Protein profile ana lysis of the breast microenvironment to differentiate healthy women from breast cancer patients

References

• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J. Clin.58(2), 71–96 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gralow J, Ozols RF, Bajorin DF et al. Clinical cancer advances 2007: major research advances in cancer treatment, prevention, and screening – a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J. Clin. Oncol.26(2), 313–325 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Mayo MS, Khan SA. Breast-tissue sampling for risk assessment and prevention. Endocr. Relat. Cancer12(2), 185–213 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis NL. Studies on the epidemiology and natural history of benign breast disease and breast cancer using nipple aspirate fluid. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.2(1), 3–10 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter ER. Analysis of nipple aspirate fluid for diagnosis of breast cancer: an alternative to invasive biopsy. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn.5(6), 873–881 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F. Analysis of the intraductal microenvironment for the early diagnosis of breast cancer: identification of biomarkers in nipple-aspirate fluids. Expert Opin. Med. Diagn.2(11), 1221–1231 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papanicolaou GN, Holmquist DG, Bader GM, Falk EA. Exfoliative cytology of the human mammary gland and its value in the diagnosis of cancer and other diseases of the breast. Cancer11, 377–409 (1958).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein P, Glaser E, Grogan L et al. Biomarker assays in nipple aspirate fluid. Breast J.7(6), 378–387 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dua RS, Isacke CM, Gui GP. The intraductal approach to breast cancer biomarker discovery. J. Clin. Oncol.24(7), 1209–1216 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis NL. Nipple aspirate fluid in epidemiologic studies of breast disease. Epidemiol. Rev.15(1), 188–195 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartorius OW. Breast fluid cells help in early cancer detection. JAMA224, 823–827 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• King EB, Chew KL, Petrakis NL, Ernster VL. Nipple aspirate cytology for the study of breast cancer precursors. J. Natl Cancer Inst.71(6), 1115–1121 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malatesta M, Mannello F, Bianchi G, Sebastiani M, Gazzanelli G. Biochemical and ultrastructural features of human milk and nipple aspirate fluids. J. Clin. Lab. Anal.14(6), 330–335 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Tonti GA, Qin W, Zhu W, Sauter ER. Do nipple aspirate fluid epithelial cells and their morphology predict breast cancer development? Breast Cancer Res. Treat.102(1), 125–127 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaKind JS, Wilkins AA, Bates MN. Human breast biomonitoring and environmental chemicals: use of breast tissues and fluids in breast cancer etiologic research. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol.17(6), 525–540 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis NL. Physiologic, biochemical, and cytologic aspects of nipple aspirate fluid. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.8(1), 7–19 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis NL, Mason L, Lee R, Sugimoto B, Pawson S, Catchpool F. Association of race, age, menopausal status, and cerumen type with breast fluid secretion in nonlactating women, as determined by nipple aspiration. J. Natl Cancer Inst.54(4), 829–834 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrensch MR, Petrakis NL, Gruenke LD et al. Factors associated with obtaining nipple aspirate fluid: analysis of 1428 women and literature review. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.15(1), 39–51 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Tonti GA, Canestrari F. Nutrients and nipple aspirate fluid composition: the breast microenvironment regulates protein expression and cancer aetiology. Genes Nutr.3, 77–85 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter ER, Ross E, Daly M et al. Nipple aspirate fluid: a promising non-invasive method to identify cellular markers of breast cancer risk. Br. J. Cancer76(4), 494–501 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis NL, Barnes S, King EB et al. Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.5(10), 785–794 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter ER, Winn JN, Dale PS, Wagner-Mann C. Nipple aspirate fluid color is associated with breast cancer. Cancer Detect. Prev.30(4), 322–328 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper AP. The Anatomy and Diseases of the Breast. Lea and Blanchard, PA, USA (1845).
   Google Scholar
• Lonnerdal B. Human milk proteins: key components for the biological activity of human milk. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.554, 11–25 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper KM, Berry CA, Cregan MD. The bioactive nature of human breastmilk. Breastfeed. Rev.15(3), 5–10 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Lopez Alvarez MJ. Proteins in human milk. Breastfeed. Rev.15(1), 5–16 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Adair FE, Bagg HJ. Breast stasis as the cause of mammary cancer. Int. Clin.4, 19–26 (1925).
   Google Scholar
• Sartorius OW. The biochemistry of breast cyst fluids and duct secretions. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.35(3), 255–266 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wrensch MR, Petrakis NL, Miike R et al. Breast cancer risk in women with abnormal cytology in nipple aspirates of breast fluid. J. Natl Cancer Inst.93(23), 1791–1798 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez LM, Vizoso F, Diez-Itza I, Lopez-Otin C. Identification of the major protein components in breast secretions from women with benign and malignant breast diseases. Cancer Res.52(1), 95–100 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Tonti GA, Papa S. Human gross cyst breast disease and cystic fluid: bio-molecular, morphological, and clinical studies. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.97(2), 115–129 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizoso F, Sánchez LM, Díez-Itza I, Luz Lamelas M, López-Otín C. Factors affecting protein composition of breast secretions from nonlactating women. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.23(3), 251–258 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Thean ET, Toh BH. Serum human α-lactalbumin as a marker for breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer61(5), 773–775 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Varnum SM, Covington CC, Woodbury RL et al. Proteomic characterization of nipple aspirate fluid: identification of potential biomarkers of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.80(1), 87–97 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Nagamani M, Anderson KE et al. A strong association between body fat mass and protein profiles in nipple aspirate fluid of healthy premenopausal non-lactating women. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.104(1), 57–66 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Alexander H, Stegner AL, Wagner-Mann C, Du Bois GC, Alexander S, Sauter ER. Proteomic analysis to identify breast cancer biomarkers in nipple aspirate fluid. Clin. Cancer Res.10(22), 7500–7510 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx J. Cancer research. Inflammation and cancer: the link grows stronger. Science306(5698), 966–968 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkila K, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA. A systematic review of the association between circulating concentrations of C reactive protein and cancer. J. Epidemiol. Community Health61(9), 824–833 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithgow D, Nyamathi A, Elashoff D, Martinez-Maza O, Covington C. C-reactive protein in nipple aspirate fluid: relation to women’s health factors. Nurs. Res.55(6), 418–425 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Lithgow D, Nyamathi A, Elashoff D, Martinez-Maza O, Covington C. C-reactive protein in nipple aspirate fluid associated with Gail model factors. Biol. Res. Nurs.9(2), 108–116 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duche JC, Urien S, Simon N, Malaurie E, Monnet I, Barre J. Expression of the genetic variants of human α-1-acid glycoprotein in cancer. Clin. Biochem.33(3), 197–202 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanty AK, Singh G, Paramasivam M et al. Crystal structure of a novel regulatory 40-kDa mammary gland protein (MGP-40) secreted during involution. J. Biol. Chem.278(16), 14451–14460 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, Price PA. Is YKL-40 a new therapeutic target in cancer? Expert Opin. Ther. Targets11(2), 219–234 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin W, Zhu W, Schlatter L et al. Increased expression of the inflammatory protein YKL-40 in precancers of the breast. Int. J. Cancer121(7), 1536–1542 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roslind A, Knoop AS, Jensen MB et al. YKL-40 protein expression is not a prognostic marker in patients with primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.112(2), 275–285 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrakis NL, Lowenstein JM, Wiencke JK et al. Gross cystic disease fluid protein in nipple aspirates of breast fluid of Asian and non-Asian women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.2(6), 573–579 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Sapino A, Cassoni P, Bussolati G. Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15) in the breast: past and present. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents14(4), 259–262 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Marcheggiani F, Gazzanelli G. Breast cancer diagnosis by lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in nipple discharge. Cancer76(1), 152–154 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Liaudet-Coopman E, Beaujouin M, Derocq D et al. Cathepsin D: newly discovered functions of a long-standing aspartic protease in cancer and apoptosis. Cancer Lett.237(2), 167–179 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez LM, Ferrando AA, Diez-Itza I, Vizoso F, Ruibal A, Lopez-Otin C. Cathepsin D in breast secretions from women with breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer67(5), 1076–1081 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Chatterton RT Jr, Geiger AS, Khan SA, Helenowski IB, Jovanovic BD, Gann PH. Variation in estradiol, estradiol precursors, and estrogen-related products in nipple aspirate fluid from normal premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.13(6), 928–935 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gann PH, Geiger AS, Helenowski IB, Vonesh EF, Chatterton RT. Estrogen and progesterone levels in nipple aspirate fluid of healthy premenopausal women: relationship to steroid precursors and response proteins. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.15(1), 39–44 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paliouras M, Borgono C, Diamandis EP. Human tissue kallikreins: the cancer biomarker family. Cancer Lett.249(1), 61–79 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamandis EP, Yousef GM, Soosaipillai AR et al. Immunofluorometric assay of human kallikrein 6 (zyme/protease M/neurosin) and preliminary clinical applications. Clin. Biochem.33(5), 369–375 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black MH, Magklara A, Obiezu C et al. Expression of a prostate-associated protein, human glandular kallikrein (hK2), in breast tumours and in normal breast secretions. Br. J. Cancer82(2), 361–367 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter ER, Welch T, Magklara A, Klein G, Diamandis EP. Ethnic variation in kallikrein expression in nipple aspirate fluid. Int. J. Cancer100(6), 678–682 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Sauter ER, Lininger J, Magklara A, Hewett JE, Diamandis EP. Association of kallikrein expression in nipple aspirate fluid with breast cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer108(4), 588–591 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauter ER, Wagner-Mann C, Ehya H, Klein-Szanto A. Biologic markers of breast cancer in nipple aspirate fluid and nipple discharge are associated with clinical findings. Cancer Detect. Prev.31(1), 50–58 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han B, Nakamura M, Mori I, Nakamura Y, Kakudo K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator system and breast cancer (review). Oncol. Rep.14(1), 105–112 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Qin W, Zhu W, Wagner-Mann C, Folk W, Sauter ER. Association of uPA, PAT-1, and uPAR in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) with breast cancer. Cancer J.9(4), 293–301 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Qin W, Zhu W, Wagner-Mann C, Sauter ER. Nipple aspirate fluid expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor predicts breast cancer diagnosis and advanced disease. Ann. Surg. Oncol.10(8), 948–953 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin W, Zhu W, Hewett JE et al. uPA is upregulated by high dose celecoxib in women at increased risk of developing breast cancer. BMC Cancer15(8), 298 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Tonti G, Papa S. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets5(4), 285–298 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F. Natural bio-drugs as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: new perspectives on the horizon? Recent Patents Anticancer Drug Discov.1(1), 91–103 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabottaux V, Noel A. Breast cancer progression: insights into multifaceted matrix metalloproteinases. Clin. Exp. Metastasis24(8), 647–656 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Tonti GA. Gelatinase concentrations and zymographic profiles in human breast cancer: matrix metalloproteinases circulating in plasma are better markers for the subclassification and early prediction of cancer: the coagulation/fibrinolysis pathways alter the release, activation and recovery of different gelatinases in serum. Int. J. Cancer121(1), 216–218 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Sebastiani M. Zymographic analyses and measurement of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in nipple aspirate fluids. Clin. Chem.49(9), 1546–1550 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Qin W, Zhu W, Fabbri L, Tonti GA, Sauter ER. Nipple aspirate fluids from women with breast cancer contain increased levels of group IIa secretory phospholipase A2. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.111(2), 209–218 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Brash AR. Arachidonic acid as a bioactive molecule. J. Clin. Invest107(11), 1339–1345 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Tonti GA, Pagliarani S et al. The 8-epimer of prostaglandin F(2α), a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, is decreased in the nipple aspirate fluid of women with breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer120(9), 1971–1976 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau N, Myers C. Breast cancer-induced angiogenesis: multiple mechanisms and the role of the microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res.5(3), 140–146 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Wang JL, Chang H, Barsky SH, Nguyen M. Breast-cancer diagnosis with nipple fluid bFGF. Lancet356(9229), 567 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiung R, Zhu W, Klein G et al. High basic fibroblast growth factor levels in nipple aspirate fluid are correlated with breast cancer. Cancer J.8(4), 303–310 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartippour MR, Zhang L, Lu M, Wang HJ, Brooks MN. Nipple fluid basic fibroblast growth factor in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.14(12), 2995–2998 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Gold P, Freedman SO. Specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system. J. Exp. Med.122(3), 467–481 (1965).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troccoli R, Stella F, Stella C et al. [Carcinoembryonic antigen in a review of cases in the literature]. Quad. Sclavo. Diagn.23(3), 233–245 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Kahana L, Bartal AH, Yechieli H, Guttman I, Sheinfeld M. Carcinoembryonic-like substance in breast fluid discharge in benign and malignant breast disease and in milk of lactating women. Isr. J. Med. Sci.17(11), 1035–1040 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inaji H, Koyama H, Motomura K et al. ErbB-2 protein levels in nipple discharge: role in diagnosis of early breast cancer. Tumour Biol.14(5), 271–278 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foretova L, Garber JE, Sadowsky NL et al. Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast nipple aspirate fluid. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.7(3), 195–198 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imayama S, Mori M, Ueo H et al. Presence of elevated carcinoembryonic antigen on absorbent disks applied to nipple area of breast carcinoma patients. Cancer78(6), 1229–1234 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Verselis SJ, Klar N et al. Nipple fluid carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate-specific antigen in cancer-bearing and tumor-free breasts. J. Clin. Oncol.19(5), 1462–1467 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Kim Y, Han K, Kang CS, Jeon HM, Shim SI. Detection of tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen, APC, and cyclin D2 in fine-needle aspiration fluid of breast. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.128(11), 1251–1256 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanezi F, Carvalho S, Schmitt FC. EGFR/HER2 in breast cancer: a biological approach for molecular diagnosis and therapy. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn.8(4), 417–434 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuerer HM, Thompson PA, Krishnamurthy S et al. High and differential expression of HER-2/neu extracellular domain in bilateral ductal fluids from women with unilateral invasive breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.9(2), 601–605 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Gazzanelli G. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA/hK3): a further player in the field of breast cancer diagnostics? Breast Cancer Res.3(4), 238–243 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emami N, Diamandis EP. Utility of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) as cancer biomarkers. Clin. Chem.54(10), 1600–1607 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Malatesta M, Sebastiani M, Battistelli S, Gazzanelli G. Molecular forms and ultrastructural localization of prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluids. Clin. Chem.45(12), 2263–2266 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter ER, Daly M, Linahan K et al. Prostate-specific antigen levels in nipple aspirate fluid correlate with breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.5(12), 967–970 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter ER, Chervoneva I, Diamandis A, Khosravi JM, Litwin S, Diamandis EP. Prostate-specific antigen and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in nipple aspirate fluid are associated with breast cancer. Cancer Detect. Prev.26(2), 149–157 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauter ER, Babb J, Daly M et al. Prostate-specific antigen production in the female breast: association with progesterone. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.7(4), 315–320 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauter ER, Tichansky DS, Chervoneva I, Diamandis EP. Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer. Environ. Health Perspect.110(3), 241–246 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell G, Sibley PE, Wilson AP, Sauter E, A’Hern R, Eeles RA. Prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspiration fluid: menstrual cycle variability and correlation with serum prostate-specific antigen. Tumour Biol.23(5), 287–297 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauter ER, Garofalo C, Hewett J, Hewett JE, Morelli C, Surmacz E. Leptin expression in breast nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and serum is influenced by body mass index (BMI) but not by the presence of breast cancer. Horm. Metab. Res.36(5), 336–340 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose DP. Hormones and growth factors in nipple aspirates from normal women and benign breast disease patients. Cancer Detect. Prev.16(1), 43–51 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chatterton RT Jr, Geiger AS, Mateo ET, Helenowski IB, Gann PH. Comparison of hormone levels in nipple aspirate fluid of pre- and postmenopausal women: effect of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(3), 1686–1691 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelkmann W. Erythropoietin after a century of research: younger than ever. Eur. J. Haematol.78(3), 183–205 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardee ME, Arcasoy MO, Blackwell KL, Kirkpatrick JP, Dewhirst MW. Erythropoietin biology in cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.12(2), 332–339 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannello F, Fabbri L, Ciandrini E, Tonti GA. Increased levels of erythropoietin in nipple aspirate fluid and in ductal cells from breast cancer patients. Cell. Oncol.30(1), 51–61 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mannello F, Tonti GA. Erythropoietin and its receptor in breast cancer: putting together the pieces of the puzzle. Oncologist13(7), 761–768 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Kuerer HM, Goldknopf IL, Fritsche H, Krishnamurthy S, Sheta EA, Hunt KK. Identification of distinct protein expression patterns in bilateral matched pair breast ductal fluid specimens from women with unilateral invasive breast carcinoma. High-throughput biomarker discovery. Cancer95(11), 2276–2282 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlik TM, Hawke DH, Liu Y et al. Proteomic analysis of nipple aspirate fluid from women with early-stage breast cancer using isotope-coded affinity tags and tandem mass spectrometry reveals differential expression of vitamin D binding protein. BMC Cancer6, 68 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petricoin EE, Paweletz CP, Liotta LA. Clinical applications of proteomics: proteomic pattern diagnostics. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia7(4), 433–440 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamandis EP. Mass spectrometry as a diagnostic and a cancer biomarker discovery tool: opportunities and potential limitations. Mol. Cell. Proteomics3(4), 367–378 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paweletz CP, Trock B, Pennanen M et al. Proteomic patterns of nipple aspirate fluids obtained by SELDI-TOF: potential for new biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Dis. Markers17(4), 301–307 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble J, Dua RS, Locke I, Eeles R, Gui GP, Isacke CM. Proteomic analysis of nipple aspirate fluid throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy pre-menopausal women. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.104(2), 191–196 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Noble JL, Dua RS, Coulton GR, Isacke CM, Gui GP. A comparative proteinomic analysis of nipple aspiration fluid from healthy women and women with breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer43(16), 2315–2320 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pawlik TM, Fritsche H, Coombes KR et al. Significant differences in nipple aspirate fluid protein expression between healthy women and those with breast cancer demonstrated by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.89(2), 149–157 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter ER, Zhu W, Fan XJ, Wassell RP, Chervoneva I, Du Bois GC. Proteomic analysis of nipple aspirate fluid to detect biologic markers of breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer86(9), 1440–1443 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter ER, Shan S, Hewett JE, Speckman P, Du Bois GC. Proteomic analysis of nipple aspirate fluid using SELDI-TOF-MS. Int. J. Cancer114(5), 791–796 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Zhao J, Yu X et al. Identification of biomarkers for breast cancer in nipple aspiration and ductal lavage fluid. Clin. Cancer Res.11(23), 8312–8320 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuerer HM, Coombes KR, Chen JN et al. Association between ductal fluid proteomic expression profiles and the presence of lymph node metastases in women with breast cancer. Surgery136(5), 1061–1069 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Gornbein J, Shen D et al. Detection of breast cancer biomarkers in nipple aspirate fluid by SELDI-TOF and their identification by combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Int. J. Oncol.30(1), 145–154 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr KM, Rosenblatt K, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA. Genomic and proteomic approaches for studying human cancer: prospects for true patient-tailored therapy. Hum. Genomics1(2), 134–140 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zangar RC, Varnum SM, Covington CY, Smith RD. A rational approach for discovering and validating cancer markers in very small samples using mass spectrometry and ELISA microarrays. Dis. Markers20(3), 135–148 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chotiner HC, Adams HR, Spiekerman AM, Gilliland PF, Newmark SR. Lactose and casein content of nonpuerperal breast secretion. J. Reprod. Med.22(5), 267–270 (1979).
   Google Scholar
• Petrakis NL, Doherty M, Lee R et al. Immunoglobulin levels in breast fluids of women with breast cancer. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol.7(3), 386–393 (1977).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yap PL, Miller WR, Humeniuk V, Pryde EA, Mirtle CL, McClelland DB. Milk protein concentrations in the mammary secretions of non-lactating women. J. Reprod. Immunol.3(1), 49–58 (1981).
   Google Scholar
• Shao ZM, Liu Y, Nguyen M. The role of the breast ductal system in the diagnosis of cancer (review). Oncol. Rep.8(1), 153–156 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly JM, Rose DP. Epidermal growth factor-like proteins in breast fluid and human milk. Life Sci.42(18), 1751–1756 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gann P, Chatterton R, Vogelsong K, Dupuis J, Ellman A. Mitogenic growth factors in breast fluid obtained from healthy women: evaluation of biological and extraneous sources of variability. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.6(6), 421–428 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foretova L, Garber JE, Sadowsky NL, Verselis SJ, Li FP. Prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate. Lancet347(9015), 1631 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar SR, Sauter ER, Quinn TP, Deutscher SL. Thomsen-Friedenreich and Tn antigens in nipple fluid: carbohydrate biomarkers for breast cancer detection. Clin. Cancer Res.11(19 Pt 1), 6868–6871 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynder EL, Hill P. Prolactin, oestrogen, and lipids in breast fluid. Lancet2(8043), 840–842 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynder EL, Hill P, Laakso K, Littner R, Kettunen K. Breast secretion in Finnish women: a metabolic epidemiologic study. Cancer47(6), 1444–1450 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose DP. Hormones in breast fluid. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.8(1), 25–28 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose DP, Berke B, Cohen LA, Lahti H. A comparison of serum and breast duct fluid-immunoassayable prolactin and growth hormone with bioassayable lactogenic hormones in healthy women and patients with cystic breast disease. Cancer60(11), 2761–2765 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar