Tocilizumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

References

• Alamanos Y, Drosos AA. Epidemiology of adult rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun. Rev.4, 130–136 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy EH, Panayi GS. Cytokine pathways and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med.344, 907–916 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnes IB, Liew F. Cytokine networks – towards new therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol.1, 31–39 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aud D, Peng SL. Mechanisms of disease: transcription factors in inflammatory arthritis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol.2, 434–442 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houssiau FA, Devogelear JP, van Damne J, de Deuxchaisnes CN, van Snick J. Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum.31, 784–788 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brozik M, Rosztoczy I, Meretey K et al. Interleukin 6 levels in synovial fluids of patients with different arthritides: correlation with local IgM rheumatoid factor and systemic acute phase protein production. J. Rheumatol.19, 63–68 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sack U, Kinne RW, Marx, T, Heppt P, Bender S, Emmrich F. Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid is closely associated with chronic synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Int.13, 45–51 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner G, Tohidast-Akrad M, Witzmann G et al. Cytokine production by synovial T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford)38, 202–213 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueme PA, Zuraw BL, Vaughan JH, Carson DA, Lotz M. Synovium as a source of interleukin 6 in vitro. contribution to local and systemic manifestations of arthritis. J. Clin. Invest.83, 585–592 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madhok R, Crilly A, Watson J, Capell HA. Serum interleukin 6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Ann. Rheum. Dis.52, 232–234 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta B, Corkill M, Kirkham B, Gibson T, Panayi G. Serial estimation of interleukin 6 as a measure of systemic disease in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol.19, 22–25 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano T, Yasukawa K, Harada H et al. Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin. Nature324, 73–76 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraguchi A, Hirano T, Tang B et al. The essential role of B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2/IL-6) for the terminal differentiation of B cells. J. Exp. Med.167, 332–344 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolvekamp MC, Marquet RL. Interleukin-6: historical background, genetics and biological significance. Immunol. Lett.24, 1–10 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto T. The biology of interleukin-6. Blood74, 1–10 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S, Taga T, Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6 in biology and medicine. Adv. Immunol.54, 1–78 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le J, Fredrickson G, Luiz FL et al. Interleukin 2-dependent and interleukin 2-independent pathways of regulation of thymocyte function by interleukin 6. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA85, 8643–8647 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada M, Kitahara M, Kishimoto S, Matsuda T, Hirano T, Kishimoto T. IL-6/BSF-2 functions as a killer helper factor in the in vitro induction of cytotoxic T cells. J. Immunol.141, 1543–1549 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Andus T, Geiger T, Hirano T et al. Recombinant human B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2/IFN-β2) regulates β-fibrinogen and albumin mRNA levels in Fao-9 cells. FEBS Lett.221, 18–22 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T. Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem J.265, 621–636 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V et al. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J. Clin. Invest.113, 1271–1276 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura T, Udagawa N, Takahashi N et al. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor triggers osteoclast formation by interleukin 6. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA.90, 11924–11928 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch AE, Harlow LA, Haines GK et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor: a cytokine modulating endothelial function in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol.152, 4149–4156 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballara S, Taylor PC, Reusch P et al. Raised serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels are associated with destructive change in inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.44, 2055–2064 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakahara H, Song J, Sugimoto M et al. Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody therapy reduced vascular endothelial growth factor production in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.48, 1521–1529 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugita T, Furukawa O, Ueno M, Murakami T, Takata I, Tosa T. Enhanced expression of interleukin 6 in rat and murine arthritis model. Int. Immunopharmacol.15, 469–476 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonizi T, Fattori E, Lazzaro D et al. Interleukin 6 is required for the development of collagen-induced arthritis. J. Exp. Med.187, 461–468 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sasai M, Saeki Y, Ohshima S et al. Delayed onset and reduced severity of collagen-induced arthritis in interleukin-6 deficient mice. Arthritis Rheum.42, 1635–1643 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi N, Mihara M, Moriya Y et al. Blockage of interleukin-6 receptor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.41, 2117–2121 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata H, Sakaguchi N, Yoshitomi H et al. Distinct contribution of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10 to T cell-mediated spontaneous autoimmune arthritis in mice. J. Clin. Invest.114, 582–588 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwakura Y, Ishigame H. The IL-23/IL-17 axis in inflammation. J. Clin. Invest.116, 1218–1222 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota K, Hashimoto M, Yoshiomi H et al. T cell self-reactivity forms a cytokine milieu for spontaneous development of IL-17+ Th cells that cause autoimmune arthritis. J. Exp. Med.204, 41–47 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atumi T, Ishihara K, Kamimura D et al. A point mutation of Tyr-759 in interleukin 6 family cytokine receptor subunit gp130 causes autoimmune arthritis. J. Exp. Med.196, 979–990 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Keystone E. Superior efficacy of combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. fact or fiction? Arthritis Rheum.52, 2975–2983 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goekoop-Ruiterman YPM, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study) a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum.52, 3381–3390 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyrich KL, Symmons DP, Watson KD, Silman AJ. Comparison of the response to infliximab or etanercept monotherapy with the response to cotherapy with methotrexate or another disease-modifying antirheumatic drug in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum.54, 1786–1794 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, Rodriguez-Valverde V et al. Comparison of etanercept and methotrexate, alone and combined, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.54, 1063–1074 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyand CM, Groronzy JJ. T-cell-targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol.2, 201–210 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisenberg R, Albert D. B-cell targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol.2, 20–27 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatckine MD, Kaveri S. Monoclonal antibody and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for rheumatic disease: rationale and mechanisms of action. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol.3, 262–272 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: from bench to bedside. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol.2, 619–626 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wendling D, Racadot E, Winjdenes J. Treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis by anti-interleukin 6 monoclonal antibody. J. Rheumatol.20, 259–262 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul-Pletzer K. Tocilizumab: blockade of interleukin-6 signaling pathway as a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory disorders. Drugs Today42, 559–576 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshizaki K, Nishimoto N, Mihara M, Kishimoto T. Therapy of rheumatoid arthritis by blocking IL-6 signal transduction with a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody. Springer Semin. Immunopathol.20, 247–259 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihara M, Kotoh M, Nishimoto N et al. Humanized antibody to human interleukin-6 receptor inhibits the development of collagen arthritis in cynomolgus monkeys. Clin. Immunol.98, 319–326 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuno H, Sawai T, Nezuka T et al. Treatment of rheumatoid synovitis with anti-reshaping human interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody. Arthritis Rheum.41, 2014–2021 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murakami M, Hibi N, Nakagawa N et al. IL-6-induced homodimerization of gp130 and associated activation of tyrosine kinase. Science260, 1808–1810 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taga T, Hibi M, Hirata Y et al. Interleukin-6 triggers the association of its receptor with a possible signal transducer, gp130. Cell58, 573–581 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taga T, Kishimoto T. gp130 and the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Annu. Rev. Immunol.15, 797–819 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihara M, Nishimoto N, Ohsugi Y. The therapy of autoimmune disease by anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther.5, 683–690 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki Y, Maeda K et al. Toxicity, phamacokinetics, and dose-finding study of repetitive treatment with the humanized anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody mra in rheumatoid arthritis. Phase I/II clinical study. J. Rheumatol.30, 1426–1435 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto N. Interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr. Opin. Rehumatol.18, 277–281 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy EH, Isenberg DA, Garrood DA et al. Therapeutic benefit of blocking interleukin-6 activity with an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Arthritis Rheum.46, 3143–3150 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Miyasaka N et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum.50, 1761–1769 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J et al. Double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab, in European patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an incomplete response to methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum.54, 2817–2829 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N et al. Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): evidence of clinical and radiographic benefit from an x-ray reader-blinded randomized controlled trial of tocilizumab. Ann. Rheum. Dis.66, 1162–1167 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa J, Harigai M, Akashi T et al. Exacerbation of chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody. Ann. Rheum. Dis.65, 1667–1669 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillmore JD, Lovat LB, Persey MR, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN. Amyloid load and clinical outcome in AA amyloidosis in relation to circulating concentration of serum amyloid A protein. Lancet358, 24–29 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshage HJ, Roelofs HM, van Pelt JF et al. The effect of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and its interrelationship on the synthesis of serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein in primary cultures of adult human hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun.155, 112–117 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuda Y, Takasugi K. Successful use of a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, to treat amyloid A amyloidosis complicating juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.54, 2997–3000 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dankbar B, Padro T, Leo R et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in paracrine tumor–stromal cell interactions in multiple myeloma. Blood95, 2630–2636 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi Y, Aoki C, Yoshio-Hoshino N et al. Interleukin-6 induces both cell growth and VEGF production in malignant mesotheliomas. Int. J. Cancer119, 1303–1311 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei LH, Kuo ML, Chen CA et al. Interleukin-6 promotes cervical tumor growth by VEGF-dependent angiogenesis via a STAT3 pathway. Oncogene22, 1517–1527 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti L, Thomachot MC, Bachelot T, Menetrier-Caux C, Puisieux I, Blay JY. IL-6 as an intracrine growth factor for renal carcinoma cell lines. Int. J. Cancer111, 653–661 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar