Considering the influence of stimulation parameters on the effect of conventional and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation

References

• Largus S. De Compositionibus Medicamntorum. Paris: Wechel; 1529.
   Google Scholar
• Kellaway P. The part played by the electrical fish in the early history of bioelectricity and electrotherapy. Bull Hist Med. 1946;20:112–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh J. On the eletric property of torpedo: in a letter to Franklin. Phil Trqns R Soc. 1773;63:478–489.
   Google Scholar
• Galvani L. De Viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius. De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Atrium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii 1791;7:363–418.
   Google Scholar
• Galvani L. 1797. Memorie sulla electricita animals all celebre Abate Lazzaro Spallanzani. Aggiunte alcune elettriche experience do Gio. Bologna: Sassi.
   Google Scholar
• Volta A. La opera de Allessandri Volta, I Vol. Milan: Hoepli; 1918.
   Google Scholar
• Zago S, Ferrucci R, Fregni F, et al. Bartholow, Sciamanna, Alberti: pioneers in the electrical stimulation of the exposed human cerebral cortex. Neuroscientist. 2008;14(5):521–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guleyupoglu B, Schestatsky P, Edwards D, et al. Classification of methods in transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations. J Neurosci Methods. 2013;219(2):297–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunoni AR, Nitsche MA, Bolognini N, et al. Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions. Brain Stimul. 2012;5:175–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori A. Brain polarization in humans: a reappraisal of an old tool for prolonged non-invasive modulation of brain excitability. Clin Neurophysiology. 2003;114(4):589–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori A, Berardelli A, Rona S, et al. Polarization of the human motor cortex through the scalp. Neuroreport. 1998;9(10):2257–2260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology. 2001;57(10):1899–1901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol. 2000;527(Pt 3):633–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon EJ, Kim YK, Kim H-R, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation to lessen neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a mechanistic PET study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28(3):250–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stagg CJ, Bachtiar V, O’Shea J, et al. Cortical activation changes underlying stimulation-induced behavioural gains in chronic stroke. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 1):276–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marangolo P, Fiori V, Calpagnano MA, et al. tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex improves speech production in aphasia. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanneste S, Plazier M, Ost J, et al. Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulation for tinnitus by transcranial direct current stimulation: a preliminary clinical study. Exp Brain Res. 2010;202(4):779–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiozawa P, Fregni F, Bensenor IM, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for major depression: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;17(9):1443–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelin J, Mondino M, Gassab L, et al. Examining transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) as a treatment for hallucinations in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(7):719–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Liguori P, Fecteau S, et al. Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(1):32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadaide Z, Arlt S, Antal A, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation reveals inhibitory deficiency in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(7):833–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Gimenes R, Valle AC, et al. A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(12):3988–3998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggio PS, Ferrucci R, Rigonatti SP, et al. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2006;249(1):31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DaSilva AF, Truong DQ, DosSantos MF, et al. State-of-art neuroanatomical target analysis of high-definition and conventional tDCS montages used for migraine and pain control. Front Neuroanat. 2015;9:89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamar MF, Wivatvongvana P, Patumanond J, et al. Focal modulation of the primary motor cortex in fibromyalgia using 4×1-ring high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS): immediate and delayed analgesic effects of cathodal and anodal stimulation. J Pain. 2013;14(4):371–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borckardt JJ, Bikson M, Frohman H, et al. A pilot study of the tolerability and effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on pain perception. J Pain. 2012;13(2):112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekhawat GS, Sundram F, Bikson M, et al. Intensity, duration, and location of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation for tinnitus relief. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015. doi:10.1177/1545968315595286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnell A, Nascimento TD, Lawrence M, et al. High-definition and non-invasive brain modulation of pain and motor dysfunction in chronic TMD. Brain Stimul. 2015;8:1085–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DaSilva AF, Volz MS, Bikson M, et al. Electrode positioning and montage in transcranial direct current stimulation. J Vis Exp. 2011;8(6):1085–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Duarte I, Gebodh N, Schestatsky P, et al. Transcranial electrical stimulation: transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS), transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS), and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS). In: Kadosh RC, editor. The stimulated brain: cognitive enhancement using non-invasive brain stimulation. London: Academia Press; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;1(8437):1106–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush S, Driscoll DA. Current distribution in the brain from surface electrodes. Anesth Analg. 1968;47(6):717–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dymond AM, Coger RW, Serafetinides EA. Intracerebral current levels in man during electrosleep therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 1975;10(1):101–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utz KS, Dimova V, Oppenlander K, et al. Electrified minds: transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation in neuropsychology–a review of current data and future implications. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(10):2789–2810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempe R, Huang Y, Parra LC. Simulating pad-electrodes with high-definition arrays in transcranial electric stimulation. J Neural Eng. 2014;11(2):026003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plazier M, Joos K, Vanneste S, et al. Bifrontal and bioccipital transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) does not induce mood changes in healthy volunteers: a placebo controlled study. Brain Stimul. 2011;5(4):454–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamar MF, Volz MS, Bikson M, et al. Technique and considerations in the use of 4x1 ring high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). J Vis Exp. 2013;14(4):371–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bikson M, Datta A, Rahman A, et al. Electrode montages for tDCS and weak transcranial electrical stimulation: role of “return” electrode’s position and size. Clin Neurophysiology. 2010;121(12):1976–1978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta A, Bansal V, Diaz J, et al. Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad. Brain Stimul. 2009;2(4):201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang N, Siebner HR, Ward NS, et al. How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain? Eur J Neurosci. 2005;22(2):495–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Polania R, Kuo MF. Transcranial direct current stimulation: modulation of brain pathways and potential clinical applications. In: Reti IM, editor. Brain stimulation: methodologies & interventions. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Dmochowski JP, Datta A, Bikson M, et al. Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target. J Neural Eng. 2011;8(4):046011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimrath K, Breitling C, Krauel K, et al. Modulation of pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system by HD-tDCS. Eur J Neurosci. 2015;41(12):1580–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Doemkes S, Karakose T, et al. Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97(4):3109–3117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo HI, Bikson M, Datta A, et al. Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-definition 4 x 1 ring tDCS: a neurophysiological study. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(4):644–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caparelli-Daquer EM, Zimmermann TJ, Mooshagian E, et al. A pilot study on effects of 4x1 high-definition tDCS on motor cortex excitability. In: Conference proceedings: … annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual conference. 2012. p. 735–738. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346036.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas ZH, Maniscalco B, Hallett M, et al. Modulating conscious movement intention by noninvasive brain stimulation and the underlying neural mechanisms. J Neurosci. 2015;35(18):7239–7255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolin S, Loo CK, Bai S, et al. Focalised stimulation using high definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to investigate declarative verbal learning and memory functioning. NeuroImage. 2015;117:11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minhas P, Bansal V, Patel J, et al. Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS. J Neurosci Methods. 2010;190(2):188–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner T, Fregni F, Fecteau S, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study. NeuroImage. 2007;35(3):1113–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bikson M, Inoue M, Akiyama H, et al. Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. J Physiol. 2004;557(Pt 1):175–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(3):206–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radman T, Ramos RL, Brumberg JC, et al. Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in vitro. Brain Stimul. 2009;2(4):215–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaghi S, Acar M, Hultgren B, et al. Noninvasive brain stimulation with low-intensity electrical currents: putative mechanisms of action for direct and alternating current stimulation. Neuroscientist. 2010;16(3):285–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiyama H, Hyde J, Hinder MR, et al. Delayed plastic responses to anodal tDCS in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stramaccia DF, Penolazzi B, Sartori G, et al. Assessing the effects of tDCS over a delayed response inhibition task by targeting the right inferior frontal gyrus and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Exp Brain Res. 2015;233(8):2283–2290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruohonen J, Karhu J. tDCS possibly stimulates glial cells. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012;123(10):2006–2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke LE, Barres BA. Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(5):311–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueger MA, Keuters MH, Walberer M, et al. Multi-session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) elicits inflammatory and regenerative processes in the rat brain. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo MF, Grosch J, Fregni F, et al. Focusing effect of acetylcholine on neuroplasticity in the human motor cortex. J Neurosci. 2007;27(52):14442–14447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte-Silva K, Kuo MF, Thirugnanasambandam N, et al. Dose-dependent inverted U-shaped effect of dopamine (D2-like) receptor activation on focal and nonfocal plasticity in humans. J Neurosci. 2009;29(19):6124–6131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Kuo MF, Karrasch R, et al. Serotonin affects transcranial direct current-induced neuroplasticity in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(5):503–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medeiros LF, de Souza IC, Vidor LP, et al. Neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation: a review. Front Psychiatry. 2012;3:110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liebetanz D, Nitsche MA, Tergau F, et al. Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 10):2238–2247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Fricke K, Henschke U, et al. Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans. J Physiol. 2003;553(Pt 1):293–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Jaussi W, Liebetanz D, et al. Consolidation of human motor cortical neuroplasticity by D-cycloserine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(8):1573–1578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Liebetanz D, Schlitterlau A, et al. GABAergic modulation of DC stimulation-induced motor cortex excitability shifts in humans. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;19(10):2720–2726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Lampe C, Antal A, et al. Dopaminergic modulation of long-lasting direct current-induced cortical excitability changes in the human motor cortex. Eur J Neurosci. 2006;23(6):1651–1657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terney D, Bergmann I, Poreisz C, et al. Pergolide increases the efficacy of cathodal direct current stimulation to reduce the amplitude of laser-evoked potentials in humans. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;36(1):79–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo M-F, Paulus W, Nitsche MA. Boosting focally-induced brain plasticity by dopamine. Cereb Cortex. 2008;18(3):648–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte-Silva K, Liebetanz D, Grundey J, et al. Dosage-dependent non-linear effect of L-dopa on human motor cortex plasticity. J Physiol. 2010;588(Pt 18):3415–3424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Grundey J, Liebetanz D, et al. Catecholaminergic consolidation of motor cortical neuroplasticity in humans. Cereb Cortex. 2004;14(11):1240–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stagg CJ, Best JG, Stephenson MC, et al. Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation. J Neurosci. 2009;29(16):5202–5206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Muller-Dahlhaus F, Paulus W, et al. The pharmacology of neuroplasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation: building models for the clinical use of CNS active drugs. J Physiol. 2012;590(Pt 19):4641–4662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulus W. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES - tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2011;21(5):602–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinzer M, Jahnigen S, Copland DA, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation over multiple days improves learning and maintenance of a novel vocabulary. Cortex. 2014;50:137–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffman BA, Trumbo MC, Clark VP. Enhancement of object detection with transcranial direct current stimulation is associated with increased attention. BMC Neurosci. 2012;13:108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche M, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Exp Brain Res. 2005;166(1):23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos K, Vossel S, Weidner R, et al. Modulation of top-down control of visual attention by cathodal tDCS over right IPS. J Neurosci. 2012;32(46):16360–16368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Kuo M, Paulus W, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: protocols and physiological mechanisms of action. In: Knotkova H, Rasche D, editors. Textbook of neuromodulation: principles, methods and clinical application. New York: Springer; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Bikson M, Name A, Rahman A. Origins of specificity during tDCS: anatomical, activity-selective, and input-bias mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chib VS, Yun K, Takahashi H, et al. Noninvasive remote activation of the ventral midbrain by transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3:e268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeser D, Meindl T, Bor J, et al. Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation changes connectivity of resting-state networks during fMRI. J Neurosci. 2011;31(43):15284–15293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeser D, Padberg F, Reisinger E, et al. Prefrontal direct current stimulation modulates resting EEG and event-related potentials in healthy subjects: a standardized low resolution tomography (sLORETA) study. NeuroImage. 2011;55(2):644–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinzer M, Antonenko D, Lindenberg R, et al. Electrical brain stimulation improves cognitive performance by modulating functional connectivity and task-specific activation. J Neurosci. 2012;32(5):1859–1866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinzer M, Lindenberg R, Antonenko D, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation temporarily reverses age-associated cognitive decline and functional brain activity changes. J Neurosci. 2013;33(30):12470–12478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pena-Gomez C, Sala-Lonch R, Junque C, et al. Modulation of large-scale brain networks by transcranial direct current stimulation evidenced by resting-state functional MRI. Brain Stimul. 2012;5(3):252–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox PT, Narayana S, Tandon N, et al. Intensity modulation of TMS-induced cortical excitation: primary motor cortex. Hum Brain Mapp. 2006;27(6):478–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polania R, Paulus W, Nitsche MA. Modulating cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical functional connectivity with transcranial direct current stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp. 2012;33(10):2499–2508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stagg CJ, Lin RL, Mezue M, et al. Widespread modulation of cerebral perfusion induced during and after transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 2013;33(28):11425–11431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanneste S, De Ridder D. Bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation modulates tinnitus intensity and tinnitus-distress-related brain activity. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;34(4):605–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber MJ, Messing SB, Rao H, et al. Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation alters activation and connectivity in cortical and subcortical reward systems: a tDCS-fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35(8):3673–3686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luft CD, Pereda E, Banissy MJ, et al. Best of both worlds: promise of combining brain stimulation and brain connectome. Front Syst Neurosci. 2014;8:132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polania R, Paulus W, Antal A, et al. Introducing graph theory to track for neuroplastic alterations in the resting human brain: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. NeuroImage. 2011;54(3):2287–2296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauro LJR, Rosanova M, Mattaville G, et al. TDCS increases cortical excitability: direct evidence from TMS - EEG. Cortex. 2014;58:99–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmer HL, Dux PE, Mattingley JB. Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation for understanding brain function. Trends Neurosci. 2014;37(12):742–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batsikadze G, Moliadze V, Paulus W, et al. Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. J Physiol. 2013;591(7):1987–2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett EO, Malyutina S, Datta A, et al. On the use of the terms anodal and cathodal in high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation: a technical note. Neuromodulation. 2015. doi:10.111/neer.12320.
   Google Scholar
• Faria P, Hallett M, Miranda PC. A finite element analysis of the effect of electrode area and inter-electrode distance on the spatial distribution of the current density in tDCS. J Neural Eng. 2011;8(6):066017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastani A, Jaberzadeh S. a-tDCS differential modulation of corticospinal excitability: the effects of electrode size. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(6):932–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda PC, Faria P, Hallett M. What does the ratio of injected current to electrode area tell us about current density in the brain during tDCS? Clin Neurophysiology. 2009;120(6):1183–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho KA, Taylor JL, Chew T, et al. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) electrode size and current intensity on motor cortical excitability: evidence from single and repeated sessions. Brain Stimul. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parazzini M, Fiocchi S, Rossi E, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: estimation of the electric field and of the current density in an anatomical human head model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011;58(6):1773–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippold OC, Redfearn JW. Mental changes resulting from the passage of small direct currents through the human brain. Br J Psychiatry. 1964;110:768–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin BL, Ekhtiari H, Walsh VF. Non-invasive human brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: a primer. Neuron. 2015;87(5):932–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta A, Elwassif M, Battaglia F, et al. Transcranial current stimulation focality using disc and ring electrode configurations: FEM analysis. J Neural Eng. 2008;5(2):163–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda PC, Lomarev M, Hallett M. Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin Neurophysiology. 2006;117(7):1623–1629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadleir RJ, Vannorsdall TD, Schretlen DJ, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in a realistic head model. NeuroImage. 2010;51(4):1310–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moliadze V, Antal A, Paulus W. Electrode-distance dependent after-effects of transcranial direct and random noise stimulation with extracephalic reference electrodes. Clin Neurophysiology. 2010;121(12):2165–2171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards D, Cortes M, Datta A, et al. Physiological and modeling evidence for focal transcranial electrical brain stimulation in humans: a basis for high-definition tDCS. NeuroImage. 2013;74:266–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta A, Truong D, Minhas P, et al. Inter-individual variation during transcranial direct current stimulation and normalization of dose using MRI-derived computational models. Front Psychiatry. 2012;3:91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bastani A, Jaberzadeh S. Differential modulation of corticospinal excitability by different current densities of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Plos One. 2013;8(8):e72254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidgell DJ, Daly RM, Young K, et al. Different current intensities of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation do not differentially modulate motor cortex plasticity. Neural Plasticity. 2013;2013:603502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moliadze V, Schmanke T, Andreas S, et al. Stimulation intensities of transcranial direct current stimulation have to be adjusted in children and adolescents. Clin Neurophysiology. 2015;126(7):1392–1399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler SK, Minhas P, Woods AJ, et al. Dosage considerations for transcranial direct current stimulation in children: a computational modeling study. Plos One. 2013;8(9):e76112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong DQ, Magerowski G, Blackburn GL, et al. Computational modeling of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in obesity: impact of head fat and dose guidelines. NeuroImage Clin. 2013;2:759–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta A, Bikson M, Fregni F. Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with skull defects and skull plates: high-resolution computational FEM study of factors altering cortical current flow. NeuroImage. 2010;52(4):1268–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minhas P, Bikson M, Woods AJ, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric brain: a computational modeling study. In: Conference proceedings: … Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual conference. 2012. p. 859–862. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346067.
   Google Scholar
• Monte-Silva K, Kuo M-F, Hessenthaler S, et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(3):424–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis J, Schambra HM, Cohen LG, et al. Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances motor skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(5):1590–1595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo CK, Alonzo A, Martin D, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(1):52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bestmann S, de Berker AO, Bonaiuto J. Understanding the behavioural consequences of noninvasive brain stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(1):13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozari N, Woodard K, Thompson-Schill SL. Consequences of cathodal stimulation for behavior: when does it help and when does it hurt performance? Plos One. 2014;9(1):e84338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirulli C, Fertonani A, Miniussi C. Is neural hyperpolarization by cathodal stimulation always detrimental at the behavioral level? Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmer HL, Mattingley JB, Dux PE. Improved multitasking following prefrontal tDCS. Cortex. 2013;49(10):2845–2852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmer HL, Mattingley JB, Marois R, et al. Disrupting prefrontal cortex prevents performance gains from sensory-motor training. The Journal of Neuroscience: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2013;33(47):18654–18660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer MB, Mattu U, Grafman J, et al. Safety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals. Neurology. 2005;64(5):872–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson L, Koslowsky M, Lavidor M. tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: a meta-analytical review. Exp Brain Res. 2012;216(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Nitsche MA, Loo CK, et al. Regulatory considerations for the clinical and research use of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): review and recommendations from an expert panel. Clin Res Regul Aff. 2015;32(1):22–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poreisz C, Boros K, Antal A, et al. Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Res Bull. 2007;72(4–6):208–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Liebetanz D, Antal A, et al. Modulation of cortical excitability by weak direct current stimulation–technical, safety and functional aspects. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;56:255–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunoni AR, Amadera J, Berbel B, et al. A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14(8):1133–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fertonani A, Ferrari C, Miniussi C. What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects. Clin Neurophysiology. 2015;126:2181–2188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palm U, Keeser D, Schiller C, et al. Skin lesions after treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimul. 2008;1(4):386–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank E, Wilfurth S, Landgrebe M, et al. Anodal skin lesions after treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2010;3(1):58–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez N, Opisso E, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Skin lesions induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimul. 2014;7(5):765–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta A, Elwassif M, Bikson M. Bio-heat transfer model of transcranial DC stimulation: comparison of conventional pad versus ring electrode. In: Conference proceedings: … Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual conference. 2009. p. 670–673. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2009.5333673.
   Google Scholar