1,503
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Management of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state in adults

, &
Pages 177-185 | Received 01 Aug 2015, Accepted 19 Jan 2016, Published online: 16 Feb 2016

References

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services: Diabetes Data & Trends. Crude and age-adjusted hospital discharge rates for diabetic ketoacidosis as first-listed diagnosis per 1,000 diabetic population, United States, 1988–2009; [ cited 2013 Jan]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/dkafirst/
  • Davis SN, Umpierrez GE. Diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus–pathophysiology and clinical presentation. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(11):730–731.
  • Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(1):131–153.
  • Ennis ED, Stahl EJVB, Kreisberg RA. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Diabetes Rev. 1994;2:115–126.
  • Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1335–1343.
  • Basu A, Close CF, Jenkins D, et al. Persisting mortality in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med. 1993;10(3):282–284.
  • Savage MW, Dhatariya KK, Kilvert A, et al. Joint British diabetes societies guideline for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med. 2011;28(5):508–515.
  • Otieno CF, Kayima JK, Omonge EO, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors, mechanisms and management strategies in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. East Afr Med J. 2005;82(12 Suppl):S197–S203.
  • Wachtel TJ, Silliman RA, Lamberton P. Prognostic factors in the diabetic hyperosmolar state. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1987;35(8):737–741.
  • Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(6):669–675.
  • Javor KA, Kotsanos JG, McDonald RC, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis charges relative to medical charges of adult patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(3):349–354.
  • Foster DW, McGarry JD. The metabolic derangements and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med. 1983;309(3):159–169.
  • van de Werve G, Jeanrenaud B. Liver glycogen metabolism: an overview. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1987;3(1):47–78.
  • DeFronzo RA, Matzuda M, Barret E. Diabetic ketoacidosis: a combined metabolic-nephrologic approach to therapy. Diabetes Rev. 1994;2:209–238.
  • McGarry JD, Woeltje KF, Kuwajima M, et al. Regulation of ketogenesis and the renaissance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989;5(3):271–284.
  • Gerich JE, Martin MM, Recant L. Clinical and metabolic characteristics of hyperosmolar nonketotic coma. Diabetes. 1971;20(4):228–238.
  • Thuzar M, Malabu UH, Tisdell B, et al. Use of a standardised diabetic ketoacidosis management protocol improved clinical outcomes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;104(1):e8–e11.
  • Weinert LS, Scheffel RS, Severo MD, et al. Precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis at a public hospital in a middle-income country. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;96(1):29–34.
  • Tan H, Zhou Y, Yu Y. Characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in Chinese adults and adolescents – a teaching hospital-based analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97(2):306–312.
  • Suwarto S, Sutrisna B, Waspadji S, et al. Predictors of five days mortality in diabetic ketoacidosis patients: a prospective cohort study. Acta Med Indones. 2014;46(1):18–23.
  • Barski L, Nevzorov R, Rabaev E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis: clinical characteristics, precipitating factors and outcomes of care. Isr Med Assoc J. 2012;14(5):299–303.
  • Ko SH, Lee WY, Lee JH, et al. Clinical characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in Korea over the past two decades. Diabet Med. 2005;22(4):466–469.
  • Edo AE. Clinical profile and outcomes of adult patients with hyperglycemic emergencies managed at a tertiary care hospital in Nigeria. Niger Med J. 2012;53(3):121–125.
  • Guisado-Vasco P, Cano-Megias M, Carrasco-de la Fuente M, et al. Clinical features, mortality, hospital admission, and length of stay of a cohort of adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis attending the emergency room of a tertiary hospital in Spain. Endocrinol Nutr. 2015;62(6):277–284.
  • Alourfi Z, Homsi H. Precipitating factors, outcomes, and recurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis at a university hospital in Damascus. Avicenna J Med. 2015;5(1):11–15.
  • Lin S-F, Lin J-D, Huang Y-Y. Diabetic ketoacidosis: comparisons of patient characteristics, clinical presentations and outcomes today and 20 years ago. Chang Gung Med J. 2005;28(1):24–30.
  • Randall L, Begovic J, Hudson M, et al. Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in inner-city minority patients: behavioral, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(9):1891–1896.
  • Wolfsdorf J, Craig ME, Daneman D, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10(Suppl 12):118–133.
  • Barnard KD, Skinner TC, Peveler R. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 1 diabetes: systematic literature review. Diabet Med. 2006;23(4):445–448.
  • Goguen J, Gilbert J. Canadian diabetes association clinical practice guidelines expert. Hyperglycemic emergencies in adults. Can J Diabetes. 2013;37(Suppl 1):S72–S76.
  • Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1687–1693.
  • Taylor SI, Blau JE, Rother KI. Perspective: SGLT2 inhibitors may predispose to ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):2849–2852.
  • Ferrannini E, Muscelli E, Frascerra S, et al. Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(2):499–508.
  • Umpierrez G, Freire AX. Abdominal pain in patients with hyperglycemic crises. J Crit Care. 2002;17(1):63–67.
  • Stephens JM, Sulway MJ, Watkins PJ. Relationship of blood acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in diabetes. Diabetes. 1971;20(7):485–489.
  • Freire AX, Umpierrez GE, Afessa B, et al. Predictors of intensive care unit and hospital length of stay in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Crit Care. 2002;17(4):207–211.
  • Umpierrez GE, Kitabchi AE. Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors and management strategies. Treat Endocrinol. 2003;2(2):95–108.
  • Adrogue HJ, Wilson H, Boyd AE 3rd, et al. Plasma acid-base patterns in diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med. 1982;307(26):1603–1610.
  • Oh MS, Carroll HJ, Uribarri J. Mechanism of normochloremic and hyperchloremic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis. Nephron. 1990;54(1):1–6.
  • Luzi L, Barrett EJ, Groop LC, et al. Metabolic effects of low-dose insulin therapy on glucose metabolism in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes. 1988;37(11):1470–1477.
  • Umpierrez GE, Latif K, Stoever J, et al. Efficacy of subcutaneous insulin lispro versus continuous intravenous regular insulin for the treatment of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Med. 2004;117(5):291–296.
  • Ersoz HO, Ukinc K, Kose M, et al. Subcutaneous lispro and intravenous regular insulin treatments are equally effective and safe for the treatment of mild and moderate diabetic ketoacidosis in adult patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60(4):429–433.
  • Karoli R, Fatima J, Salman T, et al. Managing diabetic ketoacidosis in non-intensive care unit setting: role of insulin analogs. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43(4): 398–401.
  • Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, Karabell A, et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with subcutaneous insulin aspart. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):1873–1878.
  • Della Manna T, Steinmetz L, Campos PR, et al. Subcutaneous use of a fast-acting insulin analog: an alternative treatment for pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(8):1856–1861.
  • Zipf WB, Bacon GE, Spencer ML, et al. Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and transient hypoparathyroidism during therapy with potassium phosphate in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 1979;2(3):265–268.
  • Winter RJ, Harris CJ, Phillips LS, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Induction of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia by phosphate therapy. Am J Med. 1979;67(5): 897–900.
  • Fadini GP, de Kreutzenberg SV, Rigato M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome in a cohort of 51 consecutive cases at a single center. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94(2):172–179.
  • Hsia E, Seggelke S, Gibbs J, et al. Subcutaneous administration of glargine to diabetic patients receiving insulin infusion prevents rebound hyperglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):3132–3137.
  • Umpierrez GE, Jones S, Smiley D, et al. Insulin analogs versus human insulin in the treatment of patients controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1164–1169.
  • Laffel L. Sick-day management in type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2000;29(4):707–723.
  • Jefferies CA, Nakhla M, Derraik JG, et al. Preventing diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2015;62(4):857–871.
  • Vanelli M, Chiari G, Ghizzoni L, et al. Effectiveness of a prevention program for diabetic ketoacidosis in children. An 8-year study in schools and private practices. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(1):7–9.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.