36
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Ocular tuberculosis: an update

&
Pages 845-860 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Foster CS, Vitale AT. Diagnosis and Treatment of uveitis. WB Saunders Co., Oxford, UK, 264–271 (2001).
  • Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm. Rep.46, 40–41 (1997).
  • Gupta V, Gupta A. Tubercular posterior uveitis. Intl. Ophthal. Clin.45, 71–87 (2005).
  • Tabbara KF. Ocular tuberculosis: anterior segment. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin.45, 57–69 (2005).
  • Centers for Disease Control. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2002. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, GA, USA (2003).
  • The World Health Report 2001, Report of the Director General, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (2001).
  • Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P et al. Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. JAMA282, 667–686 (1999).
  • The World Health Report 2002, Global Tuberculosis Control, Surveillance Planning, Financing WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (2002).
  • Kumarasamy N, Solomon S. Spectrum of opportunistic infections among AIDS patient in Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. STD. AIDS6, 447–449 (1995).
  • Ravilglione M, Harries A, Msika R, Wilkinson D, Nunn P. Tuberculosis and HIV current status in Africa. AIDS11, S115–S123 (1997).
  • Babu RB, Sudharshan S, Kumarasamy N, Therese KL, Biswas J. Ocular tuberculosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol.142, 413–418 (2006).
  • American academy of ophthalmology. Basic and clinical science course. Intraocular inflammation and uveitis, 2005–2006. American academy of Opthalmology193–195 (2005–2006).
  • Dannenberg AM Jr. Pathophysiology: basic aspects. In: Tuberculous and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections (4th Edition). Schlossberg D (Ed.). WB Saunders, PA, USA, 17–47 (1999).
  • Jagirdar J, Zagzag D. Pathology and insights into pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In: Tuberculosis. (2nd Edition). Rom WN, Garay SM, (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 323–344 (2004).
  • Lazarus AA, Thilagar B. Tuberculosis of pericardium, larynx, and other uncommon sites. Dis. Mon.53, 46–54 (2007).
  • Arora VK, Gupta R. Trends of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis under revised national tuberculosis control programme: a study from south Delhi. Indian J. Tuberc.53, 77–83 (2006).
  • Donahue HC. Ophthalmologic experience in a tuberculosis sanatorium. Am. J. Ophthalmol.64, 742–748 (1967).
  • Biswas J, Badrinath SS. Ocular morbidity in patients with active systemic tuberculosis. Int. Ophthalmol.19, 293–298 (1996).
  • Bouza E, Merino P, Munoz P et al. Ocular tuberculosis. A prospective study in a general hospital. Medicine (Baltimore)76, 53–61 (1997).
  • Lyon CE, Grimson BS, Pfeiffer RLL et al. Clinicopathological correlation of a solitary choroidal tuberculoma. Ophthalmol.92, 845–850 (1985).
  • Rao NA, Saraswathy S, Smith RE. Tuberculous uveitis: distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the retinal pigment epithelium. Arch. Ophthalmol.124, 1777–1779 (2006).
  • Sheu SJ, Shyu JS, Chen LM et al. Ocular manifestations of tuberculosis. Ophthalmol.108, 1580–1585 (2001).
  • Chuka-Okosa CM. Tuberculosis and the eye. Niger. J. Clin. Pract.9, 68–76 (2006).
  • Helm CJ, Holland GN. Ocular tuberculosis. Surv. Ophthalmol.38, 229–256 (1993).
  • Thompson MJ, Albert DM. Ocular tuberculosis Arch. Ophthalmol.123, 844–849 (2005).
  • Bonfioli AA, de Miranda SS, Campos WR, Orefice F. Tuberculosis Semin. Ophthalmol.20, 169–175 (2005).
  • Varma D, Anand S, Reddy AR et al. Tuberculosis: an under-diagnosed aetiological agent in uveitis with an effective treatment. Eye20, 1068–1073 (2006).
  • Salas D, Murthy S, Champ C et al. Primary tuberculosis of the conjunctiva. Eye1, 674–676 (2001).
  • Tulvatana W, Sansopha L, Pisarnkorskul P. Primary conjunctival tuberculoma: a case report. J. Med. Assoc. Thai.84(Suppl. 1), S127–S130 (2001).
  • Gopal L, Rao SK, Biswas J et al. Tuberculous granuloma managed by full thickness eye wall resection. Am. J. Ophthalmol.135, 93–94 (2003).
  • Valentina C, Mircla C. Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis and lymph node tuberculosis. Ophthalmologia48, 15–18 (1999).
  • Jennings A, Bilous M, Asimakis P, Maloof AJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis presenting as chronic red eye. Cornea25, 1118–1120 (2006).
  • Zaborowski AG, Gundry BN, Masenya ME, Visser L. Primary tuberculous keratoconjunctivitis. Eye20, 978–979 (2006).
  • Gupta A, Gupta V, Pandav SS, Gupta A. Posterior scleritis associated with systemic tuberculosis. Indian J. Ophthalmol.51, 347–349 (2003).
  • Singal A, Aggarwal P, Pandhi D, Rohatgi J. Cutaneous tuberculosis and phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis: a forgotten association. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol.72, 290–292 (2006).
  • Dinning WJ, Marston S: Cutaneous and Ocular tuberculosis: a review. J. R. Soc. Med.78, 576–581 (1985).
  • Saricaoglu MS, Sengun A, Guven D et al. Ocular tuberculosis with angle granuloma. Eye18, 219–220 (2004).
  • Biswas J, Narain S, Das D, Ganesh SK. Pattern of uveitis in a referral uveitis clinic in India. Int. Ophthalmol.20, 223–228 (1996).
  • Rathinam SR, Rao NA. Tuberculous intraocular infection presenting with pigmented hypopyon: a clinicopathological case report. Br. J. Ophthalmol.88, 721–722 (2004).
  • Bodaghi B, LeHoang P. Ocular tuberculosis. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol.11, 443–448 (2000).
  • Mehta S. Ocular lesions in acute disseminated tuberculosis. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.12, 311–315 (2004).
  • Zhang C. A case of choroidal tubercles. Yan Ke Xue Bao20, 23–24 (2004).
  • Mehta S. Fundus fluorescein angiography of choroidal tubercles: case reports and review of literature. Indian J. Ophthalmol.54, 273–275 (2006).
  • Salman A, Parmar P, Rajamohan M, Vanila CG, Thomas PA, Jesudasan CA. Optical coherence tomography in choroidal tuberculosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol.142, 170–172 (2006).
  • Mehta S, Gilada IS. Ocular tuberculosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.13, 87–89 (2005).
  • Kumar A, Pal N, Sharma YR, Gupta R, Jain V, Sharma R. Bronchial carcinoid tumour with choroidal metastasis masquerading as ocular tuberculosis. Eye20, 1101–1103 (2006).
  • Gupta V, Gupta A, Arora S, Sachdeva N, Bambery P. Simultaneous choroidal tuberculoma and epididymo-orchitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol.140, 310–312 (2005).
  • Mason JO. Treatment of large macular choroidal tubercle improves vision. Arch. Ophthalmol.118, 1136–1137 (2000).
  • Levecq LJ, De Potter P. Solitary choroidal tuberculoma in an immunocompetent patient. Arch. Ophthalmol.123, 864–866 (2005).
  • Biswas J, Madhwan HB, Gopal L et al. Intraocular tuberculosis. Clinicopathologic study of five cases. Retina15, 461–468 (1995).
  • Gupta V, Gupta A, Sachdiva N et al Successful management of tubercular subretinal granulomas. Ocular immunology and inflammation14, 35–40 (2006).
  • Demirci H, Shields CL, Shields JA, Eagle RC: Ocular tuberculosis masquerading as ocular tumors. Surv. Ophthalmol.49, 78–89 (2004).
  • Semlali S, El-Quassar A, Atmane M et al. Pseudotumoral form of sclero choroidal tuberculosis. A case report. J. Radiol.85, 131–134 (2004).
  • Shanmugam MP, Nandakumar M. Ocular tuberculosis masquerading as ocular tumors. Surv. Ophthalmol.49, 619–620 (2004).
  • Stechschulte SU, Kim RY, Cunningham ET Jr. Tuberculous neuroretinitis. J. Neuro. Ophthalmol.19, 201–204 (1999).
  • Jacob M, Kodjikian L, Ponceau B, Grange JD. Can optic perineuritis be triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis? J. Fr. Opthalmol.29, 7 (2006).
  • Mehta S, Chauhan V, Hastak S, Jiandani P, Dalal P. Choroidal tubercles in neuro tuberculosis: prevalence and significance. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.14, 341–345 (2006).
  • Laatikainen L, Erkkila H: Serpiginous choroiditis. Br. J. Ophthalmol.58, 777–783 (1974).
  • Gupta V, Gupta A, Arora S et al. Presumed tubercular serpiginous like choroiditis: clinical presentation and management. Ophthalmology110, 1744–1749 (2003).
  • Lim WK, Buggage RR, Nussenblatt RB. Serpiginous choroiditis. Surv. Ophthalmol.50, 1–44 (2005).
  • Biswas J, Sharma T, Gopal L, Madhavan HN, Sulochana KN, Ramakrishnan S, Eales disease – an update. Surv. Ophthalmol.47, 197–214 (2002).
  • Rai SP, Panda BN, Gurunath VS, Sahoo PK. Tubercular etiology in cases of retinal vasculitis. Ind. J. Tub.48, 143 (2001).
  • Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt R. Retinal vasculitis. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin.45, 99–113 (2005).
  • Abu El-Asrar AM, Herbort CP, Tabbara KF. Retinal vasculitis. Ocul Immunol. Inflam.13, 415–433 (2005).
  • Atmaca LS, Batioglu F, Atmaca Sonmez P. A long-term follow-up of Eales’ disease. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.10, 213–221 (2002).
  • Rajesh M, Sulochana KN, Punitham R, Biswas J, Lakshmi S, Ramakrishnan S. Involvement of oxidative and nitrosative stress in promoting retinal vasculitis in patients with Eales’ disease. Clin. Biochem.36, 377–385 (2003).
  • Ramakrishnan S, Rajesh M, Sulochana KN. Eales’ disease: oxidant stress and weak antioxidant defence. Indian J. Ophthalmol.55, 95–102 (2007).
  • Rajesh M, Ramesh A, Ravi PE et al. Accumulation of 8 hydroxydeoxyguanosine and its relationship with antioxidant parameters in patients with Eales’ disease: implications for antioxidant therapy. Curr. Eye Res.27, 103–110 (2003).
  • Rajesh M, Sulochana KN, Coral K et al. Determination of carbonyl group content in plasma proteins as a useful marker to assess impairment in antioxidant defense in patients with Eales’ disease. Indian J. Ophthalmol.52, 139–144 (2004).
  • Saxena S, Srivastava P, Kumar D, Khanna VK, Seth PK. Decreased platelet membrane fluidity in retinal periphlebitis in Eales’ disease. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.14, 113–116 (2006).
  • Gupta A, Gupta V, Arora S et al. PCR-positive tubercular retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics and management. Retina21, 435–444 (2001).
  • Biswas J, Therese L, Madhavan HN. Use of polymerase chain reaction in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from vitreous sample of Eales’ disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol.83, 994 (1999).
  • Majji AB, Vemuganti GK, Shah VA, Singh S, Das T, Jalali SA comparative study of epiretinal membranes associated with Eales’ disease: a clinicopathologic evaluation. Eye20, 46–54 (2006).
  • Madhavan HN, Therese KL, Gunisha P et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in epiretinal membrane in Eales’ disease. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.41, 822–825 (2000).
  • Biswas J, Mukesh BN, Narain S, Roy S, Madhavan HN. Profiling of human leukocyte antigens in Eales’ disease. Int. Ophthalmol.21, 277–281 (1997–1998).
  • Raina UK, Tuli D, Arora R, Mehta DK, Taneja M. Tubercular endophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol.130, 843–845 (2000).
  • Rosenbaum PS, Mbekeani JN, Kress Y. Atypical mycobacterial panophthalmitis seen with iris nodules. Arch. Ophthalmol.116, 1524 –1527 (1998).
  • Chawla R, Garg S, Venkatesh P, Kashyap S, Tewari HK. Case report of tuberculous panophthalmitis. Med. Sci. Monit.10, S57–S59 (2004).
  • Rathinam SR, Lalitha P. Paradoxical worsening of ocular tuberculosis in HIV patients after antiretroviral therapy. Eye21, 667–668 (2007).
  • Raina UK, Jain S, Monga S, Arora R, Mehta DK. Tubercular preseptal cellulitis in children: a presenting feature of underlying systemic tuberculosis. Ophthalmology111, 291–296 (2004).
  • Wong SC, Healy V, Olver JM. An unusual case of tuberculous dacryocystitis. Eye18, 940–942 (2004).
  • Sharma S, Juneja M, Saran RK, Kochhar AM. Bilateral ocular scrofuloderma with orbital tuberculosis. Indian J. Pediatr.73, 361–363 (2006).
  • Shome D, Honavar SG, Vemuganti GK, Joseph J. Orbital tuberculosis manifesting with enophthalmos and causing a diagnostic dilemma. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.22, 219–221 (2006).
  • Kaur A, Agrawal A. Orbital tuberculosi – an interesting case report. Int. Ophthalmol.26, 107–109 (2005).
  • Tayanc E, Akova Y, Yilmaz G. Indocyanine green angiography in ocular tuberculosis. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.12, 317–322 (2004).
  • Morimura Y, Okada AA, Kawahara S et al. Tuberculin skin testing in uveitis patients and treatment of presumed intraocular tuberculosis in Japan. Ophthalmology109, 851–857 (2002).
  • American Thoracic Society. Diagnosis standards and classification of tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.142, 725–735 (1990).
  • Mostertz P, Gerstenberg E, Habermann R, Martschick R, Heise W, L’age M. Chest x-ray findings of tuberculosis in AIDS. Int. Conf. AIDS.9, 432 (1993).
  • Raniga S, Parikh N, Arora A, Vaghani M, Vora PA, Vaidya V. Is HRCT reliable in determining disease activity in pulmonary tuberculosis? Indian J. Radiol. Imaging16, 221–228 (2006).
  • Page H, Adams MC. Radiologic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis; Radiol. Clin. North Am.33(4), 655–677 (1995).
  • Primack SL, Logan PM, Hartman TE, Lee KS, Muller NL. Pulmonary tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: a comparison of CT findings. Radiology194, 413–417 (1995).
  • Gunisha P, Madhavan HN et al. Polymerase chain reaction using IS6I I 0 primer to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol.44, 97–102 (2000).
  • Therese KL, Jayanthi U, Madhavan HN. Application of nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) using MPB 64 gene primers to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in clinical specimens from extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients. Indian J. Med. Res.122, 165–170 (2005).
  • Biswas J, Kumar SK, Rupauliha P et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by nested polymerase reaction in a case of subconjunctival tuberculosis. Cornea2, 123–125 (2002).
  • Arora S, Gupta V, Gupta A et al. Diagnostic efficacy of polymerase chain reaction in granulomatous uveitis. Tuber. Lung Dis.79, 229–233 (1999).
  • Kurup SK, Buggage RR, Clarke GL, Ursea R, Lim WK, Nussenblatt RB. γ interferon assay as an alternative to PPD skin testing in selected patients with granulomatous intraocular inflammatory disease. Can. J. Ophthalmol.41, 737–740 (2006).
  • Burton BJ, Breen RA, Janossy G, Acheson JF, Lipman MC. Use of pulmonary interferon γ responses to mycobacterial antigen to distinguish sarcoid associated optic neuropathy from tuberculosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol.90, 802–803 (2006).
  • Mehta S. The treatment of ocular tuberculosis: a survey of published literature. Indian J. Ophthalmol.54, 278–280 (2006).
  • Fox W. Tuberculosis in India: past, present and future. Ind. J. Tuber.37, 175 (1990).
  • Oficjalska-Mlynczak J, Muzyka-Wozniak M, Turno-Krecicka A, Jamrozy-Witkowska A. Vitrectomy in treatment of ocular tuberculosis – case report. Klin. Oczna.106(3 Suppl.), 530–531 (2004).
  • Padayatchi N, Friedland G. Managing multiple and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.8(8), 1035–1037 (2007).

Website

  • UNAIDS/WHO epidemiological fact sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2004 Update, India. (2004). www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/PDFFactory/HIV/EFS_PDFs/EFS2004_IN.pdf.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.