313
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Irritable bowel syndrome: recent developments in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment

, , &

References

  • El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment options. Nova Science Publishers, Inc; NY, USA: 2012
  • Locke GR 3rd, Yawn BP, Wollan PC, et al. Incidence of a clinical diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome in a United States population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:1025-31
  • Spanier JA, Howden CW, Jones MP. A systematic review of alternative therapies in the irritable bowel syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:265-74
  • Sandler RS, Everhart JE, Donowitz M, et al. The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1500-11
  • Thompson WG. A world view of IBS. In: Camilleri M, Spiller RC, editors. Irritable bowel syndrome. Saunders; Philadelphia and London: 2002. p. 17-26
  • Quigley EM, Locke GR, Mueller-Lissner S, et al. Prevalence and management of abdominal cramping and pain: a multinational survey. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:411-19
  • Harvey RF, Mauad EC, Brown AM. Prognosis in the irritable bowel syndrome: a 5-year prospective study. Lancet 1987;1:963-5
  • Norgaard M, Farkas DK, Pedersen L, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and risk of colorectal cancer: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Br J Cancer 2011;104:1202-6
  • Gralnek IM, Hays RD, Kilbourne AM, et al. Racial differences in the impact of irritable bowel syndrome on health-related quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38:782-9
  • Gralnek IM, Hays RD, Kilbourne A, et al. The impact of irritable bowel syndrome on health-related quality of life. Gastroenterology 2000;119:654-60
  • Whitehead WE, Burnett CK, Cook EW 3rd, Taub E. Impact of irritable bowel syndrome on quality of life. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:2248-53
  • Pace F, Molteni P, Bollani S, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease versus irritable bowel syndrome: a hospital-based, case-control study of disease impact on quality of life. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003;38:1031-8
  • Drossman DA, Morris CB, Schneck S, et al. International survey of patients with IBS: symptom features and their severity, health status, treatments, and risk taking to achieve clinical benefit. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009;43:541-50
  • Coffin B, Dapoigny M, Cloarec D, et al. Relationship between severity of symptoms and quality of life in 858 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2004;28:11-15
  • Li FX, Patten SB, Hilsden RJ, Sutherland LR. Irritable bowel syndrome and health-related quality of life: a population-based study in Calgary, Alberta. Can J Gastroenterol 2003;17:259-63
  • Xiong LS, Chen MH, Chen HX, et al. A population-based epidemiologic study of irritable bowel syndrome in South China: stratified randomized study by cluster sampling. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:1217-24
  • Talley NJ, Gabriel SE, Harmsen WS, et al. Medical costs in community subjects with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995;109:1736-41
  • Harvey RF, Salih SY, Read AE. Organic and functional disorders in 2000 gastroenterology outpatients. Lancet 1983;1(8325):632-4
  • Peery AF, Dellon ES, Lund J, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. Gastroenterology 2012;143:1179-87. e1171-1173
  • Boivin M. Socioeconomic impact of irritable bowel syndrome in Canada. Can J Gastroenterol 2001;15(Suppl B):8B-11B
  • Gaburri M, Bassotti G, Bacci G, et al. Functional gut disorders and health care seeking behavior in an Italian non-patient population. Recenti Prog Med 1989;80:241-4
  • Agreus L, Svardsudd K, Nyren O, Tibblin G. Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia in the general population: overlap and lack of stability over time. Gastroenterology 1995;109:671-80
  • Jafri W, Yakoob J, Jafri N, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and health seeking behaviour in different communities of Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2007;57:285-7
  • Schlemper RJ, van der Werf SD, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. Peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome in The Netherlands and Japan. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1993;200:33-41
  • Karaman N, Turkay C, Yonem O. Irritable bowel syndrome prevalence in city center of Sivas. Turk J Gastroenterol 2003;14:128-31
  • Kwan AC, Hu WH, Chan YK, et al. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Hong Kong. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:1180-6
  • Hoseini-Asl MK, Amra B. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Shahrekord, Iran. Indian J Gastroenterol 2003;22:215-16
  • Thompson WG, Heaton KW. Functional bowel disorders in apparently healthy people. Gastroenterology 1980;79:283-8
  • Kennedy TM, Jones RH, Hungin AP, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in the general population. Gut 1998;43:770-4
  • Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E, et al. U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1569-80
  • Hungin AP, Whorwell PJ, Tack J, Mearin F. The prevalence, patterns and impact of irritable bowel syndrome: an international survey of 40,000 subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:643-50
  • Jones R, Lydeard S. Irritable bowel syndrome in the general population. BMJ 1992;304:87-90
  • Bordie AK. Functional disorders of the colon. J Indian Med Assoc 1972;58:451-6
  • O'Keefe EA, Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Jacobsen SJ. Bowel disorders impair functional status and quality of life in the elderly: a population-based study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995;50:M184-9
  • Everhart JE, Renault PF. Irritable bowel syndrome in office-based practice in the United States. Gastroenterology 1991;100:998-1005
  • Wilson S, Roberts L, Roalfe A, et al. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome: a community survey. Br J Gen Pract 2004;54:495-502
  • Spiegel BM. The burden of IBS: looking at metrics. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2009;11:265-9
  • El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Gilja OH, et al. Is irritable bowel syndrome an organic disorder? World J Gastroenterol 2014;2:384-400
  • Longstreth GF, Hawkey CJ, Mayer EA, et al. Characteristics of patients with irritable bowel syndrome recruited from three sources: implications for clinical trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:959-64
  • Isgar B, Harman M, Kaye MD, Whorwell PJ. Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in ulcerative colitis in remission. Gut 1983;24:190-2
  • Ansari R, Attari F, Razjouyan H, et al. Ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome: relationships with quality of life. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;20:46-50
  • Simren M, Axelsson J, Gillberg R, et al. Quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease in remission: the impact of IBS-like symptoms and associated psychological factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:389-96
  • Minderhoud IM, Oldenburg B, Wismeijer JA, et al. IBS-like symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission; relationships with quality of life and coping behavior. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:469-74
  • Keohane J, O'Mahony C, O'Mahony L, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a real association or reflection of occult inflammation? Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:1788, 1789-94. quiz 1795
  • El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Low-grade inflammation in the rectum of patients with sporadic irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2013;7:1081-5
  • Chang L, Adeyemo M, Karagiannides I, et al. Serum and colonic mucosal immune markers in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:262-72
  • Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126:693-702
  • Matricon J, Meleine M, Gelot A, et al. Review article: associations between immune activation, intestinal permeability and the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;36:1009-31
  • Ortiz-Lucas M, Saz-Peiro P, Sebastian-Domingo JJ. Irritable bowel syndrome immune hypothesis. Part one: the role of lymphocytes and mast cells. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2010;102:637-47
  • Ortiz-Lucas M, Saz-Peiro P, Sebastian-Domingo JJ. Irritable bowel syndrome immune hypothesis. Part two: the role of cytokines. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2010;102:711-17
  • Manning AP, Thompson WG, Heaton KW, Morris AF. Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel. Br Med J 1978;2:653-4
  • Jellema P, van der Windt DA, Schellevis FG, van der Horst HE. Systematic review: accuracy of symptom-based criteria for diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in primary care. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:695-706
  • Ford AC, Talley NJ, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, et al. Will the history and physical examination help establish that irritable bowel syndrome is causing this patient's lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms? JAMA 2008;300:1793-805
  • Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome II process. Gut 1999;45(Suppl 2):II1-5
  • Lin OS. Colonoscopy in irritable bowel syndrome: whom are we reassuring? Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62:900-2
  • Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1480-91
  • Gladman LM, Gorard DA. General practitioner and hospital specialist attitudes to functional gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:651-4
  • El-Salhy M, Lomholt-Beck B, Gundersen D. The prevalence of celiac disease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2011;4:403-5
  • El-Salhy M. Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnosis and pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:5151-63
  • El-Salhy M, Halwe J, Lomholt-Beck B, Gundersen D. The prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases, microscopic colitis, and colorectal cancer in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology Insights 2011;3:7-10
  • Tolliver BA, Herrera JL, DiPalma JA. Evaluation of patients who meet clinical criteria for irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:176-8
  • Camilleri M. Do the Symptom-based, Rome criteria of irritable bowel syndrome lead to better diagnosis and treatment outcomes? The con argument. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;8:129
  • Garrigues V, Mearin F, Badia X, et al. Change over time of bowel habit in irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, observational, 1-year follow-up study (RITMO study). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25(3):323-32
  • Drossman DA, Morris CB, Hu Y, et al. A prospective assessment of bowel habit in irritable bowel syndrome in women: defining an alternator. Gastroenterology 2005;128:580-9
  • El-Salhy M, Mazzawi T, Gundersen D, et al. Changes in the symptom pattern and the densities of large-intestinal endocrine cells following Campylobacter infection in irritable bowel syndrome: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2013;6:391
  • Spiller RC. Potential biomarkers. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2011;40:121-39
  • Barbara G, Stanghellini V. Biomarkers in IBS: when will they replace symptoms for diagnosis and management? Gut 2009;58:1571-5
  • Sjolund K, Sanden G, Hakanson R, Sundler F. Endocrine cells in human intestine: an immunocytochemical study. Gastroenterology 1983;85:1120-30
  • El-Salhy M, Vaali K, Dizdar V, Hausken T. Abnormal small-intestinal endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:3508-13
  • Sandstrom O, el-Salhy M. Human rectal endocrine cells and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 1999;108:219-26
  • Sandstrom O, El-Salhy M. Ageing and endocrine cells of human duodenum. Mech Ageing Dev 1999;108:39-48
  • Sandström O. Age-related changes in the neuroendocrine system of the gut: a possible role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders in the elderly. In: Umeå University Medical Dissertations, editors. Umeå; Umeå, Sweden: 1999. p. 1-46
  • El-Salhy M, Lomholt-Beck B, Hausken T. Chromogranin A as a possible tool in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010;45:1435-9
  • El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Gundersen D, et al. Duodenal chromogranin A cell density as a biomarker for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome World J Gastroenterol. 2014; In press
  • El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Abnormal rectal endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Regul Pept 2014;188:60-5
  • Wendelbo I, Mazzawi T, El-Salhy M. Increased serotonin transporter immunoreactivity intensity in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel disease. Mol Med Rep 2014;9:180-4
  • El-Salhy M, Wendelbo IH, Gundersen D. Reduced chromogranin A cell density in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2013;7:1241-4
  • El-Salhy M, Mazzawi T, Gundersen D, Hausken T. Chromogranin A cell density in the rectum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2012;6:1223-5
  • El-Salhy M, Lillebo E, Reinemo A, Salmelid L. Ghrelin in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Mol Med 2009;23:703-7
  • El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Gundersen D, Hausken T. Endocrine cells in the gastric oxyntic mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastrintest Endos 2014; In press
  • El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Ostgaard H, et al. Low densities of serotonin and peptide YY cells in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:873-8
  • El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Duodenal chromogranin A cell density as a biomarker for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Regul Pept 2014; Submitted
  • El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Gastric endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. W J Gastrointest Endoscop 2014; In press
  • El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Gastric antral endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Histol Histopathol 2014; Submitted
  • El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Hausken T. Chromogranin A cells in the stomach of patients with sporadic irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2014; In press
  • Sjolund K, Ekman R, Wierup N. Covariation of plasma ghrelin and motilin in irritable bowel syndrome. Peptides 2010;31:1109-12
  • Wang SH, Dong L, Luo JY, et al. Decreased expression of serotonin in the jejunum and increased numbers of mast cells in the terminal ileum in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:6041-7
  • Park JH, Rhee PL, Kim G, et al. Enteroendocrine cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;18:539-46
  • Coates MD, Mahoney CR, Linden DR, et al. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1657-64
  • El-Salhy M, Wendelbo I, Gundersen D. Serotonin and serotonin transporter in the rectum of patients with irritable bowel disease. Mol Med Rep 2013;8:451-5
  • Wang LH, Fang XC, Pan GZ. Bacillary dysentery as a causative factor of irritable bowel syndrome and its pathogenesis. Gut 2004;53:1096-101
  • Dizdar V, Spiller R, Singh G, et al. Relative importance of abnormalities of CCK and 5-HT (serotonin) in Giardia-induced post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:883-91
  • Dunlop SP, Coleman NS, Blackshaw E, et al. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:349-57
  • Dunlop SP, Jenkins D, Neal KR, Spiller RC. Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, anxiety, and depression in postinfectious IBS. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1651-9
  • Dunlop SP, Jenkins D, Spiller RC. Distinctive clinical, psychological, and histological features of postinfective irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1578-83
  • Lee KJ, Kim YB, Kim JH, et al. The alteration of enterochromaffin cell, mast cell, and lamina propria T lymphocyte numbers in irritable bowel syndrome and its relationship with psychological factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:1689-94
  • Spiller RC, Jenkins D, Thornley JP, et al. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2000;47:804-11
  • Kim HS, Lim JH, Park H, Lee SI. Increased immunoendocrine cells in intestinal mucosa of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome patients 3 years after acute Shigella infection – an observation in a small case control study. Yonsei Med J 2010;51:45-51
  • Hotoleanu C, Popp R, Trifa AP, et al. Genetic determination of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:6636-40
  • Whorwell PJ, McCallum M, Creed FH, Roberts CT. Non-colonic features of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1986;27:37-40
  • Locke GR 3rd, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ, et al. Familial association in adults with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:907-12
  • Kalantar JS, Locke GR 3rd, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Gut 2003;52:1703-7
  • Kanazawa M, Endo Y, Whitehead WE, et al. Patients and nonconsulters with irritable bowel syndrome reporting a parental history of bowel problems have more impaired psychological distress. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:1046-53
  • Morris-Yates A, Talley NJ, Boyce PM, et al. Evidence of a genetic contribution to functional bowel disorder. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1311-17
  • Levy RL, Jones KR, Whitehead WE, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: heredity and social learning both contribute to etiology. Gastroenterology 2001;121:799-804
  • Lembo A, Zaman M, Jones M, Talley NJ. Influence of genetics on irritable bowel syndrome, gastro-oesophageal reflux and dyspepsia: a twin study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:1343-50
  • Wojczynski MK, North KE, Pedersen NL, Sullivan PF. Irritable bowel syndrome: a co-twin control analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2220-9
  • Bengtson MB, Ronning T, Vatn MH, Harris JR. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: genes and environment. Gut 2006;55:1754-9
  • Mohammed I, Cherkas LF, Riley SA, et al. Genetic influences in irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1340-4
  • Barker N, Clevers H. Tracking down the stem cells of the intestine: strategies to identify adult stem cells. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1755-60
  • Barker N, van de Wetering M, Clevers H. The intestinal stem cell. Genes Dev 2008;22:1856-64
  • Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, et al. Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature 2007;449:1003-7
  • Korinek V, Barker N, Moerer P, et al. Depletion of epithelial stem-cell compartments in the small intestine of mice lacking Tcf-4. Nat Genet 1998;19:379-83
  • Cheng H, Leblond CP. Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. V. Unitarian Theory of the origin of the four epithelial cell types. Am J Anat 1974;141:537-61
  • Le Douarin NM, Teillet MA. The migration of neural crest cells to the wall of the digestive tract in avian embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1973;30:31-48
  • Rawdon BB, Andrew A. Origin and differentiation of gut endocrine cells. Histol Histopathol 1993;8:567-80
  • Hoffman J, Kuhnert F, Davis CR, Kuo CJ. Wnts as essential growth factors for the adult small intestine and colon. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 2004;3:554-7
  • Lee CS, Kaestner KH. Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Development of gut endocrine cells. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18:453-62
  • May CL, Kaestner KH. Gut endocrine cell development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;323:70-5
  • Gunawardene AR, Corfe BM, Staton CA. Classification and functions of enteroendocrine cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Int J Exp Pathol 2011;92:219-31
  • Fishbein TM, Novitskiy G, Lough DM, et al. Rejection reversibly alters enteroendocrine cell renewal in the transplanted small intestine. Am J Transplant 2009;9:1620-8
  • Wang J, Cortina G, Wu SV, et al. Mutant neurogenin-3 in congenital malabsorptive diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2006;355:270-80
  • Spiller R, Garsed K. Infection, inflammation, and the irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:844-9
  • Spiller R, Garsed K. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1979-88
  • Spiller RC. Irritable bowel syndrome: bacteria and inflammation–clinical relevance now. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2007;10:312-21
  • Spiller RC. Role of infection in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol 2007;42(Suppl 17):41-7
  • Sarna SK. Lessons learnt from post-infectious IBS. Front Physiol 2011;2:49
  • Gwee KA. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome, an inflammation-immunological model with relevance for other IBS and functional dyspepsia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;16:30-4
  • Ghoshal UC, Park H, Gwee KA. Bugs and irritable bowel syndrome: the good, the bad and the ugly. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25:244-51
  • Halvorson HA, Schlett CD, Riddle MS. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome–a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1894-9. quiz 1942
  • Spiller R. Serotonin, inflammation, and IBS: fitting the jigsaw together? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45(Suppl 2):S115-19
  • Wheatcroft J, Wakelin D, Smith A, et al. Enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia and decreased serotonin transporter in a mouse model of postinfectious bowel dysfunction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005;17:863-70
  • Khan WI, Ghia JE. Gut hormones: emerging role in immune activation and inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;161:19-27
  • Ghia JE, Li N, Wang H, et al. Serotonin has a key role in pathogenesis of experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1649-60
  • Yang GB, Lackner AA. Proximity between 5-HT secreting enteroendocrine cells and lymphocytes in the gut mucosa of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) is suggestive of a role for enterochromaffin cell 5-HT in mucosal immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2004;146:46-9
  • Akiho H, Ihara E, Nakamura K. Low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in gastrointestinal dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010;1:97-105
  • Wouters MM, Boeckxstaens GE. Neuroimmune mechanisms in functional bowel disorders. Neth J Med 2011;69:55-61
  • El-Salhy M, Lilbo E, Reinemo A, et al. Effects of a health program comprising reassurance, diet management, probiotic administration and regular exercise on symptoms and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology Insights 2010;2:21-6
  • Whorwell PJ, Prior A, Faragher EB. Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of severe refractory irritable-bowel syndrome. Lancet 1984;2:1232-4
  • Palsson OS, Turner MJ, Johnson DA, et al. Hypnosis treatment for severe irritable bowel syndrome: investigation of mechanism and effects on symptoms. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:2605-14
  • Lindfors P, Unge P, Arvidsson P, et al. Effects of gut-directed hypnotherapy on IBS in different clinical settings-results from two randomized, controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:276-85
  • Wilson S, Maddison T, Roberts L, et al. Systematic review: the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:769-80
  • El-Salhy M, Svensen R, Hatlebakk JG, et al. Chronic constipation and treatment options (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014;9:3-8
  • Gonzalez-Martinez MA, Ortiz-Olvera NX, Mendez-Navarro J. Novel pharmacological therapies for management of chronic constipation. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014;48(1):21-8
  • Quigley EM, Vandeplassche L, Kerstens R, Ausma J. Clinical trial: the efficacy, impact on quality of life, and safety and tolerability of prucalopride in severe chronic constipation – a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29:315-28
  • Tack J, Camilleri M, Chang L, et al. Systematic review: cardiovascular safety profile of 5-HT(4) agonists developed for gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:745-67
  • Ke M, Zou D, Yuan Y, et al. Prucalopride in the treatment of chronic constipation in patients from the Asia-Pacific region: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;24:999-e541
  • Camilleri M, Van Outryve MJ, Beyens G, et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy of open-label prucalopride treatment in patients with chronic constipation - follow-up of patients from the pivotal studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:1113-23
  • Camilleri M, Beyens G, Kerstens R, et al. Safety assessment of prucalopride in elderly patients with constipation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21:1256-e1117
  • Castro J, Harrington AM, Hughes PA, et al. Linaclotide inhibits colonic nociceptors and relieves abdominal pain via guanylate cyclase-C and extracellular cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Gastroenterology 2013;145(6):1334-46. e1311
  • Rao SS, Quigley EM, Shiff SJ, et al. Effect of linaclotide on severe abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Eutamene H, Bradesi S, Larauche M, et al. Guanylate cyclase C-mediated antinociceptive effects of linaclotide in rodent models of visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22(3):312-e384
  • Bryant AP, Busby RW, Bartolini WP, et al. Linaclotide is a potent and selective guanylate cyclase C agonist that elicits pharmacological effects locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Life Sci 2010;86(19-20):760-5
  • Sood R, Ford AC. Linaclotide: new mechanisms and new promise for treatment in constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2013;4(6):268-76
  • Carballo F. Linaclotide in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation - analysis of an opportunity. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2013;105(6):345-54

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.