References
- Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
- • of interest
- •• of considerable interest
- Simo R, Hernandez C. Intravitreous anti-VEGF for diabetic retinopathy: hopes and fears for a new therapeutic strategy. Diabetologia. 2008;51(9):1574–1580.
•• Pivotal review describing the potential side effects of intravitreally administered anti-VEGF drugs.
- Sulaiman RS, Basavarajappa HD, Corson TW. Natural product inhibitors of ocular angiogenesis. Exp Eye Res. 2014;129:161–171.
- Tokunaga CC, Mitton KP, Dailey W, et al. Effects of anti-VEGF treatment on the recovery of the developing retina following oxygen-induced retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(3):1884–1892.
- Casini G, Dal Monte M, Fornaciari I, et al. The beta-adrenergic system as a possible new target for pharmacologic treatment of neovascular retinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2014;42:103–129.
•• Pivotal review of current knowledge on the role of the beta adrenergic system in the retinal diseases characterized by pathological angiogenesis.
- Semenza GL. HIF-1: mediator of physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000;88(4):1474–1480.
- Chen Z, Han ZC. STAT3: a critical transcription activator in angiogenesis. Med Res Rev. 2008;28(2):185–200.
- Dal Monte M, Cammalleri M, Martini D, et al. Antiangiogenic role of somatostatin receptor 2 in a model of hypoxia-induced neovascularization in the retina: results from transgenic mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(8):3480–3489.
- Dal Monte M, Ristori C, Cammalleri M, et al. Effects of somatostatin analogues on retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy: involvement of the somatostatin receptor subtype 2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(8):3596–3606.
- Dal Monte M, Ristori C, Videau C, et al. Expression, localization, and functional coupling of the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(4):1848–1856.
- Mei S, Cammalleri M, Azara D, et al. Mechanisms underlying somatostatin receptor 2 down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in response to hypoxia in mouse retinal explants. J Pathol. 2012;226(3):519–533.
•• Demonstration of the molecular mechanisms by which octreotide reduces retinal VEGF upregulation induced by hypoxia.
- Hernandez C, Carrasco E, Casamitjana R, et al. Somatostatin molecular variants in the vitreous fluid: a comparative study between diabetic patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and nondiabetic control subjects. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(8):1941–1947.
- Palii SS, Caballero S Jr, Shapiro G, et al. Medical treatment of diabetic retinopathy with somatostatin analogues. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;16(1):73–82.
- Grant MB, Mames RN, Fitzgerald C, et al. The efficacy of octreotide in the therapy of severe nonproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(4):504–509.
•• Clinical trial demonstrating that octreotide retards DR progression.
- Simo R, Hernandez C. Neurodegeneration is an early event in diabetic retinopathy: therapeutic implications. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(10):1285–1290.
- Hernandez C, Garcia-Ramirez M, Corraliza L, et al. Topical administration of somatostatin prevents retinal neurodegeneration in experimental diabetes. Diabetes. 2013;62(7):2569–2578.
- Kim J, Kim CS, Lee YM, et al. Vaccinium myrtillus extract prevents or delays the onset of diabetes–induced blood-retinal barrier breakdown. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015;66(2):236–242.
- Aldebasi YH, Aly SM, Rahmani AH. Therapeutic implications of curcumin in the prevention of diabetic retinopathy via modulation of anti-oxidant activity and genetic pathways. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2013;5(4):194–202.
- Lulli M, Cammalleri M, Fornaciari I, et al. Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid reduces retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Exp Eye Res. 2015;135:67–80.
- Zhang X, Wang N, Schachat AP, et al. Glucocorticoids: structure, signaling and molecular mechanisms in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Curr Mol Med. 2014;14(3):376–384.
- Stewart MW. Corticosteroid use for diabetic macular edema: old fad or new trend? Curr Diab Rep. 2012;12(4):364–375.
- Dugel PU, Bandello F, Loewenstein A. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:1321–1335.
- Wilkinson-Berka JL, Agrotis A, Deliyanti D. The retinal renin-angiotensin system: roles of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Peptides. 2012;36(1):142–150.
• Interfering with the RAS is effective in reducing retinal levels of VEGF.
- Zhang SX, Ma JH, Bhatta M, et al. The unfolded protein response in retinal vascular diseases: implications and therapeutic potential beyond protein folding. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2015;45:111–131.
- Cervia D, Catalani E, Dal Monte M, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in the ischemic retina and its regulation by somatostatin. J Neurochem. 2012;120(5):818–829.
• Protection of the neural retina by neuropeptides which reduce VEGF release.
- D’Alessandro A, Cervia D, Catalani E, et al. Protective effects of the neuropeptides PACAP, substance P and the somatostatin analogue octreotide in retinal ischemia: a metabolomic analysis. Mol Biosyst. 2014;10(6):1290–1304.
- Simo R, Hernandez C. Neurodegeneration in the diabetic eye: new insights and therapeutic perspectives. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014;25(1):23–33.
- Abdel-Tawab M, Werz O, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50(6):349–369.