Metabolic syndrome and target organ damage: role of blood pressure

References

• Zavaroni I, Bonora E, Pagliara M et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med.320(11), 702–706 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhurri A et al. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation109(11), 1448–1454 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantala AO, Kauma H, Lilja M, Savolainen MJ, Reunanen A, Kesaniemi YA. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in drug-treated hypertensive patients and control subjects. J. Intern. Med.245(2), 163–174 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes41(6), 715–722 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomiletho J et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in non-diabetic European men and women. Arch. Intern. Med.164(10), 1066–1076 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevisan M, Liu J, Bahas FB, Menotti A. Syndrome X and mortality: a population based study. Am. J. Epidemiol.148(10), 958–966 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, and all cause in United States adults. Circulation110(10), 1245–1250 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA288(21), 2709–2716 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes37, 1595–1607 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven GM. Syndrome X: six year later. J. Intern. Med.236(Suppl. 736), 13–22 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesaniemi YA, Lilja M, Kervinen K, Rantala A. Multiple metabolic syndrome: aspects of genetic epidemiology and molecular genetics. Am. Med.24(6), 461–464 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Watson RL, Sharret RL, Brancati FL, Heiss G. A metabolic syndrome in White and African Americans. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities baseline study. Diabetes Care19(5), 414–418 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med.149(7), 1514–1520 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redon J, Cifkova R. The metabolic syndrome in hypertension: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Curr. Hypertens. Rep.9(4), 305–313(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. Prognostic value of left ventricular mass and geometry in systemic hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am. J. Cardiol.78(2), 197–202 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.25(4), 197–202 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Toubol PJ, Labreuche J, Vicaut E, Amarenco P; GENIC Investigators. Carotid intima-media thickness, plaques, and Framingham risk score as independent determinants of stroke risk. Stroke36(8), 1741–1745 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N. Engl. J. Med.340(1), 14–22 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J. Hypertens.25(9), 1105–1187 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avogaro P, Crepaldi G, Enzi G, Tiengo A. Associazione di iperlipidemia, diabete mellito e obesità di medio grado. Acta Diabet. Lat.4, 36–41 (1967).
   Google Scholar
• Haller H. Epidemiologie und assoziierte risikofaktoren der hyperlipoproteinamie (Epidemiology and associated risk factors of hyperlipoproteinemia). Z. Gesamte Inn. Med.32, 124–128 (1977).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1 : diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med.15(7), 539–553 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet. Med.16(5), 442–443 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Executive Summary: The third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA285(19), 2486–2497 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation112(17), 2375–2352 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA287(3), 356–359 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Bombelli M, Corrao G et al. Metabolic syndrome in the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study: daily life blood pressure, cardiac damage and prognosis. Hypertension49(1), 40–47 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggi S, Noale M, Zambon A, Limongi F, Romanato G, Crepaldi G. Validity of the ATP criteria for the metabolic syndrome in an elderly Italian Caucasian population. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Atherosclerosis197(2), 877–882 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myoung-Hee K, Mi-Kyung K, Bo-Youl C, Young-Jean S. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its association with cardiovascular diseases in Korea. J. Korean Med. Sci.19, 195–201 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F et al. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents – an IDF consensus report. Pediatr. Diabetes8(5), 299–306 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan GE, Sierra ML, Zhou XH. Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among US adolescents, 1999–2000. Diabetes Care27(10), 2438–2443 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss R, Dziura J, Burget TS et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N. Engl. J. Med.350(23), 2362–2374 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llyod-Jones DM, Liu K, Colangelo LA et al. Consistently stable or decreased body mass index in young adulthood and longitudinal changes in metabolic syndrome components: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Circulation115(8), 1004–1011 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V et al. Metabolic syndrome and target organ damage in untreated essential hypertensives. J. Hypertens.22(10), 1991–1998 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuspidi C, Meani S, Valerio C et al. Age and target organ damage in essential hypertension: role of the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Hypertens.20(3), 296–303 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro J, Redon J, Cea-Calvo L et al. Metabolic syndrome, organ damage and cardiovascular disease in treated hypertensive patients The ERIC-HTA study. Blood Press.16(1), 20–27 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bog-Hansen E, Lindblad U, Gullberg B, Melander A, Rastam L. Metabolic disorders associated with uncontrolled hypertension. Diabetes Obes. Metab.5(6), 379–87 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa S, Shibano Y, Asai Y, Kario K, Kayaba K, Kajh E. Blood pressure categories and cardiovascular risk factors in Japan: the Jichi Medical School (JMS) cohort study. Hypertens. Res.30(7), 643–649 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara LA, Cardoni O, Mancini M, Zanchetti A. Metabolic syndrome and left ventricular hypertrophy in a general population. Results from the Gubbio Study. J. Hum. Hypertens.21(10), 795–801 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane SI, Banerji M, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86, 713–718 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GR, Black HF et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 Report. JAMA289(19), 2560–2572 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new Joint National Committee guidelines. Arch. Intern. Med.164(19), 2126–2134 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland KJ, Croft JB, Mensah GA. Prevalence of heart disease and stroke risk factors in persons with prehypertension and hypertension in the United States, 1999–2000. Arch. Intern. Med.164(19), 2113–2118 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cordero A, Laclaustra M, Leon M et al. Prehypertension is associated with insulin resistance state and not with an initial renal function impairment. A Metabolic Syndrome in Active Subjects in Spain (MESYAS) Registry Substudy. Am. J. Hypertens.19(2), 189–196 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi KM, Park HS, Han JH et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Korean population: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. J. Hypertens.24(8), 1515–1521 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2003 WHO/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement of hypertension. World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. J. Hypertens.21(11), 1983–1992 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Borgioni C et al. Changes in cardiovascular risk by reduction of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Hypertens.16(11), 895–899 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Ibsen H et al. Reductions in albuminuria and in electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy independently improve prognosis in hypertension: the LIFE study. J. Hypertens.24(4), 775–781 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonetti G, Cuspidi C. Heart and vascular changes in hypertension. J. Hypertens.13(2, Suppl. 2), S29–S34 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sega R, Trocino G, Lanzarotti A et al. Alterations of cardiac structure in patients with isolated, ambulatory, or home hypertension: data from the general population (Pressione Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni [PAMELA]) Study. Circulation104(12), 1385–1392 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmieder R. The role of non-haemodynamic factors of the genesis of LVH. Nephron Dial. Transplant.20, 2610–2612 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinali M, Devereux RB, Howard BV et al. Comparison of cardiac structure and function in American Indians with and without the metabolic syndrome (The Strong Heart Study). Am. J. Cardiol.93(1), 40–44 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchfiel CE, Skelton TN, Andrew ME et al. Metabolic syndrome and echocardiographic left ventricular mass in blacks. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation112(6), 819–827 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguchi K, Schwartz JE, Roman MJ et al. Metabolic syndrome less strongly associated with target organ damage than syndrome components in a healthy, working population. J. Clin. Hypertens.9(5), 337–344 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leoncini G, Ratto E, Viazzi F et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with early signs of organ damage in non-diabetic, hypertensive patients. J. Intern. Med.257(5), 454–460 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulè G, Nardi F, Cottone S et al. Influence of metabolic syndrome on hypertension-related target organ damage. J. Intern. Med.257(6), 503–513 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillaci G, Pirro M, Pucci G et al. Different impact of the metabolic syndrome on left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive men and women. Hypertension47(5), 881–886 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Simone G. State of the art in the metabolic syndrome. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.15, 239–241 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Simone G, Devereux RB, Kizewr JR et al. Body composition and fat distribution influence systemic hemodynamics in the absence of obesity: the HyperGEN Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.81(4), 757–761 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter MK, Parise H, Benjamin EJ et al. Impact of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on cardiac structure and function: sex-related differences in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation107(3), 448–454 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaudo G, Schillaci G, Evangelista F, Pasqualini L, Verdecchia P, Mannarino E. Arterial wall thickening at different sites and its association with left ventricular hypertrophy in newly diagnosed essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens.13(4), 324–331 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bots ML, Van Swieten JC, Breteler MM et al. Cerebral white matter lesions and atherosclerosis in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet341(4), 1231–1237 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis PH, Dawson JD, Mahoney LT, Lauer RM. Increased carotid intimal-medial thickness and coronary calcification are related in young and middle-aged adults. The Muscatine study. Circulation100(8), 838–842 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scuteri A, Najjar S, Muller DC et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.43(8), 1388–1395 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzou WS, Douglas PS, Srinivasan SR et al. Increased subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults with metabolic syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.46(3), 457–463 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iglseder B, Cip P, Malaimare L, Ladurner G, Paulweber B. The metabolic syndrome is a stronger risk factor for early atherosclerosis in women than in men. Stroke36(6), 1212–1217 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto R, Tomita H, Inoue A, Ohtuka N, Kamitami A. Metabolic syndrome may be risk factor for early atherosclerosis in women but not in men. J. Atheroscler. Thromb.14(1), 36–43 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teramura M, Emoto M, Araki T et al. Clinical impact of metabolic syndrome by modified NCEP-ATP III criteria on carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese adults. J. Atheroscler. Thromb.14(4), 172–178 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoni AG, Wong ND, Shea S et al. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care30(11), 2951–2956 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanchetti A, Bond ML, Hennig M et al. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of the European Lacidipine on Atherosclerosis (ELSA), a randomized, double blind, long-term trial. Circulation106 (19), 2422–2427 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanchetti A, Henning M, Baurecht H et al. Prevalence and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA) and its relation with carotid intima media thickness. J. Hypertens.25(12), 2463–2470 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation113, 1888–1904 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruilope LM, Salvetti A, Jamerson K et al. Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive paticipants of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.12(2), 218–225 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leeuw PW, Ruilope LM, Palmer CM et al. Clinical significance of renal function in hypertensive patients at high risk: results from the INSIGHT trial. Arch. Intern. Med.164(22), 2459–2464 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liese AD, Hense HW, Doring A, Stieber J, Keil U. Microalbuminuria, central adiposity and hypertension in the non-diabetic urban population of the Monica Ausburg survey 1994–1995. J. Hum. Hypertens.15(11), 799–804 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehner CM, Greenlund KJ, Rith-Najarian S, Casper ML, McClellan WM. Association of the insulin resistance syndrome and microalbuminuria among native Americans. The Inter-tribal Heart Project. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.13(6), 1626–1634 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palaniappan L, Carnethon M, Fortmann S. Association between microalbuminuria and the metabolic syndrome: NANHES III. Am. J. Hypertens.16(11), 952–958 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi AM, Santillo R, Zanzi P. et al. Microalbuminuria in never-treated hypertensives: lack of relationship to hyperinsulinemia and genetic predisposition to hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens.13(4), 353–358 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrinelli R, Dell’Omo G, Penno G et al. Microalbuminuria, pararameter independent of metabolic influences in hypertensive men. J. Hypertens.21(6), 1163–1169 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P et al. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study). J. Hypertens.21(8), 1459–1462 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik T, Iyisoy A, Kursaklioglu H et al. Comparative effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on oxidative stress, insulin resistance, plasma adiponectin and soluble P-selectin levels in hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens.24(3), 591–596 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar