Growth factor-delivery systems for tissue engineering: a materials perspective

References

• Hoerstrup SP, Lu L, Lysaght MJ et al. Tissue engineering. In: Biomaterials Science (Second Edition). Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE (Eds). Elsevier Academic Press, CA, USA, 709–728 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Langer R, Vacanti J. Tissue engineering. Science 260, 920–926 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaria P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. Cell to cell signaling: hormones and receptors. In: Molecular Cell Biology. WH Freeman and Co., UK, 848–909 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Tabata Y. The importance of drug delivery systems in tissue engineering. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 3(3), 80–89 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tabata Y. Tissue regeneration based on growth factor release. Tissue Eng. 9(1), S5–S15 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babensee JE, McIntire LV, Mikos AG. Growth factor delivery for tissue engineering. Pharm. Res. 17(5), 497–504 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palsson B, Bhatia SN. Tissue dynamics. In: Tissue Engineering. Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 34–45 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Nimni ME. Polypeptide growth factors: targeted delivery systems. Biomaterials 18, 1201–1225 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palsson B, Bhatia SN. Coordination of cellular-fate processes. In: Tissue Engineering. Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 105–130 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Luginbuehl V, Meinel L, Merkle HP, Gander B. Localized delivery of growth factors for bone repair. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 58, 197–208 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokubu S, Fujimoto R, Yokota S et al. Bone regeneration by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and a novel biodegradable carrier in a rabbit ulnar defect model. Biomaterials 24, 1643–1651 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan AK, Gumusderelioglu M, Aksoz E. Controlled release of EGF and bFGF from dextran hydrogels in vitro and in vivo. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Appl. Biomater. 74B, 504–510 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perets A, Baruch Y, Weisbuch F, Shoshany G, Neufeld G, Cohen S. Enhancing the vascularization of three-dimensional porous alginate scaffolds by incorporating controlled release basic fibroblast growth factor microspheres. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 65A, 489–497 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajapaksa S, McIntosh D, Cowin A, Adams D, Wormald PJ. The effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 incorporated into a hyaluronic acid based nasal pack mucosal healing in a healthy sheep model and a sheep model of chronic sinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. 19(3), 251–256 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toung JS, Ogle RC, Morgan RF, Lindsey WH. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 augmented collagen gel repair of facial osseous defects. Arch. Ortolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 125(12), 2293–2298 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Sakiyama-Elbert SE, Hubbell JA. Controlled release of nerve growth factor from a heparin-containing fibrin based cell ingrowth matrix. J. Control. Release 69(1), 149–158 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannobile WV, Lee CS, Tomala MP, Tejeda KM, Zhu Z. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) gene delivery for application in periodontal tissue engineering. J. Periodontol. 72(6), 815–823 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JE, Kim KE, Kwon IC et al. Effects of the controlled-release TGF-β1 from chitosan microspheres on chondrocytes cultured in collagen/chitosan/glycosaminoglycan scaffold. Biomaterials 25, 4163–4173 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau TM, Li G, Zhang Y, Weisel RD, Mickle DAG, Li R-K. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor upregulation in response to cell-based angiogenic gene therapy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 79, 2056–2064 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell AIM, Zhao Y, Sandhu R, Stewart DJ. Cell-based gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 104, 2242–2248 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin SP, Saltzman WM. Materials for protein delivery in tissue engineering. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 33, 71–86 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu M, Sabelman EE, Cao Y, Chang J, Hentz VR. Three-dimensional hyaluronic acid grafts promote healing and reduce scar formation in skin incision wounds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Appl. Biomater. 67(B), 586–592 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Hidaka C, Goodrich LR, Chen C-T, Warren RF, Crystal RG, Nixon AJ. Acceleration of cartilage repair by genetically modified chondrocytes over expressing bone morphogenetic protein-7. J. Orthop. Res. 21, 573–583 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman S, Tseng H, Goldfine I. Oral gene therapy: a novel method for the manufacture and delivery of protein drugs. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 7(3), 549–557 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomlinson E, Rolland AP. Controllable gene therapy. Pharmaceutics of non-viral gene delivery systems. J. Control. Release 39, 357–372 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang J-H, Houchin TL, Shea LD. Gene delivery from polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 1(1), 127–138 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anusaksathien O, Webb SA, Jin Q-M, Giannobile WV. PDGF gene delivery stimulates ex vivo gingival repair. Tissue Eng. 9, 745–756 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anusaksathien O, Jin Q, Zhao M, Somerman MJ, Giannobile WV. Effect of sustained delivery of PDGF or its antagonist (PDGF-1308) on tissue-engineered cementum. J. Periodontol. 75, 429–440 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin Q, Anusaksathien O, Webb SA, Printz MA, Giannobile WV. Engineering of tooth-supporting structures by delivery of PDGF gene therapy vectors. Mol. Ther. 9, 519–526 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laham RJ, Rezaee M, Post M et al. Intracoronary and intravenous administration of bFGF: myocardial and tissue distribution. Drug Metab. Dispos. 27(7), 821–826 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaunis MJ, Spiga MG, Graham RM et al. Angiogenesis is confined to the transient period of VEGF expression that follows adenoviral gene delivery to ischemic muscle. Gene Ther. 12(9), 762–772 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata Y, Ikada Y. Protein release from gelatin matrices. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 31, 287–301 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidel GE, Valentin-Opran A. Clinical evaluation of rhBMP-2/ACS in orthopedic trauma: a progress report. Orthopedics 22, 663–665 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Siewe M, Madihally SV. Effect of spatial architecture on cellular colonization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. (2005) (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Langer R, Folkman J. Polymers for the sustained release of proteins and other macromolecules. Nature 263, 797–800 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hile DD, Amirpour ML, Akgerman A, Pishko MV. Active growth factor delivery from poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) foams prepared in supercritical CO2. J. Control. Release 66, 177–185 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppas NA. Hydrogels. In: Biomaterials Science (Second Edition). Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE (Eds). Elsevier Academic Press, CA, USA, 100–107 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Tabata Y, Takedavashi T, Ueda T, Ikada Y. A formation method using d,l-lactic acid oilgomer for protein release with reduced initial burst. J. Control. Release 23(1), 55–63 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chornet E, Dumitriu S. Inclusion and release of proteins from polysaccharide-based polyion complexes. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 31(3), 223–246 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumper RJ, Hoffman AS, Puolakkainen P, Bouchard LS. Calcium–alginate beads for the oral delivery of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1): stabilization of TGF-β1 by the addition of polyacrylic acid within acid-treated beads. J. Control. Release 30, 241–251 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veilleux JK, Duran LW. Covalent immobilization of biomolecules to preactivated surfaces. IVD Technology 26–32 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Mann BK, Schmedlen RH, West JL. Tethered-TGF-β increases extracellular matrix production of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 22, 439–444 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentz H, Schroeder JA, Estridge TD. Improved local delivery of TGF-β2 by binding to injectable fibrillar collagen via difunctional polyethylene glycol. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 39, 539–548 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder-Tefft JA, Bentz H, Estridge TD. Collagen and heparin matrices for growth factor delivery. J. Control. Release 48, 29–33 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yannas IV. Natural materials. In: Biomaterials Science (Second Edition). Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE (Eds). Elsevier Academic Press, CA, USA, 127–137 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Albert B, Bray D, Lewis J, Martin R, Robertsk K, Watson JD. Cell junction, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix. In: Molecular Biology of The Cell (Third Edition). Garland publishing, Inc., NY, USA, 949–1010 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Ishihara M, Saito Y, Yura H et al. Heparin-carrying polystyrene to mediate cellular attachment and growth via interaction with growth factors. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 50, 144–152 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L-S, Ng C-K, Thompson AY, Poser JW, Spiro RC. Hyaluronate–heparin conjugate gels for the delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 62, 128–135 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBlois C, Cote MF, Doillon CJ. Heparin-fibroblast growth factor fibrin complex: in vitro and in vivo applications to collagen-based materials. Biomaterials 15(9), 665–672 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos GW, Scharenborg NM, Poot AA et al. Proliferation of endothelial cells on surface-immobilized albumin–heparin conjugate loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 44, 330–340 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KY, Mooney DJ. Hydrogels for tissue engineering. Chem. Rev. 101, 1869–1877 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KY, Bouhadir KH, Mooney DJ. Controlled degradation of hydrogels using multi-functional cross-linking molecules. Biomaterials 25(13), 2461–2466 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley JA, Madlambayan G, Mooney DJ. Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials 20, 45–53 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisch AH, Lutolf MP, Hubbell JA. Biopolymeric delivery matrices for angiogenic growth factors. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 12, 295–310 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laham RJ, Sellke FW, Edelman ER et al. Local perivascular delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery: results of a phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 100, 1865–1871 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HD, Valentini RF. Retention and activity of BMP-2 in hyaluronic acid-based scaffolds in vitro. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 59, 573–584 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD. The extracellular matrix of animals. In: Molecular Biology of the Cell (Third edition). Garland Publishing Inc., NY, USA, 971–995 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lisignoli G, Zini N, Remiddi G et al. Basic fibroblast growth factor enhances in vitro mineralization of rat bone marrow stromal cells grown on non-woven hyaluronic acid based polymer scaffold. Biomaterials 22, 2095–2105 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kweon D-K, Song S-B, Park Y-Y. Preparation of water-soluble chitosan/heparin complex and its application as wound healing accelerator. Biomaterials 24, 1595–1601 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng J, Xing X, Wang K, Tau W, He X, Huang S. Influence of anions on the formation and properties of chitosan-DNA nanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 5(5), 713–717 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li K, Qu K, Wang Y et al. Improved performance of primary rat hepatocytes on blended natural polymers. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 75(2), 268–274 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Shi DH, Cai DZ, Zhou CR, Rong LM, Wang K, Xu YC. Development and potential of a biomimetics chitosan/type II collagen scaffold for tissue engineering. Chin. Med. J. 118(17), 1436–1443 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YJ, Lee YM, Park SN, Sheen SY, Chung CP, Lee SJ. Platelet derived growth factor releasing chitosan sponge for periodontal bone regeneration. Biomaterials 21(2), 153–159 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elcin YM, Dixit V, Gitnick G. Controlled release of endothelial growth factor from chitosan-albumin microsphere for localized angiogenesis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 24(3), 257–271 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berscht PC, Nies B, Liebendorfer A, Krueter J. Incorporation of basic fibroblast growth factor into methylpyrrolidinone chitosan fleeces and determination of the in vitro release characteristics. Biomaterials 15, 593–600 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuno K, Yamamura K, Yano K et al. Effect of chitosan film containing basic fibroblast growth factor on wound healing in genetically diabetic mice. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 64A, 177–181 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioli-Belmonte M, Gigante A, Muzzarelli RA et al. N,N-dicarboxymethyl chitosan as delivery agent for bone morphogenetic protein in the repair of articular cartilage. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 37(1), 130–134 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozbas-Turan S, Akbuga J, Aral C. Controlled release of interleukin-2 from chitosan microspheres. J. Pharm. Sci. 91(5), 1245–1251 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisel JW. Fibrinogen and fibrin. Adv. Protein Chem. 70, 247–299 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandit AS, Feldman DS, Caulfield J, Thompson A. Stimulation of angiogenesis by FGF-1 delivered through a modified fibrin scaffold. Growth Factors 15(2), 113–123 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shireman PK, Greisler HP. Fibrin sealant in vascular surgery: a review. J. Long Term Eff. Med. Implants 8, 117–132 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong C, Inman E, Spaethe R, Helgerson S. Fibrin-based biomaterials to deliver human growth factors. Thromb. Haemost.89(3), 573–582 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandit AS, Wilson DJ, Feldman DS. Fibrin scaffold as an effective vehicle for the delivery of acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1). J. Biomater. Appl. 14(3), 229–242 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahni A, Odrljin T, Francis CW. Binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to fibrinogen and fibrin. J. Biol. Chem. 273(13), 7554–7559 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royce SM, Askari M, Marra KG. Incorporation of polymer microsphere within fibrin scaffold for the controlled delivery of FGF-1. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 15(10), 1327–1336 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albes JM, Klenzer T, Kotzerke J, Thiedemann KU, Schafers HJ, Borst HG. Improvement of tracheal autograft revascularization by means of fibroblast growth factor. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 57, 444–449 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmoekel HG, Weber FE, Schense JC, Gratz KW, Schawalder P, Hubbell JA. Bone repair with a form of bone morphogenetic protein-2 engineered for incorporation into fibrin cell ingrowth matrices. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 89(3), 253–256 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shireman PK, Greisler HP. Mitogenecity and release of vascular endothelial growth factor with and without heparin from fibrin glue. J. Vasc. Surg. 31(5), 936–943 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friess W. Collagen-biomaterial for drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 45(2), 113–136 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drosou A, Kirsner RS, Kato T et al. Use of bioengeneered skin equivalent for the managemnet of difficult skin defects after pediatric multivisceral transplantation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 52(5), 854–858 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wissink MJ, Beemink R, Poot AA et al. Improved endothelialization of vascular grafts by local release of growth factor from heparinized collagen matrices. J. Control. Release64,103–114 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata Y, Miyao M, Ozeki M, Ikada Y. Controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor by use of collagen hydrogels. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 11, 915–930 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royce PM, Kato T, Ohsaki K, Miura A. The enhancement of cellular infiltration and vascularization of a collagenous dermal implant in the rat by platelet-derived growth factor BB. J. Dermatol. Sci. 10, 42–52 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks MG, Doillon C, Silver FH. Effects of fibroblast and basic fibroblast growth factor on facilitation of dermal wound healing by type I collagen matrices. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 25, 683–696 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanematsu A, Yamamoto S, Ozeki M et al. Collagenous matrices as release carriers for exogenous growth factors. Biomaterials 25, 4513–4520 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JA, Anderson KD, DiPietro JM et al. Site-directed neovessel formation in vivo. Science 241, 1349–1352 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun J-S, Lin F-H, Wang Y-J, Huang Y-C, Chueh S-C, Hsu F-Y. Collagen-hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate microspheres as a delivery system for recombinant human transforming growth factor-β1. Artif. Organs 27(7), 605–612 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letic-Gavrilovic A, Piattelli A, Abe K. Nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta) delivery via a collagen/hydroxyapatite (Col/HAp) composite and its effects on new bone ingrowth. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 14(2), 95–102 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulubayram K, Cakar AN, Korkusuz P, Ertan C, Hasirci N. EGF containing gelatin-based wound dressings. Biomaterials 22, 1345–1356 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote M-F, Laroche G, Gagnon E, Chevallier P, Doillon CJ. Denatured collagen as a support for a FGF-2 delivery system: physicochemical characterizations and in vitro release kinetics and bioactivity. Biomaterials 25, 3761–3772 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai K, Suzuki S, Tabata Y, Ikada Y, Nishimura Y. Accelerated tissue regeneration through incorporation of basic fibroblast growth factor-impregnated gelatin microsphere into artificial dermis. Biomaterials 21, 489–499 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isogai N, Morotomi T, Hayakawa S. Combined chondrocyte-copolymer implantation with slow release of basic fibroblast growth factor for tissue engineering an auricular cartilage construct. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 74(3), 408–418 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Hosaka A, Koyama H, Kushibiki T et al. Gelatin hydrogel microspheres enable pinpoint delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor for the development of functional collateral vessel. Circulation 110(21), 3322–3328 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwakura A, Tabata Y, Koyama T. Gelatin sheet incorporating basic fibroblast growth factor enhances sternal healing after harvesting bilateral internal thoracic arteries. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 126(4), 1113–1120 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raiche AT, Puleo DA. In vitro effects of combined and sequential delivery of two bone growth factors. Biomaterials 25, 677–685 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland TA, Tabata Y, Mikos AG. Dual growth factor delivery from degradable oligo (poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) hydrogel scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. J. Control. Release 101, 111–125 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai B, Teoh SH, Hutmacher DW, Cao T, Ho KH. Novel PCL-based honeycomb scaffolds as drug delivery systems for rhBMP-2. Biomaterials 26, 3739–3748 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaito T, Myoui A, Takaoka K et al. Potentiation of the activity of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in bone regeneration by a PLA-PEG/hydroxyapatite composite. Biomaterials 26(1), 73–79 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Tominaga T, Watabe N, Yokobori AT Jr, Sasada H, Yoshimoto T. Use of porous hydroxyapatite graft containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for cervical fusion in a caprine model. J. Neurosurg. 90(2 Suppl.), 224–230 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrier JA, Fink BF, Rodgers JB, Vasconez HC, DeLuca PP. Effect of a freeze-dried CMC/PLGA microsphere matrix of rhBMP-2 on bone healing. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech. 2(3), E18 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• King TW, Patrick CW. Development and in vitro characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-loaded poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/ poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres using a solid encapsulation/single emulsion/solvent extraction technique. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51, 383–390 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milella E, Barra G, Ramires PA, Leo G, Aversa P, Romito A. Poly (l-lactide) acid/alginate composite membranes for guided tissue regeneration. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 57, 248–257 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Z, Gao C, Gong Y, Shen J. Cartilage tissue engineering PLLA scaffold with surface immobilized collagen and basic fibroblast growth factor. Biomaterials 26, 1253–1259 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann BK, Gobin AS, Tsai AT, Schmedlen RH, West JL. Smooth muscle growth in photopolymerized hydrogels with cell adhesive and proteolytically degradable domains: synthetic ECM analogs for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 22, 3045–3051 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaitot, Myoui A, Takaoka K et al. Potentiation of the activity of BMP-2 in bone regeneration by PLA-PEG/hydroxyapatite composite. Biomaterials 26 (1), 73–79 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanematsu A, Marui A, Yamamoto S et al. Type I collagen can function as a reservoir of basic fibroblast growth factor. J. Control. Release 99, 281–292 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu L, Stamatas GN, Mikos AG. Controlled release of transforming growth factor β1 from biodegradable polymer microparticles. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 50, 440–451 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drury JL, Mooney DJ. Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications. Biomaterials 24, 4337–4351 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauich-Rodriguez JV, Deb S, Smith R. Effect of cross-linking agents on the dynamic mechanical properties of hydrogel blends of poly(acrylic acid)–poly(vinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate). Biomaterials 17, 2259–2264 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar