Carvedilol: use in chronic heart failure

References

• Cubeddu LX, Fuenmayor N, Varin F, Villagra VG, Colindres RE, Powell JR. Clinical pharmacology of carvedilol in normal volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.41, 31–44 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldham HG, Clarke SE. In vitro identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of R(+) and S(-) carvedilol. Drug Metab. Dispos.25, 970–977 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan T. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carvedilol. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 26, 335–346 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTavish D, Campoli-Richards D, Sorkin EM. Carvedilol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs45, 232–258 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson B, Bompart F, Graham BR, Liu J-B, Prichard BNC. Vasodilating mechanism and response to physiological pressor stimuli of acute doses of carvedilol compared with labetalol, propanolol and hydrazine. Drugs36(suppl 6), 37–47 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Olsen S et al. Comparative haemodynamic, left ventricular functional, and antiadrenergic effects of chronic treatment with metoprolol versus carvedilol in the failing heart. Circulation94, 2817–2825 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Umans V et al. β1- and β2-receptor subpopulations in non-failing and failing human ventricular myocardium: coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle contraction and selective β1-receptor down-regulation in heart failure. Circulation Res.59, 297–309 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Olsen S, Larrabee P, Renlund DG, O’Connell JB. Long-term metoprolol therapy increases myocardial β-adrenergic receptor density relative to placebo controls (abstr). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.21(suppl A), 101A (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Whyte K, Jones CR, Howie CA, Deighton N, Sumner DJ, Reid JL. Haemodynamic, metabolic and lymphocyte β2-receptor changes following chronic β-adrenoceptor antagonism. Eur. J. Clin. Pharm. 32, (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Maack C, Cremers B, Flesch M, Hoper A, Sudkamp M, Bohm M. Different intrinsic activities of bucindolol, carvedilol and metoprolol in human failing myocardium. Br. J. Pharmacol.130, 1131–9 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuerstein GZ, Poste G, Ruffolo RR. Carvedilol update III: rationale for use in congestive heart failure. Drugs of Today31(Suppl F), 1–23 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Yue T-L, Cheng H-Y, Lysko PG et al. Carvedilol, a new vasodilator and β adrenoceptor antagonist, is an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 263, 92–98 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue T-L, Wang X, Gu J-L, Ruffolo RR, Feuerstein GZ. Carvedilol, a new vasodilating β-adrenoceptor blocker, inhibits oxidation by vascular smooth muscle cells and prevents leukocycte adhesion to smooth muscle cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp.273, 1442–1449 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P. β-blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomised trials. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 27, 335–371 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols AJ, Gellai M, Ruffolo RR. Studies on the mechanism of arterial vasodilatation produced by the novel antihypertensive agent, carvedilol. Fund. Clin. Pharm.5, 25–38 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn JN, Levine B, Olivari MT. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. N. Eng. J. Med. 311, 819–823 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doughty RN, MacMahon S, Sharpe N. β-blockers in heart failure: promising or proved? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.23, 814–821 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Cleland JGF, Bristow MR, Erdmann E, Remme WJ, Swedberg K, Waagstein F. β-blocking agents in heart failure Should they be used and how? Eur. Heart J. 17, 1629–1639 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet353, 9–13 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet353, 2001–2007 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Coats AJS, Fowler MB et al. for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomised Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med.344, 1651–1658 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Executive Summary: HFSA 2006 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline.12:10–38.
   Google Scholar
• ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.46, 1116–1143 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Effects of carvedilol, a vasodilator-β-blocker in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Circulation92, 212–218 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krum H, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Goldsmith RL et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation92, 1499–1506 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen SL, Gilbert EM, Renlund DG, Taylor DO, Yanowitz FD, Bristow MR. Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and symptoms in chronic heart failure: a double-blind randomised study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.25, 1225–1231 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australia New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Effects of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease: final results from the Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group trial. Lancet349, 375–380 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT et al., for the MOCHA Investigators. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. Circulation94, 2807–2816 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn JN, Fowler MB, Bristow MA et al., for the Carvedilol Study Group. Effect of carvedilol in severe chronic heart failure. J. Cardiac Failure3, 173–179 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR et al., for the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. Circulation94, 2800–2806 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metra M, Nardi M, Giubbini R. Effects of short- and long-term carvedilol administration on rest and exercise haemodynamic variables, exercise capacity and clinical conditions in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.24, 1678–1687 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Colucci WS, Sackner-Bernstein JD et al., for the PRECISE Study Group. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial. Circulation94, 2793–2799 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzi M, Agostoni P, Matturri M, Pontone G, Guazzi MD. Pulmonary function, cardiac function, and exercise capacity in a follow-up of patients with congestive heart failure treated with carvedilol. Am. Heart J. 138, 460–467 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Antonopolous GV, Berlin JA, Chittams J, Konstam MA, Udelson JE. Comparative effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure, Results of a meta-analysis. Am. Heart J. 141, 899–907 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow M, Gilbert E, Abraham WT, Adams K, Fowler M, Hershberger RE. Carvedilol preoduces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation94, 2807–16 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Gamble G, MacMahon S, Sharpe N; on behalf of the Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Left ventricular remodelling with carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.29, 1060–1066 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland JGF, Pennell DJ, Ray SG et al. on behalf of the CHRISTMAS Investigators. Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet362, 14–21 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komajda M, Lutigerb B, Madeirac H et al., on behalf of the CARMEN investigators and co-ordinators. Tolerability of carvedilol and ACE-Inhibition in mild heart failure. Results of CARMEN (Carvedilol ACE-Inhibitor Remodelling Mild CHF EvaluatioN). Eur. J. Heart Failure 6, 467–475 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN et al., for the US Carvedilol Study Group. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N. Eng. J. Med. 334, 1349–1355 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB et al. Effect of carvedilol on morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure. Results of the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cummulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study. Circulation106, 2194–2199 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Investigators. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med.344, 1659–1667 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group. Xamoterol in severe heart failure. Lancet336, 1–6 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JGF et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet362, 7–13 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg K et al., for the Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group. Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet342, 1441–1446 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikstrand J, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F et al. Dose of metoprolol CR/XL and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure: analysis of the experience in metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in chronic heart failure (MERIT-HF). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.40, 491–8 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metra M, Torp-Pedersen C, Swedberg K et al. Influence of heart rate, blood pressure, and β-blocker dose on outcome and the differences in outcome between carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the COMET trial. Eur. Heart J. 26, 2259–2268 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss J, Norell M, Canepa-Anson R, Sutton G, Poole-Wilson P. Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics. Br. Heart J. 57, 17–22 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE et al., for the SOLVD Investigators. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation82, 1724–1729 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G. Sympathetic activation in congestive heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 11 (Suppl A), 3–11 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Olivari MT, Levine TB, Cohn JN. Abnormal neurohumoral response to nitroprusside infusion in congestive heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.2, 411–417 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Krum H, Haas SJ, Eichhorn E et al. Prognostic benefit of β-blockers in patients not receiving ACE-Inhibitors. Eur. Heart J. 26, 2154–2158 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• The CAPRICORN Investigators. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet357, 1385–1390 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karle CA, Kreye VAW, Thomas D et al. Antiarrhythmic drug carvedilol inhibits HERG potassium channels. Cardiovasc. Res .49, 361–370 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Walsh HA et al. Effects of Carvedilol on Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction: The CAPRICORN Echo Substudy. Circulation109, 201–206 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty AH, Naccarelli GV, Gray EL. Congestive heart failure with normal systolic function. Am. J. Cardiol. 54, 778–782 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergström A, Andersson B, Edner M, Nylander E, Persson H, Dahlström U. Effect of carvedilol on diastolic function in patients with diastolic heart failure and preserved systolic function. Results of the Swedish Doppler-echocardiographic study (SWEDIC). Eur. J. Heart Failure 6, 453–461 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flather M, Shibata MC, Coats AJ et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.37, 1692–1699 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Koro CE, Ephross SA, Brown JB. The incidence of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care27, 1879–1884 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithell HO. Effect of antihypertensive drugs on insulin, glucose and metabolism. Diabetes Care14, 203–209 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE et al. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabtes mellitus and hypertension. JAMA 292, 2227–2236 ((2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIBIS Investigators and Committees. A randomised trial of β-blockade in heart failure. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS). Circulation90, 1765–1773 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coletta A, Cleland JGF, Freemantle N, Clark AL. Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure meeting: SHAPE, BRING-UP 2 VAS, COLA II, FOSIDIAL, BETACAR, CASINO and meta-analysis of cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Eur. J. Heart Failure 6, 673–676 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns LA, Chrisant MK, Lamour JM. Carvedilol as therapy in pediatric heart failure: an initial multicentre experience. J. Pediatrics138, 505–511 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaddy RE. β-blocker therapy in young children with congestive heart failure under consideraton for heart transplantation. Am. Heart J. 136, 19–21 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Shaddy RE, Tani LY, Gidding SS. β-blocker treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure in children: a multi-institutional experience. J. Heart & Lung Transplant.18, 269–274 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeka E, Ramires JA, Valler C. Delisting of infants and children from the heart transplantation waiting list after carvedilol treatment. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.40, 2034–2038 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Locatelli F, del Vecchio L, Manzoni C. Morbidity and mortality on maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 80, 380–400 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham WT, Tsvetkova T, Lowes BD et al. Carvedilol improves renal hemodynamics in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation98, 1378–1379 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Cice G, Ferrara L, di Benedetto A et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.37, 407–411 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cice G, Ferrara L, di Benedetto A et al. Carvedilol increases two-year survival in dialysis patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, placebo-controlled trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.41, 1438–1444 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland JGF, Cohen-Solal A, Aguila JC et al. Management of heart failure in primary care (the IMPROVEMENT of heart failure programme): an international survey. Lancet360, 1621–1639 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, Gallup DS, Hasselblad V, Gheorghiade M and IMPACT-HF Investigators and Coordinators. Predischarge initiation of carvedilol in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: Results of the initiation management predischarge: process for assessment of carvedilol therapy in heart failure (IMPACT-HF) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 1534–1541 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franciosa JA, Massie BM, Lukas MA et al. β-blocker therapy for heart failure outside the clinical trial setting: findings of a community-based registry. Am. Heart J. 148, 718–726 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickli H, Steiner S, Muller K, Hess OM. β-blockers in heart failure: Carvedilol Safety Assessment (CASA 2-trial). Eur. J. Heart Fail.6, 761–768 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Ko DT, Hebert PR, Coffey CS et al. Adverse effects of β-blocker therapy in patients with heart failure: a quantitative overview of the randomized trials. Arch. Internal Med.164, 1389–1394 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nul D, Zambrano C, Diaz A et al. Impact of a standardized titration protocol with carvedilol in heart failure: safety, tolerability and efficacy – a report from the GESICA Registry. Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapy19, 125–134 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukin ML, Kalman J, Charney RH et al. Prospective, randomized comparison of effect of long-term treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol on symptoms, exercise, ejection fraction, and oxidative stress in heart failure. Circulation99, 2645–2651 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metra M, Giubbini R, Nodari S, Boldi E, Modena MG, Cas LD. Differential effects of β-blockers in patients with heart failure: a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of the long-term effects of metoprolol versus carvedilol. Circulation102, 546–551 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson JE, Chan SKW, Yip G et al. β-blockade in heart failure. A comparison of carvedilol with metoprolol. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.34, 1522–1528 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hryniewicz K, Androne AS, Hudaihed A, Katz SD. Comparative effects of Carvedilol and metoprolol on regional vascular responses to adrenergic stimuli in normal subjects and patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation108, 971–976 (2003).
   Google Scholar