Physical activity or fitness and the metabolic syndrome

References

• Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med.15, 539–553 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA285, 2486–2497 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet. Med.16, 442–443 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmet PZ, Alberti KG, Shaw JE. Mainstreaming the metabolic syndrome: a definitive definition. This new definition should assist both researchers and clinicians. Med. J. Aust.183, 175–176 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reaven GM. The metabolic syndrome: requiescat in pace. Clin. Chem.51, 931–938 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care28, 2289–2304 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale EA. The myth of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia48, 1679–1683 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA287, 356–359 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am.33, 351–75 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 28, 1769–1778 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. Adults. Diabetes Care 27, 2444–2449 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson J, Taimela S, Koivisto VA. Exercise and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia40, 125–135 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll S, Dudfield M. What is the relationship between exercise and metabolic abnormalities? A review of the metabolic syndrome. Sports Med. 34, 371–418 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wareham NJ, Hennings SJ, Byrne CD, Hales CN, Prentice AM, Day NE. A quantitative analysis of the relationship between habitual energy expenditure, fitness and the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome. Br. J. Nutr.80, 235–241 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll S, Cooke CB, Butterly RJ. Metabolic clustering, physical activity and fitness in nonsmoking, middle-aged men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.32, 2079–2086 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irwin ML, Ainsworth BE, Mayer-Davis EJ, Addy CL, Pate RR, Durstine JL. Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in a tri-ethnic sample of women. Obes. Res.10, 1030–1037 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM et al. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.35, 1279–1286 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie KL, McCarthy N, Yazdgerdi S, Marmot M, Brunner E. Association of the metabolic syndrome with both vigorous and moderate physical activity. Int. J. Epidemiol.32, 600–606 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C et al. Impact of lifestyle habits on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greek adults from the ATTICA study. Am. Heart J. 147, 106–112 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks PW, Ekelund U, Brage S, Wong MY, Wareham NJ. Does the association of habitual physical activity with the metabolic syndrome differ by level of cardiorespiratory fitness? Diabetes Care. 27, 1187–1193 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brage S, Wedderkopp N, Ekelund U et al. Features of the metabolic syndrome are associated with objectively measured physical activity and fitness in Danish children: the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS). Diabetes Care 27, 2141–2148 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rguibi M, Belahsen R. Metabolic syndrome among Moroccan Sahraoui adult women. Am. J. Hum. Biol.16, 598–601 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu S, St-Onge MP, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB. Lifestyle behaviors associated with lower risk of having the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 53, 1503–1511 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villegas R, Creagh D, Hinchion R, O’Halloran D, Perry IJ. Prevalence and lifestyle determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Ir. Med. J.97, 300–303 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuang SY, Chen CH, Chou P. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a large health check-up population in Taiwan. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 67, 611–620 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee WY, Jung CH, Park JS, Rhee EJ, Kim SW. Effects of smoking, alcohol, exercise, education, and family history on the metabolic syndrome as defined by the ATP III. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.67, 70–77 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Kohl HW III, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Obes. Res.13, 608–614 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakanishi N, Takatorige T, Suzuki K. Cigarette smoking and the risk of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Japanese male office workers. Ind. Health 43, 295–301 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Kavouras S, Stefanadis C. The associations between physical activity, inflammation, and coagulation markers, in people with metabolic syndrome: the ATTICA study. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 12, 151–158 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertrais S, Beyeme-Ondoua JP, Czernichow S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Oppert JM. Sedentary behaviors, physical activity, and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged French subjects. Obes. Res.13, 936–944 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onat A, Hergenc G, Keles I, Dogan Y, Turkmen S, Sansoy V. Sex difference in development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease on the way from obesity and metabolic syndrome. Metabolism54, 800–808 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan V, Gokulakrishnan K, Deepa R, Shanthirani CS, Datta M. Association of physical inactivity with components of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease – the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS no. 15). Diabet. Med.22, 1206–1211 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Owen N et al. Associations of TV viewing and physical activity with the metabolic syndrome in Australian adults. Diabetologia.48, 2254–2261 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra KB, Endemann SW, Ayer M. Leisure time physical activity and metabolic syndrome in Asian Indian immigrants residing in northern California. Ethn. Dis. 15, 627–634 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bo S, Gentile L, Ciccone G et al. The metabolic syndrome and high C-reactive protein: prevalence and differences by sex in a southern-European population-based cohort. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 21, 515–524 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RJ, Appleton S, Wilson DH et al. Population comparison of two clinical approaches to the metabolic syndrome: implications of the new International Diabetes Federation consensus definition. Diabetes Care28, 2777–2779 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brien SE, Katzmarzyk PT. Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in Canada. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.31, 40–47 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassinen M, Komulainen P, Lakka TA et al. Metabolic syndrome and the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in elderly women. Arch. Intern. Med.166, 444–449 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desai MY, Dalal D, Santos RD, Carvalho JA, Nasir K, Blumenthal RS. Association of body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and leukocyte count. Am. J. Cardiol.97, 835–838 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Young TK, Zinman B, Harris SB, Connelly PW, Hanley AJ. Lifestyle variables, non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and the metabolic syndrome in an Aboriginal Canadian population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14, 500–508 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Salonen JT, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Lakka TA. Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 25, 1612–1618 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palaniappan L, Carnethon MR, Wang Y et al. Predictors of the incident metabolic syndrome in adults: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 27, 788–793 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnethon MR, Loria CM, Hill JO, Sidney S, Savage PJ, Liu K. Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985–2001. Diabetes Care 27, 2707–2715 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreira I, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W, Kemper HC, Stehouwer CD. Development of fatness, fitness, and lifestyle from adolescence to the age of 36 years: determinants of the metabolic syndrome in young adults: the Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study. Arch. Intern. Med.165, 42–48 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekelund U, Brage S, Franks PW, Hennings S, Emms S, Wareham NJ. Physical activity energy expenditure predicts progression toward the metabolic syndrome independently of aerobic fitness in middle-aged healthy Caucasians: the Medical Research Council Ely Study. Diabetes Care. 28, 1195–1200 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whaley MH, Kampert JB, Kohl HW III, Blair SN. Physical fitness and clustering of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.31, 287–293 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kullo IJ, Hensrud DD, Allison TG. Relation of low cardiorespiratory fitness to the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men. Am. J. Cardiol.90, 795–797 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carnethon MR, Gidding SS, Nehgme R, Sidney S, Jacobs DR Jr, Liu K. Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA290, 3092–3100 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boule NG, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. Physical fitness and the metabolic syndrome in adults from the Quebec Family Study. Can. J.Appl. Physiol. 30, 140–156 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Farrell SW, Cheng YJ, Blair SN. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome across cardiorespiratory fitness levels in women. Obes. Res.12, 824–830 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aronson D, Sella R, Sheikh-Ahmad M et al. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.44, 2003–2007 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMonte MJ, Ainsworth BE, Durstine JL. Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on the association between C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome prevalence in racially diverse women. J. Womens Health (Larchmt.)14, 233–239 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaibi GQ, Cruz ML, Ball GD et al. Cardiovascular fitness and the metabolic syndrome in overweight latino youths. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.37, 922–928 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CY, O’Moore-Sullivan T, Fang ZY, Haluska B, Leano R, Marwick TH. Myocardial and vascular dysfunction and exercise capacity in the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol.96, 1686–1691 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orakzai RH, Orakzai SH, Nasir K et al. Association of increased cardiorespiratory fitness with low risk for clustering of metabolic syndrome components in asymptomatic men. Arch. Med. Res. 37, 522–528 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torok K, Szelenyi Z, Porszasz J, Molnar D. Low physical performance in obese adolescent boys with metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.25, 966–970 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Jurca R, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: a prospective study of men and women. Circulation112, 505–512 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen N, Leslie E, Salmon J, Fotheringham MJ. Environmental determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev.28, 153–158 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jurca R, LaMonte MJ, Church TS et al. Associations of muscle strength and fitness with metabolic syndrome in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.36, 1301–1307 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurca R, LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN. Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.37, 1849–1855 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torjesen PA, Birkeland KI, Anderssen SA, Hjermann I, Holme I, Urdal P. Lifestyle changes may reverse development of the insulin resistance syndrome. The Oslo Diet and Exercise Study: a randomized trial. Diabetes Care 20, 26–31 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uusitupa M, Louheranta A, Lindstrom J et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Br. J. Nutr.83(Suppl. 1), S137–S142 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Wilmore JH et al. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.35, 1703–1709 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumortier M, Brandou F, Perez-Martin A, Fedou C, Mercier J, Brun JF. Low intensity endurance exercise targeted for lipid oxidation improves body composition and insulin sensitivity in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab. 29, 509–518 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins LL, Sherwood A, Feinglos M et al. Effects of exercise and weight loss on cardiac risk factors associated with syndrome X. Arch. Intern. Med.163, 1889–1895 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart KJ. Role of exercise training on cardiovascular disease in persons who have Type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Cardiol. Clin. 22, 569–586 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R et al. The effect of metformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: the Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 19, 142, 611–619 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care25, 2165–2171 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukkonen-Harjula KT, Borg PT, Nenonen AM, Fogelholm MG. Effects of a weight maintenance program with or without exercise on the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial in obese men. Prev. Med. 41, 784–790 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lofgren IE, Herron KL, West KL et al. Weight loss favorably modifies anthropometrics and reverses the metabolic syndrome in premenopausal women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 24, 486–493 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm W, Wagner P, Sygusch R, Schonung A, Hahn U. Health promotion by means of health sport – a framework and a controlled intervention study with sedentary adults. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports.15, 13–20 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrella RJ, Lattanzio CN, Demeray A, Varallo V, Blore R. Can adoption of regular exercise later in life prevent metabolic risk for cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care28, 694–701 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J. Chronic Dis. 32, 51–63 (1979).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaPorte RE, Montoye HJ, Caspersen CJ. Assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic research: problems and prospects. Public Health Rep.100, 131–146 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriska AM, Caspersen CJ. Introduction to a collection of physical activity questionnaires. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.29, S5–S9 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Kelley DE, Goodpaster BH. Effects of physical activity on insulin action and glucose tolerance in obesity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.31, S619–S623 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley GA, Kelley KA, Tran ZV. Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure: a meta-analytic review of randomized, controlled trials. Prev. Cardiol.4, 73–80 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Exercise, lipids, and lipoproteins in older adults: a meta-analysis. Prev. Cardiol.8, 206–214 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann. Intern. Med. 136, 493–503 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. Reduction in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med.346, 393–403 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, DeStefano F. Risk factors for mortality from all causes and from coronary heart disease among persons with diabetes. Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am. J. Epidemiol.133, 1220–1230 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Caspersen CJ, Williamson DF, Narayan KM. Relationship of walking to mortality among US adults with diabetes. Arch. Intern. Med.163, 1440–1447 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church TS, LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men with diabetes. Arch. Intern. Med.165, 2114–2120 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in leisure-time physical inactivity by age, sex, and race/ethnicity – United States, 1994–2004. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54, 991–994 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnett DK, McGovern PG, Jacobs DR Jr et al. Fifteen-year trends in cardiovascular risk factors (1980–1982 through 1995–1997): the Minnesota Heart Survey. Am. J. Epidemiol.156, 929–935 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marti B, Salonen JT, Tuomilehto J, Puska P. 10-year trends in physical activity in the eastern Finnish adult population: relationship to socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics. Acta. Med. Scand. 224, 195–203 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barengo NC, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, Pekkarinen H. Twenty-five-year trends in physical activity of 30- to 59-year-old populations in eastern Finland. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.34, 1302–1307 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman A, Armstrong T, Davies J et al. Trends in physical activity participation and the impact of integrated campaigns among Australian adults, 1997–99. Aust. NZ J. Public Health 27, 76–79 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health. A report of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA (1996).
   Google Scholar