The multifaceted aspects of refractory lupus nephritis

References

• Pons-Estel GJ, Serrano R, Plasín MA, et al. Epidemiology and management of refractory lupus nephritis. Autoimmun Rev 2011;10:655-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habibi S. Review of refractory lupus nephritis. Int J Clin Rheumatol 2013;8:61-72
   Google Scholar
• Kalloo S, Aggarwal N, Mohan P, et al. Lupus nephritis: treatment of resistant cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:154-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renal Disease Subcommittee of the American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Eryhthematosus Response Criteria. The American College of Rheumatology Response Criteria for proliferative and Membranous Renal Disease in Systemic Lupus Eryhematosus Clinical Trials. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:421-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YE, Korbet SM, Katz RS, et al. Collaborative Study Group. Value of a complete or partial remission in severe lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:46-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroni G, Quaglini S, Maccario M, et al. Nephritic flares are predictors of bad long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 1996;50:2047-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon C, Jayne D, Pusey C, et al. European consensus statement on the terminology used in the management of lupus glomerulonephritis. Lupus 2009;18:257-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis JP, Boki KA, Katsorida ME, et al. Remission, relapse, and re-remission of proliferative lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide. Kidney Int 2000;57:258-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok CC, Ho CT, Chan KW, et al. Outcome and prognostic indicators of diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis treated with sequential oral cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1003-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drenkard C, Villa AR, Garcia-Padilla C, et al. Remission of systematic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1996;75:88-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroni G, Quaglini S, Gallelli B, et al. Progressive improvement of patient and renal survival and reduction of morbidity over time in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) followed for 20 years. Lupus 2013;22:810-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortés-Hernández J, Torres-Salido MT, Medrano AS, et al. Long-term outcomes–mycophenolate mofetil treatment for lupus nephritis with addition of tacrolimus for resistant cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25:3939-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TM, Tse KC, Tang CS, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis treated with prednisolone and oral cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine. Lupus 2005;14:265-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroni G, Gallelli B, Quaglini S, et al. Withdrawal of therapy in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis: long-term follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1541-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illei GG, Takada K, Parkin D, et al. Renal flares are common in patients with severe proliferative lupus nephritis treated with pulse immunosuppressive therapy: long-term followup of a cohort of 145 patients participating in randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:995-1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca M, Neri R, Giannessi S, et al. Therapy with pulse methylprednisolone and short course pulse cyclophosphamide for diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Lupus 2001;10:253-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weening JJ, D’Agati VD, Schwartz MM, et al. International Society of Nephrology Working Group on the Classification of Lupus Nephritis; Renal Pathology Society Working Group on the Classification of Lupus Nephritis. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. Kidney Int 2004;65:521-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faurschou M, Starklint H, Halberg P, Jacobsen S. Prognostic factors in lupus nephritis: diagnostic and therapeutic delay increases the risk of terminal renal failure. J Rheumatol 2006;33:1563-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh SV, Nagaraja HN, Hebert L, Rovin BH. Renal flare as a predictor of incident and progressive CKD in patients with lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;9:279-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. Early response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long-term followup of patients in the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3934-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korbet SM, Lewis EJ; Collaborative Study Group. Complete remission in severe lupus nephritis: assessing the rate of loss in proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:2813-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertsias GK, Tektonidou M, Amoura Z, et al. Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1771-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• So MW, Koo BS, Kim YG, et al. Predictive value of remission status after 6 months induction therapy in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis: a retrospective analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2011;30:1399-405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touma Z, Urowitz MB, Ibañez D, Gladman DD. Time to recovery from proteinuria in patients with lupus nephritis receiving standard treatment. J Rheumatol 2014;41:688-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroni G, Quaglini S, Gravellone L, et al. Membranous nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term outcome and prognostic factors of 103 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012;41:642-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponticelli C, Altieri P, Scolari F, et al. A randomized study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:444-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Banfi G, et al. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis by intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone. Q J Med 1982;51:16-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ponticelli C. New therapies for lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1:863-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boumpas DT, Austin HA3rd, Vaughn EM, et al. Controlled trial of pulse methylprednisolone versus two regimens of pulse cyclophosphamide in severe lupus nephritis. Lancet 1992;340:741-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the lupus nephritis assessment with rituximab (LUNAR) study. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:1215-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz Lagares CI, Croca S, Sangle S. Efficacy of rituximab in 164 patients with biopsy proven lupus nephritis: pooled data from European cohorts. Autoimmun Rev 2012;11:357-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moroni G, Raffiotta F, Trezzi B, et al. Rituximab vs mycophenolate and vs cyclophpshamide pulses for induction therapy of active lupus nephrits: a clinical observational study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53:1570-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidenbusch M, Römmele C, Schröttle A, Anders HJ. Beyond the LUNAR trial. Efficacy of rituximab in refractory lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:1006-11
   Google Scholar
• Davies RJ, Sangle SR, Jordan NP, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of resistant lupus nephritis: therapy failure in rapidly progressive crescentic lupus nephritis. Lupus 2013;22:574-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsdottir T, Gunnarsson I, Risselada A, et al. Treatment of refractory SLE with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide: clinical effects, serological changes, and predictors of response. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:330-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catapano F, Chaudhry AN, Jones RB, et al. Long term efficacy and safety of rituximab in refractory and relapsing systemic lupus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25:3586-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul C, Donnelly M, Merscher-Gomez S, et al. The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A. Nat Med 2008;14:931-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa H, Kameda H, Nagasawa H, et al. Prospective study of low-dose cyclosporine A in patients with refractory lupus nephritis. Mod Rheumatol 2007;17:92-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moroni G, Doria A, Mosca M, et al. A randomized pilot trial comparing cyclosporine and azathioprine for maintenance therapy in diffuse lupus nephritis over four years. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1:925-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee T, Oh KH, Joo KW, et al. Tacrolimus is an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of refractory lupus nephritis. Lupus 2010;19:974-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fei Y, Wu Q, Zhang W, et al. Low-dose tacrolimus in treating lupus nephritis refractory to cyclophosphamide: a prospective cohort study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31:62-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok CC, To CH, Yu KL, Ho LY. Combined low-dose mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus for lupus nephritis with suboptimal response to standard therapy: a 12-month prospective study. Lupus 2013;22:1135-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon S, Denunzio T, Uy A. Success using tacrolimus in patients with proliferative and membranous lupus nephritis and refractory proteinuria. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2013;72:18-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cattran DC, Alexopoulos E, Heering P, et al. Cyclosporine in idiopathic glomerular disease associated with the nephrotic syndrome: workshop recommendations. Kidney Int 2007;72:1429-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroni G, Doria A, Ponticelli C. Cyclosporine (CsA) in lupus nephritis: assessing the evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:15-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houssiau FA, D’Cruz D, Sangle S, et al. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:2083-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maneiro JR, Lopez-Canoa N, Salgado E, Gomez-Reino JJ. Maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis with mycophenolate or azathioprine: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53:834-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson LK, Masson P, Craig JC, et al. Induction and maintenance treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;61:74-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley MA, Cosio FG, Nachman PH, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil therapy in lupus nephritis: clinical observations. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:833-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim MY, Alba P, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for systemic lupus erythematosus refractory to other immunosuppressive agents. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:876-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisoni CN, Sanchez FJ, Karim Y, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in systemic lupus erythematosus: efficacy and tolerability in 86 patients. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1047-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapitsinou PP, Boletis JN, Skopouli FN, et al. Lupus nephritis: treatment with mycophenolate mofetil. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:377-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao H, Liu ZH, Xie HL, et al. Successful treatment of class V+IV lupus nephritis with multitarget therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:2001-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassock KJ. Multitarget therapy of lupus nephritis: base hit or home run? J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:1842-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tam LS, Li EK, Wong CK, et al. Safety and efficacy of leflunomide in the treatment of lupus nephritis refractory or intolerant to traditional immunosuppressive therapy: an open label trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:417-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy Y, Sherer Y, George J, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of lupus nephritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;29:321-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar