83
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Insights into trichomoniasis as a result of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics screening in a high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community

, &
Pages 845-863 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Donné MA. Animalcules observés dans les matières purulentes et le produit des sécrétions des organs génitaux de l’homme et de la femme. C. R. Acad. Sci. 3, 385–386 (1836).
  • Lossick JG. Epidemiology of urogenital trichomoniasis. In: Trichomonads Parasitic in Humans. Honigberg BM (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA 311–323 (1989).
  • Shuter BJ, Thomas JE, Taylor WD, Zimmerman AM. Phenotypic correlates of genomic DNA content in unicellular eukaryotes and other cells. Am. Nat. 122(1), 26–44 (1983).
  • Krieger JN. Urologic aspects of trichomoniasis. Invest. Urol. 18(8), 411–417 (1981).
  • Carlton JM, Hirt RP, Silva JC et al. Draft genome sequence of the sexually transmitted pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. Science 315(5809), 207–212 (2007).
  • Rendón-Maldonado JG, Espinosa-Cantellano M, González-Robles A, Martínez-Palomo A. Trichomonas vaginalis: in vitro phagocytosis of lactobacilli, vaginal epithelial cells, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. Exp. Parasitol. 89(2), 241–250 (1998).
  • Cates W Jr. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. American Social Health Association Panel. Sex. Transm. Dis. 26(4), S2–S7 (1999).
  • Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W Jr. Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health. 36(1), 6–10 (2004).
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). ACOG practice bulletin no. 72: vaginitis. Obstet. Gynecol. 107(5), 1195–1206 (2006).
  • Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex. Transm. Dis. 40(3), 187–193 (2013).
  • Owusu-Edusei K Jr, Chesson HW, Gift TL et al. The estimated direct medical cost of selected sexually transmitted infections in the United States, 2008. Sex. Transm. Dis. 40(3), 197–201 (2013).
  • Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines, 2010. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 59(RR-12), 1–110 (2010).
  • Schwebke JR, Burgess D. Trichomoniasis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17(4), 794–803 (2004).
  • Allsworth JE, Ratner JA, Peipert JF. Trichomoniasis and other sexually transmitted infections: results from the 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Sex. Transm. Dis. 36(12), 738–744 (2009).
  • Van Der Pol B. Trichomonas vaginalis infection: the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection receives the least public attention. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44(1), 23–25 (2007).
  • Heine P, McGregor JA. Trichomonas vaginalis: a reemerging pathogen. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 36(1), 137–144 (1993).
  • Bowden FJ, Garnett GP. Trichomonas vaginalis epidemiology: parameterising and analyzing a model of treatment interventions. Sex. Transm. Infect. 76(4), 248–256 (2000).
  • Cotch MF, Pastorek JG II, Nugent RP et al. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. Sex. Transm. Dis. 24(6), 353–360 (1997).
  • Cherpes TL, Wiesenfeld HC, Melan MA et al. The associations between pelvic inflammatory disease, Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology. Sex. Transm. Dis. 33(12), 747–752 (2006).
  • Grodstein F, Goldman MB, Cramer DW. Relation of tubal infertility to history of sexually transmitted diseases. Am. J. Epidemiol. 137(5), 577–584 (1993).
  • Shew ML, Fortenberry JD, Tu W et al. Association of condom use, sexual behaviors, and sexually-transmitted infections with the duration of genital human papillomavirus infection among adolescent women. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 160(2), 151–156 (2006).
  • Brown DR, Shew ML, Qadadri B et al. A longitudinal study of genital human papillomavirus infection in a cohort of closely followed adolescent women. J. Infect. Dis. 191(2), 182–192 (2005).
  • Schlecht NF, Kulaga S, Robitaille J et al. Persistent human papillomavirus infection as a predictor of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. JAMA 286(24), 3106–3114 (2001).
  • Krieger JN. Trichomoniasis in men: old issues and new data. Sex. Transm. Dis. 22(2), 83–96 (1995).
  • Pillay DG, Hoosen AA, Vezi B, Moodley C. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in male urethritis. Trop. Geogr. Med. 46(1), 44–45 (1994).
  • Hobbs MM, Kazembe P, Reed AW et al. Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men. Sex. Transm. Dis. 26(7), 381–387 (1999).
  • Kuberski T. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with nongonococcal urethritis and prostatitis. Sex. Transm. Dis. 7(3), 135–136 (1980).
  • Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Fujita S. The incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis in chronic prostatitis patients determined by culture using a newly modified liquid medium. J. Infect. Dis. 166(5), 1205–1206 (1992).
  • Skerk V, Schonwald S, Granic J et al. Chronic prostatitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis – diagnosis and treatment. J. Chemother. 14(5), 537–538 (2002).
  • Gardner WA Jr, Culberson DE, Bennett BD. Trichomonas vaginalis in the prostate gland. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 110(5), 430–432 (1986).
  • Gopalkrishnan K, Hinduja IN, Kumar TC. Semen characteristics of asymptomatic males affected by Trichomonas vaginalis. J. In Vitro Fert. Embryo Transf. 7(3), 165–167 (1990).
  • Lloyd G, Case JR, De Frias D, Brannigan RE. Trichomonas vaginalis orchitis with associated severe oligoasthenoteratospermia and hypogonadism. J. Urol. 170(3), 924 (2003).
  • Kuberski TT. Ankylosing spondylitis associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13(5), 880–881 (1981).
  • Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, McQuillan G, Berman S, Markowitz L. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001–2004. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(10), 1319–1326 (2007).
  • Freeman AH, Katz KA, Pandori MW et al. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly-sensitive molecular assay. Sex. Transm. Dis. 37(3), 165–168 (2010).
  • Ginocchio CC, Chapin K, Smith JS et al. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50(8), 2601–2608 (2012).
  • Gaydos CA, Hsieh Y-H, Barnes M et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in women who submit self-obtained vaginal samples after internet recruitment. Sex. Transm. Dis. 38(9), 828–832 (2011).
  • Klinger EV, Kapiga SH, Sam NE et al. A community-based study of risk factors for Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women and their male partners in Moshi urban district, northern Tanzania. Sex. Transm. Dis. 33(12), 712–718 (2006).
  • Seña AC, Miller WC, Hobbs MM et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44(1), 13–22 (2007).
  • Hobbs MM, Lapple DM, Lawing LF et al. Methods for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in the male partners of infected women: implications for control of trichomoniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44(11), 3994–3999 (2006).
  • Gaydos CA, Barnes MR, Quinn N, Jett-Goheen M, Hsieh YH. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in men who submit self-collected penile swabs after internet recruitment. Sex. Transm. Infect. PMID: 23354525 (2013) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Sorvillo F, Kovacs A, Kerndt P, Stek A, Muderspach L, Sanchez-Keeland L. Risk factors for trichomoniasis among women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at a public clinic in Los Angeles County, California: implications for HIV prevention. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 58(4), 495–500 (1998).
  • Leroy V, De Clercq A, Ladner J, Bogaerts J, Van de Perre P, Dabis F. Should screening of genital infection be part of antenatal care in areas of high HIV prevalence? A prospective cohort study from Kigali, Rwanda, 1992–1993. Genitourin. Med. 71(4), 207–211 (1995).
  • Laga M, Monoka A, Kivuvu M et al. Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 7(1), 95–102 (1993).
  • Chesson HW, Blandford JM, Pinkerton SD. Estimates of the annual number and cost of new HIV infections among women attributable to trichomoniasis in the United States. Sex. Transm. Dis. 31(9), 547–551 (2004).
  • Guenthner PC, Secor WE, Dezzutti CS. Trichomonas vaginalis-induced epithelial monolayer disruption and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication: implications for the sexual transmission of HIV-1. Infect. Immun. 73(7), 4155–4160 (2005).
  • Levine WC, Pope V, Bhoomkar A et al. Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases. J. Infect. Dis. 177(1), 167–174 (1998).
  • Kissinger P, Amedee A, Clark RA et al. Trichomonas vaginalis treatment reduces vaginal HIV-1 shedding. Sex. Transm. Dis. 36(1), 11–16 (2009).
  • Hughes JP, Baeten JM, Lingappa JR et al. Determinants of per-coital-act HIV-1 infectivity among African HIV-1-serodiscordant couples. J. Infect. Dis. 205(3), 358–365 (2012).
  • Quinlivan EB, Patel SN, Grodensky CA, Golin CE, Tien HC, Hobbs MM. Modeling the impact of Trichomonas vaginalis infection on HIV transmission in HIV-infected individuals in medical care. Sex. Transm. Dis. 39(9), 671–677 (2012).
  • Heath JP. Behaviour and pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis in epithelial cell cultures. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 57(2), 106–117 (1981).
  • Arroyo R, González-Robles A, Martínez-Palomo A, Alderete JF. Signalling of Trichomonas vaginalis for amoeboid transformation and adhesion synthesis follows cytoadherence. Mol. Microbiol. 7(2), 299–309 (1993).
  • Engbring JA, Alderete JF. Characterization of Trichomonas vaginalis AP33 adhesin and cell surface interactive domains. Microbiology 144(Pt 11), 3011–3018 (1998).
  • Fiori PL, Rappelli P, Rocchigiani AM, Cappuccinelli P. Trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis: evidence of functional pores formation on red cell membranes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 109(1), 13–18 (1993).
  • Fiori PL, Rappelli P, Addis MF. The flagellated parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: new insights into cytopathogenicity mechanisms. Microb. Infect. 1(2), 149–156 (1999).
  • Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G. Clinical and microbial aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11(2), 300–317 (1998).
  • Ryan CM, de Miguel N, Johnson PJ. Trichomonas vaginalis: current understanding of host–parasite interactions. Essays Biochem. 51, 161–175 (2011).
  • Bruckner DA. Urogenital specimens: direct saline mount. In: Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook (2nd Edition). Isenberg HD (Ed.). ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA, 9.6.6.1–9.6.6.4 (2004).
  • Munson E, Napierala M, Olson R et al. Impact of Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification-based analyte-specific-reagent testing in a metropolitan setting of high sexually transmitted disease prevalence. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(10), 3368–3374 (2008).
  • McCann JS. Comparison of direct microscopy and culture in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 50(6), 450–452 (1974).
  • Spence MR, Hollander DH, Smith J, McCaig L, Sewell D, Brockman M. The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Sex. Transm. Dis. 7(4), 168–171 (1980).
  • Krieger JN, Tam MR, Stevens CE et al. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. JAMA 259(8), 1223–1227 (1998).
  • Garber GE, Sibau L, Ma R, Proctor EM, Shaw CE, Bowie WR. Cell culture compared with broth for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25(7), 1275–1279 (1987).
  • Mason PR, Super H, Fripp PJ. Comparison of four techniques for the routine diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. J. Clin. Path. 29(2), 154–157 (1976).
  • Wiese W, Patel SR, Patel SC, Ohl CA, Estrada CA. A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. Am. J. Med. 108(4), 301–308 (2000).
  • Perl G. Errors in the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infections as observed among 1199 patients. Obstet. Gynecol. 39(1), 7–9 (1972).
  • Sharp SE. Reagents, stains, and media: parasitology. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology (9th Edition). Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA (Eds). ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2013–2019 (2007).
  • Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. Trichomonas vaginalis: reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J. Infect. Dis. 141(2), 137–143 (1980).
  • Borchardt KA, Zhang MZ, Shing H, Flink K. A comparison of the sensitivity of the InPouch TV, Diamond’s and Trichosel media for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Genitourin. Med. 73(4), 297–298 (1997).
  • Levi MH, Torres J, Piña C, Klein RS. Comparison of the InPouch TV culture system and Diamond’s modified medium for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35(12), 3308–3310 (1997).
  • York M, Garcia LS. Parasite culture: InPouch TV system for Trichomonas vaginalis. In: Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook (2nd Edition). Isenberg HD (Ed.). ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA, 9.9.4.1–9.9.4.4 (2004).
  • Visvesvara GS. Parasite culture: Trichomonas vaginalis. In: Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook (2nd Edition). Isenberg HD (Ed.). ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA, 9.9.3.1–9.9.3.4 (2004).
  • Borchardt KA, Al-Haraci S, Maida N. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in a male sexually transmitted disease clinic by interview, wet mount microscopy, and InPouch TV culture. Genitourin. Med. 71(6), 405–406 (1995).
  • Kaydos-Daniels SC, Miller WC, Hoffman I et al. The use of specimens from various genitourinary sites in men, to detect Trichomonas vaginalis infection. J. Infect. Dis. 189(10), 1926–1931 (2004).
  • Kurth A, Whittington WLH, Golden MR, Thomas KK, Holmes KK, Schwebke J. Performance of a new, rapid assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(7), 2940–2943 (2004).
  • Miller GA, Klausner JD, Coates TJ et al. Assessment of a rapid antigen detection system for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10(6), 1157–1158 (2003).
  • Huppert JS, Batteiger BE, Braslins P et al. Use of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(2), 684–687 (2005).
  • Huppert JS, Mortensen JE, Reed JL et al. Rapid antigen testing compares favorably with transcription-mediated amplification assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in young women. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(2), 194–198 (2007).
  • Nolte FS, Caliendo A. Molecular detection and identification of microorganisms. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology (9th Edition). Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA (Eds). ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA, 218–244 (2007).
  • Briselden AM, Hillier SH. Evaluation of Affirm VP Microbial Identification Test for Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32(1), 148–152 (1994).
  • DeMeo LR, Draper DL, McGregor JA et al. Evaluation of a deoxyribonucleic acid probe for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal secretions. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 174(4), 1339–1342 (1996).
  • Brown HL, Fuller DD, Jasper LT, Davis TE, Wright JD. Clinical evaluation of Affirm VPIII in the detection and identification of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Candida species in vaginitis/vaginosis. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 12(1), 17–21 (2004).
  • Riley DE, Roberts MC, Takayama T, Krieger JN. Development of a polymerase chain reaction based diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30(2), 465–472 (1992).
  • Heine RP, Wiesenfeld HC, Sweet RL, Witkin SS. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of distal vaginal specimens: a less invasive strategy for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24(5), 985–987 (1997).
  • Lawing LF, Hedges SR, Schwebke JR. Detection of trichomonosis in vaginal and urine specimens from women by culture and PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38(10), 3585–3588 (2000).
  • van der Schee C, van Belkum A, Zwijgers L et al. Improved diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swabs and urine specimens compared to diagnosis by wet mount microscopy, culture, and fluorescent staining. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37(12), 4127–4130 (1999).
  • Jeremias J, Draper D, Ziegert M et al. Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis using the polymerase chain reaction in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 2(1), 16–19 (1994).
  • Shaio MF, Lin PR, Liu JY. Colorimetric one-tube nested PCR for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharge. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35(1), 132–138 (1997).
  • Human RP, Jones GA. Evaluation of swab transport systems against a published standard. J. Clin. Pathol. 57(7), 762–763 (2004).
  • Arbique JC, Forward KR, LeBlanc J. Evaluation of four commercial transport media for the survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 36(3), 163–168 (2000).
  • Livengood CH III, Wrenn JW. Evaluation of COBAS AMPLICOR (Roche): accuracy in detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by coamplification of endocervical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(8), 2928–2932 (2001).
  • Van Der Pol B, Kraft CS, Williams JA. Use of an adaptation of a commercially available PCR assay aimed at diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea to detect Trichomonas vaginalis in urogenital specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44(2), 366–373 (2006).
  • Jordan JA, Lowery D, Trucco M. TaqMan-based detection of Trichomonas vaginalis DNA from female genital specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(11), 3819–3822 (2001).
  • Paterson BA, Tabrizi SN, Garland SM, Fairley CK, Bowden FJ. The tampon test for trichomoniasis: a comparison between conventional methods and a polymerase chain reaction for Trichomonas vaginalis in women. Sex. Transm. Inf. 74(2), 136–139 (1998).
  • Crucitti T, Van Dyck E, Tehe A. Comparison of culture and different PCR assays for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in self collected vaginal swab specimens. Sex. Transm. Inf. 79(5), 393–398 (2003).
  • Wendel KA, Erbelding EJ, Gaydos CA, Rompalo AM. Trichomonas vaginalis polymerase chain reaction compared with standard diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for detection and treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35(5), 576–580 (2002).
  • Guatelli JC, Whitfield KM, Kwoh DY, Barringer KJ, Richman DD, Gingeras TR. Isothermal, in vitro amplification of nucleic acids by a multienzyme reaction modeled after retroviral replication. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87(5), 1874–1878 (1990).
  • Compton J. Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Nature 350(6313), 91–92 (1991).
  • Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S et al. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239(4839), 487–491 (1988).
  • Chernesky M, Jang D, Luinstra K et al. High analytical sensitivity and low rates of inhibition may contribute to detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in significantly more women by the APTIMA Combo 2 assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44(2), 400–405 (2006).
  • Ikeda-Dantsuji Y, Konomi I, Nagayama A. In vitro assessment of the APTIMA Combo 2 assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis using highly purified elementary bodies. J. Med. Microbiol. 54(4), 357–360 (2005).
  • Wood BJ, Rizzo-Price P, Holden J, Hardick A, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. The microbicide tenofovir does not inhibit nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(2), 763–765 (2008).
  • Loeffelholz MJ, Sanden GN. Bordetella. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology (9th Edition). Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA (Eds). ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA, 803–814 (2007).
  • Munson E, Napierala M, Munson KL, Culver A, Hryciuk JE. Temporal characterization of carrot broth-enhanced real-time PCR as an alternative means for rapid detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from prenatal anorectal and vaginal screenings. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(12), 4495–4500 (2010).
  • Ginocchio CC, Zhang F, Manji R et al. Evaluation of multiple test methods for the detection of the novel 2009 influenza A (H1N1) during the New York City outbreak. J. Clin. Virol. 45(3), 191–195 (2009).
  • Uyeki TM, Prasad R, Vukotich C et al. Low sensitivity of rapid diagnostic test for influenza. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(9), e89–e92 (2009).
  • Gaydos CA, Quinn TC, Willis D et al. Performance of the APTIMA Combo 2 assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female urine and endocervical swab specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(1), 304–309 (2003).
  • Van Der Pol B, Ferrero DV, Buck-Barrington L et al. Multicenter evaluation of the BDProbeTec ET system for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens, female endocervical swabs, and male urethral swabs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(3), 1008–1016 (2001).
  • Lowe P, O’Loughlin P, Evans K, White M, Bartley PB, Vohra R. Comparison of the Gen-Probe APTIMA Combo 2 assay to the AMPLICOR CT/NG assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine samples from Australian men and women. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44(7), 2619–2621 (2006).
  • Comanor L, Anderson F, Ghany M et al. Transcription-mediated amplification is more sensitive than conventional PCR-based assays for detecting residual serum HCV RNA at end of treatment. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96(10), 2968–2972 (2001).
  • Jacobs NF, Kraus SJ. Gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis in men. Clinical and laboratory differentiation. Ann. Intern. Med. 82(1), 7–12 (1975).
  • Rothenberg R, Judson FN. The clinical diagnosis of urethral discharge. Sex. Transm. Dis. 10(1), 24–28 (1983).
  • Volk J, Kraus SJ. Nongonococcal urethritis: a venereal disease as prevalent as epidemic gonorrhea. Arch. Intern. Med. 134(3), 511–514 (1974).
  • Sitay A, Bungo J, Dickey K et al. Rapid detection of Trichomonas vaginalis from vaginal specimens by transcription-mediated amplification. Presented at: 103rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. Washington, DC, USA, 18–23 May 2003.
  • Nye MB, Schwebke JR, Body BA. Comparison of APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification to wet mount microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 200(2), 188.e1–188.e7 (2009).
  • Hollman D, Coupey SM, Fox AS, Herold BC. Screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in high-risk adolescent females with a new transcription-mediated nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT): associations with ethnicity, symptoms, and prior and current STIs. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol. 23(5), 312–316 (2010).
  • Munson E, Firmani MA. Molecular diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in the United States. Expert Opin. Med. Diagn. 3(3), 327–343 (2009).
  • Munson E, Napierala M, Basile J et al. Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification-based analyte-specific reagent and alternative target testing of primary clinical vaginal saline suspensions. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 68(1), 66–72 (2010).
  • Sorvillo F, Smith L, Kerndt P, Ash L. Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, and African–Americans. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7(6), 927–932 (2001).
  • APTIMA® Trichomonas vaginalis Assay package insert. Gen-Probe, Incorporated, San Diego, CA, USA (2011).
  • Napierala M, Munson E, Munson KL et al. Three-year history of transcription-mediated amplification-based Trichomonas vaginalis analyte-specific reagent testing in a subacute care patient population. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49(12), 4190–4194 (2011).
  • Schwebke JR, Hobbs MM, Taylor SN et al. Molecular testing for Trichomonas vaginalis in women: results from a prospective U.S. clinical trial. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49(12), 4106–4111 (2011).
  • Munson E, Kramme T, Napierala M, Munson KL, Miller C, Hryciuk JE. Female epidemiology of transcription-mediated amplification-based Trichomonas vaginalis detection in a metropolitan setting with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50(12), 3927–3931 (2012).
  • Andrea SB, Chapin KC. Comparison of Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification assay and BD Affirm VPIII for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in symptomatic women: performance parameters and epidemiological implications. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49(3), 866–869 (2011).
  • Mahony J, Chong S, Jang D et al. Urine specimens from pregnant and nonpregnant women inhibitory to amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid by PCR, ligase chain reaction, and transcription-mediated amplification: identification of urinary substances associated with inhibition and removal of inhibitory activity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36(11), 3122–3126 (1998).
  • Gaydos CA, Theodore M, Dalesio N, Wood BJ, Quinn TC. Comparison of three nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(7), 3041–3045 (2004).
  • Levett PN, Brandt K, Olenius K, Brown C, Montgomery K, Horsman GB. Evaluation of three automated nucleic acid amplification systems for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in first-void urine specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(6), 2109–2111 (2008).
  • OSOM® Trichomonas Rapid Test package insert. Sekisui Diagnostics, LLC., Framingham, MA, USA (2011).
  • XenoStrip-Tv™ Trichomonas Test package insert. Xenotope Diagnostics, Inc., San Francisco, CA , USA (2002).
  • BD Affirm™ VPIII Microbial Identification Test package insert. BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD, USA (2010).
  • Schwebke JR, Lawing LF. Improved detection by DNA amplification of Trichomonas vaginalis in males. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40(10), 3681–3683 (2002).
  • Wendel KA, Erbelding EJ, Gaydos CA, Rompalo AM. Use of urine polymerase chain reaction to define the prevalence and clinical presentation of Trichomonas vaginalis in men attending an STD clinic. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79(2), 151–153 (2003).
  • Schwebke JR, Hook EW III. High rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: implications for screening and urethritis management. J. Infect. Dis. 188(3), 465–468 (2003).
  • Miller WC, Swygard H, Hobbs MM et al. The prevalence of trichomoniasis in young adults in the United States. Sex. Transm. Dis. 32(10), 593–598 (2005).
  • Hardick A, Hardick J, Wood BJ, Gaydos C. Comparison between the Gen-Probe transcription-mediated amplification Trichomonas vaginalis research assay and real-time PCR for Trichomonas vaginalis detection using a Roche LightCycler instrument with female self-obtained vaginal swab samples and male urine samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44(11), 4197–4199 (2006).
  • Munson KL, Napierala M, Munson E et al. Screening of male patients for Trichomonas vaginalis with transcription-mediated amplification in a community with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51(1), 101–104 (2013).
  • Krashin JW, Koumans EH, Bradshaw-Sydnor AC. Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence, incidence, risk factors and antibiotic-resistance in an adolescent population. Sex. Transm. Dis. 37(7), 440–444 (2010).
  • Munson E, Miller C, Napierala M et al. Assessment of screening practices in a subacute clinical setting following introduction of Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing. WMJ 111(5), 233–236 (2012).
  • Ferris DG, Hamrick HJ, Pollock PG et al. Physician office laboratory education and training in primary care residency programs. Arch. Fam. Med. 4(1), 34–39 (1995).
  • Steindel SJ, Granade S, Lee J et al. Practice patterns of testing waived under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 126(12), 1471–1479 (2002).
  • Stull TM, Hearn TL, Hancock JS, Handsfield JH, Collins C. Variation in proficiency testing performance by testing site. JAMA 279(6), 463–468 (1998).
  • Garber GE. The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. 16(1), 35–38 (2005).
  • Rein MF, Chapel TA. Trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and the minor venereal diseases. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 18(1), 73–88 (1975).
  • German RR, Lee LM, Horan JM et al. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 50(RR-13), 1–36 (2001).
  • Teutsch SM, Thacker SB. Planning a public health surveillance system. Pan American Health Organization. Epidemiol. Bull. 16(1), 1–6 (1995).
  • Hoots BE, Peterman TA, Torrone EA, Weinstock H, Meites E, Bolan GA. A trich-y question: should Trichomonas vaginalis infection be reportable? Sex. Transm. Dis. 40(2), 113–116 (2013).
  • Sanchez J, Campos PE, Courtois B et al. Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in female sex workers: prospective evaluation of condom promotion and strengthened STD services. Sex. Transm. Dis. 30(4), 273–279 (2003).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2011. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA (2012).
  • Chapin K, Andrea S. APTIMA® Trichomonas vaginalis, a transcription-mediated amplification assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in urogenital specimens. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 11(7), 679–688 (2011).
  • Schachter J, Moncada J, Liska S, Shayevich C, Klausner JD. Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of chlamydial and gonococcal infections of the oropharynx and rectum in men who have sex with men. Sex. Transm. Dis. 35(7), 637–642 (2008).
  • Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H et al. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis rectal infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(5), 1827–1832 (2010).
  • Ota KV, Tamari IE, Smieja M et al. Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in pharyngeal and rectal specimens using the BD Probetec ET system, the Gen-Probe Aptima Combo 2 assay and culture. Sex. Transm. Infect. 85(3), 182–186 (2009).
  • Whiley DM, Buda PP, Freeman K, Pattle NI, Bates J, Sloots TP. A real-time PCR assay for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in genital and extragenital specimens. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 52(1), 1–5 (2005).
  • Moncada J, Donegan E, Schachter J. Evaluation of CDC-recommended approaches for confirmatory testing of positive Neisseria gonorrhoeae nucleic acid amplification test results. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(5), 1614–1619 (2008).
  • Page-Shafer K, Graves A, Kent C, Balls JE, Zapitz VM, Klausner JD. Increased sensitivity of DNA amplification testing for detection of pharyngeal gonorrhea in men who have sex with men. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34(2), 173–176 (2002).
  • Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, Markowitz LE, Papp JR, Hook EW III. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae oropharyngeal infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47(4), 902–907 (2009).
  • Munson E, Wenten D, Phipps P et al. Retrospective assessment of transcription-mediated amplification-based screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in male sexually-transmitted infection clinic patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51(6), 1855–1860 (2013).
  • Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J. Clin. 62(1), 10–29 (2012).
  • Mitteregger D, Aberle SW, Makristathis A et al. High detection rate of Trichomonas vaginalis in benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 201(1), 113–116 (2012).
  • Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E, Alderete JF et al. Plasma antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15(5), 939–945 (2006).
  • Sutcliffe S, Alderete JF, Till C et al. Trichomonosis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Int. J. Cancer 124(9), 2082–2087 (2009).
  • Stark JR, Judson G, Alderete JF et al. Prospective study of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate cancer incidence and mortality: Physicians’ Health Study. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 101(20), 1406–1411 (2009).
  • Sutcliffe S, Neace C, Magnuson NS, Reeves R, Alderete JF. Trichomonosis, a common curable STI, and prostate carcinogenesis – a proposed molecular mechanism. PLoS Pathog. 8(8), e1002801 (2012).
  • Huppert JS, Hesse E, Kim G et al. Adolescent women can perform a point-of-care test for trichomoniasis as accurately as clinicians. Sex. Transm. Infect. 86(7), 514–519 (2010).
  • Mouton JW, Verkooyen R, van der Meijden WI et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in male and female urine specimens by using the amplified Chlamydia trachomatis test. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35(6), 1369–1372 (1997).
  • Burd EM. Validation of laboratory-developed molecular assays for infectious diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23(3), 550–576 (2010).
  • Halling KC, Schrijver I, Persons DL. Test verification and validation for molecular diagnostic assays. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 136(1), 11–13 (2012).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2006. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA (2007).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.