1,604
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Editorial

Anthrax in injecting drug users: the need for increased vigilance in the clinic

&

References

  • Brett MM, Hood J, Brazier JS, et al. Soft tissue infections caused by spore-forming bacteria in injecting drug users in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 2005;133(4):575-82
  • Ringertz SH, Hoiby EA, Jensenius M, et al. Injectional anthrax in a heroin skin-popper. Lancet 2000;356(9241):1574-5
  • Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994;266(5188):1202-8
  • Jernigan DB, Raghunathan PL, Bell BP, et al. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(10):1019-28
  • Bell DM, Kozarsky PE, Stephens DS. Clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(2):222-5
  • Spencer RC. Bacillus anthracis. J Clin Pathol 2003;56(3):182-7
  • Sirisanthana T, Brown AE. Anthrax of the gastrointestinal tract. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(7):649-51
  • Guarner J, Jernigan JA, Shieh WJ, et al. Pathology and pathogenesis of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax. Am J Pathol 2003;163(2):701-9
  • Ramsay CN, Stirling A, Smith J, et al. An outbreak of infection with Bacillus anthracis in injecting drug users in Scotland. Euro Surveill 2010;15(2):19465
  • Berger T, Kassirer M, Aran AA. Injectional anthrax - new presentation of an old disease. Euro surveill 2014;19(32):20877
  • Booth MG, Hood J, Brooks TJ, et al. Anthrax infection in drug users. Lancet 2010;375(9723):1345-6
  • Parcell BJ, Wilmshurst AD, France AJ, et al. Injection anthrax causing compartment syndrome and necrotising fasciitis. J Clin Pathol 2011;64(1):95-6
  • Health Protection Scotland. National Anthrax Outbreak Control Team. An Outbreak of Anthrax Among Drug Users in Scotland, December 2009 to December 2010. 2011
  • Palmateer NE, Ramsay CN, Browning L, et al. Anthrax infection among heroin users in Scotland during 2009-2010: a case-control study by linkage to a national drug treatment database. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55(5):706-10
  • Hendricks KA, Wright ME, Shadomy SV, et al. Centers for disease control and prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:2
  • Durmaz R, Doganay M, Sahin M, et al. Molecular epidemiology of the Bacillus anthracis isolates collected throughout Turkey from 1983 to 2011. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012;31(10):2783-90
  • Abbara A, Brooks T, Taylor GP, et al. Lessons for control of heroin-associated anthrax in Europe from 2009-2010 outbreak case studies, London, UK. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(7):1115-22
  • Ascough S, Ingram RJ, Abarra A, et al. Injectional anthrax infection due to heroin use induces strong immunological memory. J Infect 2014;68(2):200-3
  • Grunow R, Klee SR, Beyer W, et al. Anthrax among heroin users in Europe possibly caused by same Bacillus anthracis strain since 2000. Euro surveill 2013;18(13):20437
  • Price EP, Seymour ML, Sarovich DS, et al. Molecular epidemiologic investigation of an anthrax outbreak among heroin users, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18(8):1307-13
  • Bavykin SG, Mikhailovich VM, Zakharyev VM, et al. Discrimination of Bacillus anthracis and closely related microorganisms by analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA with oligonucleotide microarray. Chem Biol Interact 2008;171(2):212-35
  • Holzmann T, Frangoulidis D, Simon M, et al. Fatal anthrax infection in a heroin user from southern Germany, June 2012. Euro Surveill 2012;17(26):20204
  • Ingram RJ, Metan G, Maillere B, et al. Natural exposure to cutaneous anthrax gives long-lasting T cell immunity encompassing infection-specific epitopes. J Immunol 2010;184(7):3814-21
  • Wattiau P, Govaerts M, Frangoulidis D, et al. Immunologic response of unvaccinated workers exposed to anthrax, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15(10):1637-40
  • De BK, Bragg SL, Sanden GN, et al. A two-component direct fluorescent-antibody assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(10):1060-5
  • Stoddard RA, Quinn CP, Schiffer JM, et al. Detection of anthrax protective antigen (PA) using europium labeled anti-PA monoclonal antibody and time-resolved fluorescence. J Immunol Methods 2014;408:78-88
  • Boyer AE, Gallegos-Candela M, Quinn CP, et al. High-sensitivity MALDI-TOF MS quantification of anthrax lethal toxin for diagnostics and evaluation of medical countermeasures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Quinn CP, Semenova VA, Elie CM, et al. Specific, sensitive, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoglobulin G antibodies to anthrax toxin protective antigen. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(10):1103-10
  • Brenneman KE, Doganay M, Akmal A, et al. The early humoral immune response to Bacillus anthracis toxins in patients infected with cutaneous anthrax. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2011;62(2):164-72
  • Inverarity DJ, Forrester VM, Cumming JG, et al. Injectional anthrax at a Scottish district general hospital. Epidemiol Infect 2015;143(6):1311-21

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.