11
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis and extravascular granulomas

, , &
Pages 315-326 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Gibson LE, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis: its relationship to systemic disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.14(3), 492–501 (1986).
  • Finan MC, Winkelmann RK. The cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma (Churg-Strauss granuloma) and systemic disease: a review of 27 cases. Medicine (Baltimore)62(3), 142–158 (1983).
  • Bloch DA, Michel BA, Hunder GG et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Patients and methods. Arthritis Rheum.33(8), 1068–1073 (1990).
  • Fries JF, Hunder GG, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum.33(8), 1135–1136 (1990).
  • Hunder GG, Arend WP, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum.33(8), 1065–1067 (1990).
  • Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum.37(2), 187–192 (1994).
  • van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S et al. Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Lancet1(8426), 425–429 (1985).
  • Savage CO, Winearls CG, Jones S, Marshall PD, Lockwood CM. Prospective study of radioimmunoassay for antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm in diagnosis of systemic vasculitis. Lancet1(8547), 1389–1393 (1987).
  • Klinger H. Grenzformen der periarteritis nodosa. Frankfurter Zeitschrife für Pathologie42, 455–480 (1931).
  • Pinching AJ, Lockwood CM, Pussell BA et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: observations on 18 patients with severe renal disease. Q. J. Med.52(208), 435–460 (1983).
  • Guillevin L, Cordier JF, Lhote F et al. A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial comparing steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide versus steroids and oral cyclophosphamide in the treatment of generalized Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum.40(12), 2187–2198 (1997).
  • Walton EW. Giant-cell granuloma of the respiratory tract (Wegener’s granulomatosis). Br. Med. J.2, 265–270 (1958).
  • Koldingsnes W, Nossent JC. Baseline features and initial treatment as predictors of remission and relapse in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J. Rheumatol.30(1), 80–88 (2003).
  • Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, Wolff SM. Wegener’s granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann. Intern. Med.98(1), 76–85 (1983).
  • Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann. Intern. Med.116(6), 488–498 (1992).
  • Lie JT. Wegener’s granulomatosis: histological documentation of common and uncommon manifestations in 216 patients. Vasa26(4), 261–270 (1997).
  • Stone JH for the WGET study group. Limited versus severe Wegener’s granulomatosis: baseline data on patients in the Wegener’s granulomatosis etanercept trial. Arthritis Rheum.48(8), 2299–2309 (2003).
  • Anderson G, Coles ET, Crane M et al. Wegener’s granuloma. A series of 265 British cases seen between 1975 and 1985. A report by a sub-committee of the British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Q. J. Med.83(302), 427–438 (1992).
  • Reinhold-Keller E, Beuge N, Latza U et al. An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis: long-term outcome in 155 patients. Arthritis Rheum.43(5), 1021–1032 (2000).
  • Haugeberg G, Bie R, Bendvold A, Larsen AS, Johnsen V. Primary vasculitis in a Norwegian community hospital: a retrospective study. Clin. Rheumatol.17(5), 364–368 (1998).
  • Watts RA, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lane SE, Garcia-Porrua C, Bentham G, Scott DG. Geoepidemiology of systemic vasculitis: comparison of the incidence in two regions of Europe. Ann. Rheum. Dis.60(2), 170–172 (2001).
  • Nishino H, Rubino FA, Parisi JE. The spectrum of neurologic involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Neurology43(7), 1334–1337 (1993).
  • Reinhold-Keller E, de Groot K, Holl-Ulrich K et al. Severe CNS manifestations as the clinical hallmark in generalized Wegener’s granulomatosis consistently negative for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). A report of 3 cases and a review of the literature. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.19(5), 541–549 (2001).
  • de Groot K, Schmidt DK, Arlt AC, Gross WL, Reinhold-Keller E. Standardized neurologic evaluations of 128 patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Arch. Neurol.58(8), 1215–1221 (2001).
  • Leavitt RY, Fauci AS, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum.33(8), 1101–1107 (1990).
  • Gibson LE, Specks U, Homburger H. Clinical utility of ANCA tests for the dermatologist. Int. J. Dermatol.42(11), 859–869 (2003).
  • Francès C, Lê Thi Huong D, Piette JC et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Dermatological manifestations in 75 cases with clinicopathologic correlation. Arch. Dermatol.130(7), 861–867 (1994).
  • Gibson LE. Granulomatous vasculitides and the skin. Dermatol. Clin.8(2), 335–345 (1990).
  • Barksdale SK, Hallahan CW, Kerr GS, Fauci AS, Stern JB, Travis WD. Cutaneous pathology in Wegener’s granulomatosis. A clinicopathologic study of 75 biopsies in 46 patients. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.19(2), 161–172 (1995).
  • Hu CH, O’Loughlin S, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis. Arch. Dermatol.113(2), 175–182 (1977).
  • Daoud MS, Gibson LE, DeRemee RA, Specks U, el-Azhary RA, Su WP. Cutaneous Wegener’s granulomatosis: clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic features of thirty patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.31(4), 605–612 (1994).
  • Bligny D, Mahr A, Le Toumelin P, Mouthon L, Guillevin L. Predicting mortality in systemic Wegener’s granulomatosis: a survival analysis based on 93 patients. Arthritis Rheum.51(1), 83–91 (2004).
  • Churg J, Strauss L. Allergic angiitis and periarteritis nodosa. Am. J. Pathol.27, 277–301 (1951).
  • Lhote F, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lupus7(4), 238–258 (1998).
  • Mahr A, Guillevin L, Poissonnet M, Aymé S. Prevalences of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome in a French urban multiethnic population in 2000: a capture-recapture estimate. Arthritis Rheum.51(1), 92–99 (2004).
  • Guillevin L, Guittard T, Blétry O, Godeau P, Rosenthal P. Systemic necrotizing angiitis with asthma: causes and precipitating factors in 43 cases. Lung165(3), 165–1172 (1987).
  • Abu-Shakra M, Smythe H, Lewtas J, Badley E, Weber D, Keystone E. Outcome of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. An analysis of twenty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum.37(12), 1798–1803 (1994).
  • Chumbley LC, Harrison EG Jr, DeRemee RA. Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Report and analysis of 30 cases. Mayo. Clin. Proc.52(8), 477–484 (1977).
  • Haas C, Le Jeunne C, Choubrac P, Durand H, Hugues FC. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Retrospective study of 20 cases. Bull. Acad. Natl Méd.185(6), 1113–1130 (2001).
  • Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M, Lhote F, Jarrousse B, Casassus P. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 78(1), 26–37 (1999).
  • Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore)63(2), 65–81 (1984).
  • Solans R, Bosch JA, Perez-Bocanegra C et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and long-term follow-up of 32 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford)40(7), 763–771 (2001).
  • Sehgal M, Swanson JW, DeRemee RA, Colby TV. Neurologic manifestations of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Mayo. Clin. Proc.70(4), 337–341 (1995).
  • Hattori N, Ichimura M, Nagamatsu M et al. Clinicopathological features of Churg-Strauss syndrome-associated neuropathy. Brain122(Pt 3), 427–439 (1999).
  • Hellemans S, Dens J, Knockaert D. Coronary involvement in the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Heart77(6), 576–578 (1997).
  • Lanham JG, Cooke S, Davies J, Hughes GR. Endomyocardial complications of the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Postgrad. Med. J.61(714), 341–344 (1985).
  • Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Presentation and outcome of gastrointestinal involvement in systemic necrotizing vasculitides: analysis of 62 patients with polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, or rheumatoid arthritis-associated vasculitis. Medicine (Baltimore)84(2), 115–128 (2005).
  • Gaskin G, Clutterbuck EJ, Pusey CD. Renal disease in the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Diagnosis, management and outcome. Contrib. Nephrol.94, 58–65 (1991).
  • Sablé-Fourtassou R, Cohen P, Mahr A et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med.143(9), 632–638 (2005).
  • Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum.52(9), 2926–2935 (2005).
  • Masi AT, Hunder GG, Lie JT et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis). Arthritis Rheum.33(8), 1094–1100 (1990).
  • Davis MD, Daoud MS, McEvoy MT, Su WP. Cutaneous manifestations of Churg-Strauss syndrome: a clinicopathologic correlation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.37(2 Pt 1), 199–203 (1997).
  • Dummer W, Zillikens D, Schulz A, Brocker EB, Hamm H. Scalp necrosis in temporal (giant cell) arteritis: implications for the dermatologic surgeon. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.21(2), 154–158 (1996).
  • Baum EW, Sams WM Jr, Payne RR. Giant cell arteritis: a systemic disease with rare cutaneous manifestations. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.6(6), 1081–1088 (1982).
  • Small P, Brisson ML. Wegener’s granulomatosis presenting as temporal arteritis. Arthritis Rheum.34(2), 220–223 (1991).
  • Hamidou MA, Moreau A, Toquet C, El Kouri D, de Faucal P, Grolleau JY. Temporal arteritis associated with systemic necrotizing vasculitis. J. Rheumatol.30(10), 2165–2169 (2003).
  • Nishino H, DeRemee RA, Rubino FA, Parisi JE. Wegener’s granulomatosis associated with vasculitis of the temporal artery: report of five cases. Mayo. Clin. Proc.68(2), 115–121 (1993).
  • Palaic M, Yeadon C, Moore S, Cashman N. Wegener’s granulomatosis mimicking temporal arteritis. Neurology41(10), 1694–1695 (1991).
  • Francès C, Boisnic S, Blétry O et al. Cutaneous manifestations of Takayasu arteritis. A retrospective study of 80 cases. Dermatologica181(4), 266–272 (1990).
  • Pascual-Lopez M, Hernandez-Nunez A, Aragues-Montanes M, Dauden E, Fraga J, Garcia-Diez A. Takayasu’s disease with cutaneous involvement. Dermatology208(1), 10–15 (2004).
  • Crotty CP, DeRemee RA, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous clinicopathologic correlation of allergic granulomatosis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.5(5), 571–581 (1981).
  • Wilmoth GJ, Perniciaro C. Cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma (Winkelmann granuloma): confirmation of the association with systemic disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.34(5 Pt 1), 753–759 (1996).
  • Chu P, Connolly MK, LeBoit PE. The histopathologic spectrum of palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis in patients with collagen vascular disease. Arch. Dermatol.130(10), 1278–1283 (1994).
  • Obermoser G, Zelger B, Zangerle R, Sepp N. Extravascular necrotizing palisaded granulomas as the presenting skin sign of systemic lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol.147(2), 371–374 (2002).
  • Perrin C, Lacour JP, Castanet J, Michiels JF. Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction with a histological pattern of interstitial granulomatous dermatitis. Am. J. Dermatopathol.23(4), 295–298 (2001).
  • Carlson JA, Ng BT, Chen KR. Cutaneous vasculitis update: diagnostic criteria, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, evaluation and prognosis. Am. J. Dermatopathol.27(6), 504–528 (2005).
  • Lee MW, Jang KA, Lim YS et al. Cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma (Churg Strauss granuloma). Clin. Exp. Dermatol.24(3), 193–195 (1999).
  • Liebow AA, Carrington CR, Friedman PJ. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Hum. Pathol.3(4), 457–558 (1972).
  • Dutz JP, Benoit L, Wang X et al. Lymphocytic vasculitis in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Blood 97(1), 95–100 (2001).
  • Beaty MW, Toro J, Sorbara L et al. Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: correlation of clinical and biologic features. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.25(9), 1111–1120 (2001).
  • Patton WF, Lynch JP III. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Clinicopathologic study of four cases and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore)61(1), 1–12 (1982).
  • Katzenstein AL, Carrington CB, Liebow AA. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: a clinicopathologic study of 152 cases. Cancer43(1), 360–373 (1979).
  • Carlson KC, Gibson LE. Cutaneous signs of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Arch. Dermatol.127(11), 1693–1698 (1991).
  • James WD, Odom RB, Katzenstein AL. Cutaneous manifestations of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Report of 44 cases and a review of the literature. Arch. Dermatol.117(4), 196–202 (1981).
  • Scarabello A, Leinweber B, Ardigo M et al. Cutaneous lymphomas with prominent granulomatous reaction: a potential pitfall in the histopathologic diagnosis of cutaneous T- and B-cell lymphomas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.26(10), 1259–1268 (2002).
  • Gibson LE, el-Azhary RA, Smith TF, Reda AM. The spectrum of cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis: histopathologic report of eight cases with clinical correlation. J. Cutan. Pathol.21(5), 437–445 (1994).
  • Wooten MD, Jasin HE. Vasculitis and lymphoproliferative diseases. SeminArthritis Rheum.26(2), 564–574 (1996).
  • Magro CM, Crowson AN. The spectrum of cutaneous lesions in rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical and pathological study of 43 patients. J. Cutan. Pathol.30(1), 1–10 (2003).
  • Stern WK. Cutaneous rheumatoid vasculitis. Int. J. Dermatol.18(5), 394–397 (1979).
  • Cardinali C, Caproni M, Bernacchi E, Amato L, Fabbri P. The spectrum of cutaneous manifestations in lupus erythematosus – the Italian experience. Lupus9(6), 417–423 (2000).
  • Takemura T, Shishiba T, Akiyama O, Oritsu M, Matsui Y, Eishi Y. Vascular involvement in cutaneous sarcoidosis. Pathol. Int.47(2–3), 84–89 (1997).
  • Zlatanic J, Fleisher M, Sasson M, Kim P, Korelitz BI. Crohn’s disease and acute leukocytoclastic vasculitis of skin. Am. J. Gastroenterol.91(11), 2410–2413 (1996).
  • Chalvardjian A, Nethercott JR. Cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis associated with Crohn’s disease. Cutis30(5), 645–655 (1982).
  • Snow JL, el-Azhary RA, Gibson LE, Estes SA, Espy MJ, Smith TF. Granulomatous vasculitis associated with herpes virus: a persistent, painful, postherpetic papular eruption. Mayo. Clin. Proc.72(9), 851–853 (1997).
  • Rodriguez-Pereira C, Suarez-Penaranda JM, del Rio E, Forteza-Vila J. Cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis after herpes zoster infection showing polyarteritis nodosa-like features. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.22(6), 274–276 (1997).
  • Crowson AN, Nuovo G, Ferri C, Magro CM. The dermatopathologic manifestations of hepatitis C infection: a clinical, histological, and molecular assessment of 35 cases. Hum. Pathol.34(6), 573–579 (2003).
  • Mendez P, Saeian K, Reddy KR et al. Hepatitis C, cryoglobulinemia, and cutaneous vasculitis associated with unusual and serious manifestations. Am. J. Gastroenterol.96(8), 2489–2493 (2001).
  • Rieu V, Cohen P, Andre MH et al. Characteristics and outcome of 49 patients with symptomatic cryoglobulinaemia. Rheumatology (Oxford)41(3), 290–300 (2002).
  • Jayne D. How to induce remission in primary systemic vasculitis. Best. Pract. Res.Clin. Rheumatol.19(2), 293–305 (2005).
  • Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J. Clin. Invest.110(7), 955–963 (2002).
  • Pfister H, Ollert M, Frohlich LF et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies against the murine homolog of proteinase 3 (Wegener autoantigen) are pathogenic in vivo. Blood104(5), 1411–1418 (2004).
  • Guillevin L, Cohen P, Mahr A, Arène JP, Mouthon L, Puéchal X. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis with poor prognosis factors: a prospective trial comparing glucocorticoids and six or twelve cyclophosphamide pulses in sixty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum.49, 93–100 (2003).
  • De Groot K, Rasmussen N, Bacon PA et al. Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide versus methotrexate for induction of remission in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum.52(8), 2461–2469 (2005).
  • Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K et al. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N. Engl. J. Med.349(1), 36–44 (2003).
  • Fauci AS, Wolff SM. Wegener’s granulomatosis: studies in eighteen patients and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore)52(6), 535–561 (1973).
  • Stone JH for the WGET study group. Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener’s granulomatosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(4), 351–361 (2005).
  • Specks U, Fervenza FC, McDonald TJ, Hogan MC. Response of Wegener’s granulomatosis to anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody therapy. Arthritis Rheum.44(12), 2836–2840 (2001).
  • Keogh KA, Ytterberg SR, Fervenza FC, Carlson KA, Schroeder DR, Specks U. Rituximab for refractory wegener’s granulomatosis: report of a prospective, open-label pilot trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2005).
  • Pagnoux C, Guillevin L. How can patient care be improved beyond medical treatment? Best. Pract. Res.Clin. Rheumatol.19(2), 337–344 (2005).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.