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Salisbury JR, Proudfoot D, Weissberg PL, Edmonds ME. Medial localization of mineralization-regulating proteins in association with Monckeberg’s sclerosis: evidence for smooth muscle cell-mediated vascular calcification. Circulation100, 2168–2176 (1999).
  • Tyson KL, Reynolds JL, McNair R, Zhang Q, Weissberg PL, Shanahan R. Osteo/chondrocytic transcription factors and their target genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression in human arterial calcification. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.23, 489–494 (2003).
  • Tintut Y, Demer LL. Recent advances in multifactorial regulation of vascular calcification. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.12, 555–560 (2001).
  • Vattikuti R, Towler DA. Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: an early perspective. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.286, E686–E696 (2004).
  • Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR et al. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev.12, 1260–1268 (1998).
  • Min H, Morony S, Sarosi I et al. Osteoprotegerin reverses osteoporosis by inhibiting endosteal osteoclasts and prevents vascular calcification by blocking a process resembling osteoclastogenesis. J. Exp. Med.192, 463–474 (2000).
  • Price PA, June HH, Buckley JR, Williamson MK. Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and by vitamin D. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.21, 1610–1616 (2001).
  • Brändström H, Stiger F, Lind L, Kahan T, Melhus H, Kindmark A. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the human gene for osteoprotegerin is related to vascular morphology and function. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.234, 137–142 (1997).
  • Jono S, Shioi A, Ikari Y, Nishizawa Y. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J. Bone Miner. Metab.24, 176–181 (2006).
  • Nitta K, Akiba T, Uchida K et al. Serum osteoprotegerin levels and the extent of vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.19, 1886–1889 (2004).
  • Schoppet M, Al Fakhri N, Franke FE et al. Localization of osteoprotegerin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-including ligand, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in Monckeberg’s sclerosis and atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol.89, 4104–4112 (2004).
  • Hunt JL, Fairman R, Mitchell ME et al. Bone formation in carotid plaques: a clinicopathological study. Stroke33, 1214–1219 (2002).
  • Beckman JA, Ganz J, Creager MA, Ganz P, Kinlay S. Relationship of clinical presentation and calcification of culprit coronary artery stenoses. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.21, 1618–1622 (2001).
  • Huang H, Virmani R, Younis H, Burke AP, Kamm RD, Lee RT. The impact of calcification on the biomechanical stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation103, 1051–1056 (2001).
  • Moran CS, McCann M, Karan M, Norman P, Ketheesan N, Golledge J. Association of osteoprotegerin with human abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. Circulation111, 3119–3125 (2005).
  • Ueland T, Yndestad A, Øie E et al. Dysregulated osteoprotegerin/RANK ligand/RANK axis in clinical and experimental heart failure. Circulation111, 2461–2468 (2005).
  • Hofbauer L, Schoppet M. Clinical implications of the osteoprotegerin/RANKL/RANK system for bone and vascular disease. JAMA292, 490–495 (2004).
  • Golledge J, McCann M, Mangan S, Lam A, Karan M. Osteoprotegerin and osteopontin are expressed at high concentrations within symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke35, 1636–1641 (2004).
  • Mahamed DA, Marleau A, Alnaeeli M et al. G(-) anaerobes-reactive CD4+ T-cells trigger RANKL-mediated enhanced alveolar bone loss in diabetic NOD mice. Diabetes54, 1477–1486 (2005).
  • Zhang J, Fu M, Myles D et al. PDGF induces osteoprotegerin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by multiple signal pathways. FEBS Lett.521, 180–184 (2002).
  • Fu M, Zhang J, Lin Y, Zhu X, Willson T, Chen Y. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor inhibits osteoprotegerin gene expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.294, 597–601 (2002).
  • Mosheimer BA, Kaneider NC, Feistritzer C et al. Syndecan-1 is involved in osteoprotegerin-induced chemotaxis in human peripheral blood monocytes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90, 2964–2971 (2005).
  • Malyankar UM, Scatena M, Suchland KL, Yun TJ, Clark EA, Giachelli CM. Osteoprotegerin is an α vβ 3-induced, NF-κ B-dependent survival factor for endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem.275, 20959–20962 (2000).
  • Bennet MR. Apoptosis in the cardiovascular system. Heart87, 480–487 (2002).
  • Tabas I. Consequences and therapeutic implications of macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis: the importance of lesion stage and phagocytic efficiency. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.25, 2255–2264 (2005).
  • Jono S, Ikari Y, Shioi A et al. Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Circulation106, 1192–1194 (2002).
  • Avignon A, Sultan A, Piot C, Elaerts S, Cristol JP, Dupuy AM. Osteoprotegerin is associated with silent coronary artery disease in high-risk but asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care28, 2176–2180 (2005).
  • Ziegler S, Kudlacek S, Luger A, Minar E. Osteoprotegerin plasma concentrations correlate with severity of peripheral artery disease. Atherosclerosis182, 175–180 (2005).
  • Morena M, Terrier N, Jaussent I et al. Plasma osteoprotegerin is associated with mortality in hemodialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.17, 262–270 (2006).
  • Kees M, Wiesbauer F, Gisslinger B, Wagner R, Shehata M, Gisslinger H. Elevated plasma osteoprotegerin levels are associated with venous thrombosis and bleeding in patients with polycythemia vera. Thromb. Haemost.93, 70–75 (2005).
  • Brandstrom H, Stiger F, Kahan T et al. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the osteoprotegerin gene is related to intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in hypertensive patients. The Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation vs Atenolol (SILVHIA). Blood Press.13, 152–157 (2004).
  • Soufi M, Schoppet M, Sattler A et al. Osteoprotegerin gene polymorphisms in men with coronary artery disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89, 3764–3768 (2004).
  • Schoppet M, Schaefer JR, Hofbauer LC. Low serum levels of soluble RANK ligand are associated with the presence of coronary artery disease in men. Circulation107, E76 (2003).
  • Hofbauer LC, Shui C, Riggs BL et al. Effects of immunosuppressants on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblastic and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.280, 334–339 (2001).
  • Fahrleitner A, Prenner G, Leb G et al. Serum osteoprotegerin is a major determinant of bone density development and prevalent vertebral fracture status following cardiac transplantation. Bone32, 96–106 (2002).
  • Sato T, Tominaga Y, Iwasaki Y et al. Osteoprotegerin levels before and after renal transplantation. Am. J. Kidney Dis.38, 175–177 (2001).
  • Sasaki N, Kusano E, Ando Y et al. Changes in osteoprotegerin and markers of bone metabolism during glucocorticoid treatment in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Bone30, 853–858 (2002).
  • Viereck V, Grundker C, Blaschke S et al. Atorvastatin stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin by human osteoblasts. J. Cell. Biochem.96, 1244–1253 (2005).
  • Kaji H, Kanatani M, Sugimoto T, Chihara K. Statins modulate the levels of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of NFκB ligand mRNA in mouse bone-cell cultures. Horm. Metab. Res.37, 589–592 (2005).
  • McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB et al. AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N. Engl. J. Med.354, 821–831 (2006).
  • Bekker PJ, Holloway DL, Rasmussen AS et al. A single-dose placebo-controlled study of AMG 162, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res.19, 1059–1066 (2004).
  • Bekker PJ, Holloway D, Nakanishi A, Arrighi M, Leese PT, Dunstan CR. The effect of a single dose of osteoprotegerin in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res.16, 348–360 (2001).
  • Whyte MP. The long and the short of bone therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.354, 860–863 (2006).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.