References
- Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. JAMA 281(21), 2005–2012 (1999).
- Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB et al.; American Diabetes Association (ADA); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Management of hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 35(6), 1364–1379 (2012).
- Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidson JA et al. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr. Pract. 15(6), 540–559 (2009).
- Rao AD, Kuhadiya N, Reynolds K, Fonseca VA. Is the combination of sulfonylureas and metformin associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality?: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Care 31(8), 1672–1678 (2008).
- Schernthaner G, Barnett AH, Emser A et al. Safety and tolerability of linagliptin: a pooled analysis of data from randomized controlled trials in 3572 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. Obes. Metab. 14(5), 470–478 (2012).
- Gallwitz B, Rosenstock J, Rauch T et al. 2-year efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared with glimepiride in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 380(9840), 475–483 (2012).
- Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U population, 1971–1993. Diabetes Care 21(7), 1138–1145 (1998).
- Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J et al.; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(24), 2560–2572 (2008).
- Johansen OE, Neubacher D, von Eynatten M, Patel S, Woerle HJ. Cardiovascular safety with linagliptin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pre-specified, prospective, and adjudicated meta-analysis of a Phase 3 programme. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 11, 3 (2012).
- Frederich R, Alexander JH, Fiedorek FT et al. A systematic assessment of cardiovascular outcomes in the saxagliptin drug development program for Type 2 diabetes. Postgrad. Med. 122(3), 16–27 (2010).
- Williams-Herman D, Engel SS, Round E et al. Safety and tolerability of sitagliptin in clinical studies: a pooled analysis of data from 10,246 patients with Type 2 diabetes. BMC Endocr. Disord. 10, 7 (2010).
- Schweizer A, Dejager S, Foley JE, Couturier A, Ligueros-Saylan M, Kothny W. Assessing the cardio-cerebrovascular safety of vildagliptin: meta-analysis of adjudicated events from a large Phase III Type 2 diabetes population. Diabetes. Obes. Metab. 12(6), 485–494 (2010).
- Dicker D. DPP-4 inhibitors: impact on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes Care 34(Suppl. 2), S276–S278 (2011).
- Schuff A, Steven S, Schell R et al. Comparison of the Direct and indirect antioxidant effects of DPP-4 inhibitors: the anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory potential of linagliptin. Poster 981-P, presented at the 71st Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, 24–28 June 2011, San Diego, CA, USA (2011).
- Alter ML, Ott IM, von Websky K et al. DPP-4 inhibition on top of angiotensin receptor blockade offers a new therapeutic approach for diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Blood Press. Res. 36(1), 119–130 (2012).
- Ansar S, Koska J, Reaven PD. Postprandial hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk: focus on incretins. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 10, 61 (2011).
- Ban K, Hui S, Drucker DJ, Husain M. Cardiovascular consequences of drugs used for the treatment of diabetes: potential promise of incretin-based therapies. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 3(4), 245–259 (2009).
- Monami M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and diabetes. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2011, 901954 (2011).
- Lønborg J, Kelbæk H, Vejlstrup N et al. Exenatide reduces final infarct size in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and short-duration of ischemia. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 5(2), 288–295 (2012).
- Röhnert P, Schmidt W, Emmerlich P et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, aminopeptidase N and DPIV/APN-like proteases in cerebral ischemia. J. Neuroinflammation 9, 44 (2012).
- Fadini GP, Avogaro A. Cardiovascular effects of DPP-4 inhibition: beyond GLP-1. Vascul. Pharmacol. 55(1–3), 10–16 (2011).
- Darsalia V, Ortsäter H, Olverling A et al. The DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin counteracts stroke in the normal and diabetic mouse brain: a comparison with glimepiride. Diabetes 62(4), 1289–1296 (2013).
- Burgmaier M, Heinrich C, Marx N. Cardiovascular effects of GLP-1 and GLP-1-based therapies: implications for the cardiovascular continuum in diabetes? Diabet. Med. 30(3), 289–299 (2013).
Websites
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. Tradjenta (US) (linagliptin): US prescribing information. http://hcp.tradjenta.com/prescribing-information
- European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Draft guideline on clinical investigation of medicinal products in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2010/02/WC500073570.pdf
- US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Guidance for industry: diabetes mellitus-evaluating cardiovascular risk in new antidiabetic therapies to treat type 2 diabetes. www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071627.pdf
- ClinicalTrials.gov. www.clinicaltrials.gov