Wheat-related disorders reviewed: making a grain of sense

References

• Cooper BT, Holmes GK, Ferguson R, et al. Gluten-sensitive diarrhea without evidence of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1980;79(5 Pt 1):801-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volta U, Caio G, Tovoli F, De Giorgio R. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: questions still to be answered despite increasing awareness. Cell Mol Immunol 2013;10(5):383-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiGiacomo DV, Tennyson CA, Green PH, Demmer RT. Prevalence of gluten-free diet adherence among individuals without celiac disease in the USA: results from the Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013;48(8):921-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz I, Lewis NR, Hadjivassiliou M, et al. A UK study assessing the population prevalence of self-reported gluten sensitivity and referral characteristics to secondary care. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;26(1):33-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdu EF, Armstrong D, Murray JA. Between celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome: the ‘no man’s land’ of gluten sensitivity. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104(6):1587-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball AJ, Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS. Is gluten sensitivity a ‘No Man’s Land’ or a ‘Fertile Crescent’ for research? Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105(1):222-3. author reply 223-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spins: annual gluten-free sales reach $12.4 billion. (2012, Sept 18). Available from: www.celiaccentral.org/celiac-disease-in-the-news/gluten-free-sales-reach-12-billion-spins-8561/
   Google Scholar
• Research and markets: global gluten-free food market report 2014-2018 with Amy’s Kitchen, Boulder Brands, General Mills & the Hain Celestial Group dominating. (2014, May 28) Available from: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/05/28/research-and-markets-idUKnBw286292a+100+BSW20140528
   Google Scholar
• Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, et al. Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Med 2012;10:13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama N, Ichise K, Katsube T, et al. Identification of major wheat allergens by means of the Escherichia coli expression system. Eur J Biochem 1998;255(3):739-45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biesiekierski JR, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Is gluten a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in people without celiac disease? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013;13(6):631-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junker Y, Zeissig S, Kim SJ, et al. Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 2012;209(13):2395-408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalla Pellegrina C, Perbellini O, Scupoli MT, et al. Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on human gastrointestinal epithelium: insights from an experimental model of immune/epithelial cell interaction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;237(2):146-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandiford CP, Tatham AS, Fido R, et al. Identification of the major water/salt insoluble wheat proteins involved in cereal hypersensitivity. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27(10):1120-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroccio A, Mansueto P, Iacono G, et al. Non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by double-blind placebo-controlled challenge: exploring a new clinical entity. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107(12):1898-906. quiz 1907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroccio A, Mansueto P, D’Alcamo A, Iacono G. Non-celiac wheat sensitivity as an allergic condition: personal experience and narrative review. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(12):1845-52. quiz 1853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volta U, Bardella MT, Calabro A, Study Group for Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity. An Italian prospective multicenter survey on patients suspected of having non-celiac gluten sensitivity. BMC Med 2014;12:85
   Google Scholar
• Tanpowpong P, Broder-Fingert S, Katz AJ, Camargo CAJr. Predictors of gluten avoidance and implementation of a gluten-free diet in children and adolescents without confirmed celiac disease. J Pediatr 2012;161(3):471-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanpowpong P, Ingham TR, Lampshire PK, et al. Coeliac disease and gluten avoidance in New Zealand children. Arch Dis Child 2012;97(1):12-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesiekierski JR, Newnham ED, Shepherd SJ, et al. Characterization of adults with a self-diagnosis of nonceliac gluten sensitivity. Nutr Clin Pract 2014;29(4):504-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy 2014;69(8):1008-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, et al. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut 2013;62(1):43-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(5):656-76. quiz 677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustalahti K, Catassi C, Reunanen A, et al. The prevalence of celiac disease in Europe: results of a centralized, international mass screening project. Ann Med 2010;42(8):587-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio-Tapia A, Ludvigsson JF, Brantner TL, et al. The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107(10):1538-44. quiz 1537, 1545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catassi C, Anderson RP, Hill ID, et al. World perspective on celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012;55(5):494-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karell K, Louka AS, Moodie SJ, et al. HLA types in celiac disease patients not carrying the DQA1*05-DQB1*02 (DQ2) heterodimer: results from the European genetics cluster on celiac disease. Hum Immunol 2003;64(4):469-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen J, Montserrat V, Mujico JR, et al. T-cell receptor recognition of HLA-DQ2-gliadin complexes associated with celiac disease. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014;21(5):480-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AGA Institute. AGA institute medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2006;131(6):1977-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biagi F, Gobbi P, Marchese A, et al. Low incidence but poor prognosis of complicated coeliac disease: a retrospective multicentre study. Dig Liver Dis 2014;46(3):227-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabbani TA, Vanga RR, Leffler DA, et al. Celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity? An approach to clinical differential diagnosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109(5):741-6. quiz 747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Manzanares A, Lucendo AJ. Nutritional and dietary aspects of celiac disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2011;26(2):163-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravelli A, Bolognini S, Gambarotti M, Villanacci V. Variability of histologic lesions in relation to biopsy site in gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100(1):177-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravelli A, Villanacci V, Monfredini C, et al. How patchy is patchy villous atrophy?: distribution pattern of histological lesions in the duodenum of children with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105(9):2103-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper AD, Cross SS, Sanders DS. Patchy villous atrophy in adult patients with suspected gluten-sensitive enteropathy: is a multiple duodenal biopsy strategy appropriate? Endoscopy 2008;40(3):219-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (’celiac sprue’). Gastroenterology 1992;102(1):330-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberhuber G. Histopathology of celiac disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2000;54(7):368-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza GR, Villanacci V, Zambelli C, et al. Comparison of the interobserver reproducibility with different histologic criteria used in celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5(7):838-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietzak MM, Schofield TC, McGinniss MJ, Nakamura RM. Stratifying risk for celiac disease in a large at-risk United States population by using HLA alleles. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7(9):966-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coburn JA, Vande Voort JL, Lahr BD, et al. Human leukocyte antigen genetics and clinical features of self-treated patients on a gluten-free diet. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013;47(10):828-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe SE. In the clinic. Celiac disease. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:9:ITC5-1-ITC5-15; quiz ITC5-16
   Google Scholar
• Borghini R, Donato G, Di Tola M, et al. Mutatis mutandis: are we diagnosing too many people with non-celiac gluten sensitivity? Multiple case report. Turk J Gastroenterol 2014;25(3):319-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahnschaffe U, Ullrich R, Riecken EO, Schulzke JD. Celiac disease-like abnormalities in a subgroup of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2001;121(6):1329-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroccio A, Iacono G, Di Prima L, et al. Antiendomysium antibodies assay in the culture medium of intestinal mucosa: an accurate method for celiac disease diagnosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;23(11):1018-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catassi C, Fabiani E, Iacono G, et al. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to establish a safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(1):160-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong D, Don-Wauchope AC, Verdu EF. Testing for gluten-related disorders in clinical practice: the role of serology in managing the spectrum of gluten sensitivity. Can J Gastroenterol 2011;25(4):193-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubio-Tapia A, Kyle RA, Kaplan EL, et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2009;137(1):88-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwaru BI, Hickstein L, Panesar SS, et al. Prevalence of common food allergies in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2014;69(8):992-1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe S. Analysis of food allergen structures and development of foods for allergic patients. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008;72(3):649-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares-Weiser K, Takwoingi Y, Panesar SS, et al. The diagnosis of food allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2014;69(1):76-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachholz PA, Durham SR. Mechanisms of immunotherapy: IgG revisited. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;4(4):313-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmaier S, Comberiati P, Matricardi PM. Immunoglobulin G in IgE-mediated allergy and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;46(1):6-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballmer-Weber BK. Value of allergy tests for the diagnosis of food allergy. Dig Dis 2014;32(1-2):84-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeyfio A, Senthinathan A, Kandaswamy P, et al. Diagnosis and assessment of food allergy in children and young people: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2011;342:d747
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Silva D, Geromi M, Halken S, et al. Primary prevention of food allergy in children and adults: systematic review. Allergy 2014;69(5):581-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacono G, Cavataio F, Montalto G, et al. Intolerance of cow’s milk and chronic constipation in children. N Engl J Med 1998;339(16):1100-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroccio A, Scalici C, Maresi E, et al. Chronic constipation and food intolerance: a model of proctitis causing constipation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005;40(1):33-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroccio A, Di Prima L, Iacono G, et al. Multiple food hypersensitivity as a cause of refractory chronic constipation in adults. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41(4):498-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesiekierski JR, Newnham ED, Irving PM, et al. Gluten causes gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without celiac disease: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106(3):508-14. quiz 515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francavilla R, Cristofori F, Castellaneta S, et al. Clinical, serologic, and histologic features of gluten sensitivity in children. J Pediatr 2014;164(3):463-7.e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapone A, Lammers KM, Mazzarella G, et al. Differential mucosal IL-17 expression in two gliadin-induced disorders: gluten sensitivity and the autoimmune enteropathy celiac disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010;152(1):75-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volta U, Tovoli F, Cicola R, et al. Serological tests in gluten sensitivity (nonceliac gluten intolerance). J Clin Gastroenterol 2012;46(8):680-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder CJ, van Wanrooij RL, Bakker SF, et al. Gluten-free diet in gluten-related disorders. Dig Dis 2013;31(1):57-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A, et al. Markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in recent-onset psychosis and multi-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68(1):100-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Grunewald RA, et al. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet Neurol 2010;9(3):318-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz I, Sanders DS. The irritable bowel syndrome-celiac disease connection. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2012;22(4):623-37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubio-Tapia A, Rahim MW, See JA, et al. Mucosal recovery and mortality in adults with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105(6):1412-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukinen K, Partanen J, Maki M, Collin P. HLA-DQ typing in the diagnosis of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(3):695-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Fernandez-Banares F, et al. Lymphocytic enteropathy, HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype and wheat-dependent symptoms: non-celiac wheat sensitivity or Marsh I celiac disease? Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(3):451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapone A, Lammers KM, Casolaro V, et al. Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two gluten-associated conditions: celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. BMC Med 2011;9: 23-7015-9-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catassi C, Bai JC, Bonaz B, et al. Non-Celiac Gluten sensitivity: the new frontier of gluten related disorders. Nutrients 2013;5(10):3839-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bizzaro N, Tozzoli R, Villalta D, et al. Cutting-edge issues in celiac disease and in gluten intolerance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012;42(3):279-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucci C, Zingone F, Russo I, et al. Gliadin does not induce mucosal inflammation or basophil activation in patients with nonceliac gluten sensitivity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11(10):1294-1299.e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harhaj NS, Antonetti DA. Regulation of tight junctions and loss of barrier function in pathophysiology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36(7):1206-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Mariscal L, Tapia R, Chamorro D. Crosstalk of tight junction components with signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008;1778(3):729-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nusrat A, Turner JR, Madara JL. Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. IV. Regulation of tight junctions by extracellular stimuli: nutrients, cytokines, and immune cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000;279(5):G851-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, et al. In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes. PLoS Med 2006;3(9):e358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szebeni B, Veres G, Dezsofi A, et al. Increased mucosal expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45(2):187-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas KE, Sapone A, Fasano A, Vogel SN. Gliadin stimulation of murine macrophage inflammatory gene expression and intestinal permeability are MyD88-dependent: role of the innate immune response in Celiac disease. J Immunol 2006;176(4):2512-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiro N, Gonzalez-Reyes S, Gonzalez L, et al. Duodenal expression of Toll-like receptors and interleukins are increased in both children and adult celiac patients. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57(9):2278-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen EM, Jahnsen FL, Lundin KE, et al. Gluten induces an intestinal cytokine response strongly dominated by interferon gamma in patients with celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1998;115(3):551-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos-Rubio A, Santin I, Irastorza I, et al. TH17 (and TH1) signatures of intestinal biopsies of CD patients in response to gliadin. Autoimmunity 2009;42(1):69-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen D, Cheung J, Scheerens H, et al. IL-23 is essential for T cell-mediated colitis and promotes inflammation via IL-17 and IL-6. J Clin Invest 2006;116(5):1310-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris KM, Fasano A, Mann DL. Cutting edge: IL-1 controls the IL-23 response induced by gliadin, the etiologic agent in celiac disease. J Immunol 2008;181(7):4457-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman L. A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 2007;13(2):139-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RP, Degano P, Godkin AJ, et al. In vivo antigen challenge in celiac disease identifies a single transglutaminase-modified peptide as the dominant A-gliadin T-cell epitope. Nat Med 2000;6(3):337-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RP, van Heel DA, Tye-Din JA, et al. T cells in peripheral blood after gluten challenge in coeliac disease. Gut 2005;54(9):1217-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brottveit M, Beitnes AC, Tollefsen S, et al. Mucosal cytokine response after short-term gluten challenge in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(5):842-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Gastroenterology Task Force on Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Brandt LJ, Chey WD, et al. An evidence-based position statement on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104(Suppl 1):S1-35
   Google Scholar
• Sanders DS, Carter MJ, Hurlstone DP, et al. Association of adult coeliac disease with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study in patients fulfilling ROME II criteria referred to secondary care. Lancet 2001;358(9292):1504-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez-Roque MI, Camilleri M, Smyrk T, et al. A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function. Gastroenterology 2013;144(5):903-911.e3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd SJ, Lomer MC, Gibson PR. Short-chain carbohydrates and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(5):707-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett JS, Gearry RB, Muir JG, et al. Dietary poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates increase delivery of water and fermentable substrates to the proximal colon. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31(8):874-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong DK, Mitchell SB, Barrett JS, et al. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25(8):1366-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106(10):1631-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray K, Wilkinson-Smith V, Hoad C, et al. Differential effects of FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols) on small and large intestinal contents in healthy subjects shown by MRI. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109(1):110-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6(7):765-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, et al. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014;146(1):67-75.e5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wanrooij SJ, Wouters MM, Van Oudenhove L, et al. Sensitivity testing in irritable bowel syndrome with rectal capsaicin stimulations: role of TRPV1 upregulation and sensitization in visceral hypersensitivity? Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109(1):99-109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, et al. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology 2013;145(2):320-8. e1-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahdeaho ML, Kaukinen K, Laurila K, et al. Glutenase ALV003 attenuates gluten-induced mucosal injury in patients with celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2014;146(7):1649-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh J, Whelan K. Limited availability and higher cost of gluten-free foods. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011;24(5):479-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson T, Lee AR, Grace T. Gluten contamination of grains, seeds, and flours in the United States: a pilot study. J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110(6):937-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Food labeling: gluten-free labeling of foods. Final rule. Fed Regist 2013;78(150):47154-79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brottveit M, Vandvik PO, Wojniusz S, et al. Absence of somatization in non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012;47(7):770-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black JL, Orfila C. Impact of coeliac disease on dietary habits and quality of life. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011;24(6):582-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernando A, Mujico JR, Mena MC, et al. Measurement of wheat gluten and barley hordeins in contaminated oats from Europe, the United States and Canada by Sandwich R5 ELISA. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;20(6):545-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Amigo C, Popping B. Gluten and gluten-free: issues and considerations of labeling regulations, detection methods, and assay validation. J AOAC Int 2012;95(2):337-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroccio A, Campisi G, Iacono G, et al. Oral mucosa of coeliac disease patients produces antiendomysial and antitransglutaminase antibodies: the diagnostic usefulness of an in vitro culture system. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25(12):1471-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picarelli A, Di Tola M, Borghini R, et al. Colonic involvement in celiac disease and possible implications of the sigmoid mucosa organ culture in its diagnosis. J Clin Immunol 2013;33(7):1250-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe SE. Management of celiac disease: beyond the gluten-free diet. Gastroenterology 2014;146(7):1594-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar