70
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

, , , &
Pages 377-389 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Katzenstein A, Myers J. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clinical relevance of pathological classification. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.157, 1301–1315 (1998).
  • American Thoracic Society. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161(2 Pt 1), 646–664 (2000).
  • Lynch JP 3rd, Saggar R, Weigt SS, Zisman DA, White ES. Usual interstitial pneumonia. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(6), 634–651 (2006).
  • Park JH, Kim DS, Park IN et al. Prognosis of fibrotic interstitial pneumonia: idiopathic versus collagen vascular disease-related subtypes. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.175(7), 705–711 (2007).
  • American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.165(2), 277–304 (2002).
  • Lai CK, Wallace WD, Fishbein MC. Histopathology of pulmonary fibrotic disorders. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(6), 613–622 (2006).
  • Misumi S, Lynch DA. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia: imaging diagnosis, spectrum of abnormalities, and temporal progression. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 307–314 (2006).
  • Flaherty KR, Thwaite EL, Kazerooni EA et al. Radiological versus histological diagnosis in UIP and NSIP: survival implications. Thorax58(2), 143–148 (2003).
  • Bjoraker JA, Ryu JH, Edwin MK et al. Prognostic significance of histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.157(1), 199–203 (1998).
  • Flaherty KR, Travis WD, Colby TV et al. Histopathologic variability in usual and nonspecific interstitial pneumonias. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(9), 1722–1727 (2001).
  • Monaghan H, Wells AU, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Nicholson AG. Prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Chest125(2), 522–526 (2004).
  • Nicholson AG, Wells AU. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia – nobody said it’s perfect. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(9), 1553–1554 (2001).
  • Nicholson AG, Fulford LG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Wells AU. The relationship between individual histologic features and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.166(2), 173–177 (2002).
  • Nicholson AG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Wells AU. The prognostic significance of the histologic pattern of interstitial pneumonia in patients presenting with the clinical entity of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162(6), 2213–2217 (2000).
  • Travis WD, Matsui K, Moss J, Ferrans VJ. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: prognostic significance of cellular and fibrosing patterns: survival comparison with usual interstitial pneumonia and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.24(1), 19–33 (2000).
  • Visscher DW, Myers JL. Histologic spectrum of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 322–329 (2006).
  • Katzenstein AL, Fiorelli RF. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis. Histologic features and clinical significance. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.18(2), 136–147 (1994).
  • Bouros D, Nicholson AC, Polychronopoulos V, du Bois RM. Acute interstitial pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J.15(2), 412–418 (2000).
  • Lynch DA, Newell JD, Logan PM, King TE Jr, Muller NL. Can CT distinguish hypersensitivity pneumonitis from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.165(4), 807–811 (1995).
  • Flaherty KR, Toews GB, Travis WD et al. Clinical significance of histological classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J.19(2), 275–283 (2002).
  • Katzenstein AL, Zisman DA, Litzky LA, Nguyen BT, Kotloff RM. Usual interstitial pneumonia: histologic study of biopsy and explant specimens. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.26(12), 1567–1577 (2002).
  • Flaherty KR, Mumford JA, Murray S et al. Prognostic implications of physiologic and radiographic changes in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.168(5), 543–548 (2003).
  • Latsi PI, du Bois RM, Nicholson AG et al. Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: the prognostic value of longitudinal functional trends. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.168(5), 531–537 (2003).
  • Nagai S, Kitaichi M, Itoh H, Nishimura K, Izumi T, Colby T. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and BOOP. Eur. Respir. J.12, 1010–1019 (1998).
  • Thannickal VJ, Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ, Lynch JP 3rd. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: emerging concepts on pharmacotherapy. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.5(8), 1671–1686 (2004).
  • Thannickal VJ, Flaherty KR, Hyzy RC, Lynch JP 3rd. Emerging drugs for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs10(4), 707–727 (2005).
  • Selman M, Thannickal VJ, Pardo A, Zisman DA, Martinez FJ, Lynch JP 3rd. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. Drugs64(4), 405–430 (2004).
  • Martinez FJ, Flaherty K. Pulmonary function testing in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 315–321 (2006).
  • Yokoyama A, Kondo K, Nakajima M et al. Prognostic value of circulating KL-6 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology11(2), 164–168 (2006).
  • Greene KE, King TE Jr, Kuroki Y et al. Serum surfactant proteins-A and -D as biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J.19(3), 439–446 (2002).
  • Takahashi H, Shiratori M, Kanai A, Chiba H, Kuroki Y, Abe S. Monitoring markers of disease activity for interstitial lung diseases with serum surfactant proteins A and D. Respirology11(Suppl.), S51–S54 (2006).
  • Martinez FJ, Safrin S, Weycker D et al. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann. Intern. Med.142(12 Pt 1), 963–967 (2005).
  • Douglas WW, Ryu JH, Schroeder DR. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: impact of oxygen and colchicine, prednisone, or no therapy on survival. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161, 1172–1178 (2000).
  • Collard HR, King TE Jr, Bartelson BB, Vourlekis JS, Schwarz MI, Brown KK. Changes in clinical and physiologic variables predict survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.168(5), 538–542 (2003).
  • Gribbin J, Hubbard RB, Le Jeune I, Smith CJ, West J, Tata LJ. Incidence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Thorax61(11), 980–985 (2006).
  • Coultas DB, Zumwalt RE, Black WC, Sobonya RE. The epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.150(4), 967–972 (1994).
  • Hubbard R, Johnston I, Coultas DB, Britton J. Mortality rates from cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in seven countries. Thorax51(7), 711–716 (1996).
  • Scott J, Johnston I, Britton J. What causes cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis? A case–control study of environmental exposure to dust. BMJ301(6759), 1015–1017 (1990).
  • Harris JM, Cullinan P, McDonald JC. Occupational distribution and geographic clustering of deaths certified to be cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in England and Wales. Chest119(2), 428–433 (2001).
  • Iwai K, Mori T, Yamada N, Yamaguchi M, Hosoda Y. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Epidemiologic approaches to occupational exposure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.150(3), 670–675 (1994).
  • Mannino DM, Etzel RA, Parrish RG. Pulmonary fibrosis deaths in the United States, 1979–1991. An analysis of multiple-cause mortality data. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.153(5), 1548–1552 (1996).
  • Johnston ID, Prescott RJ, Chalmers JC, Rudd RM. British Thoracic Society study of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: current presentation and initial management. Fibrosing Alveolitis Subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Thorax52(1), 38–44 (1997).
  • Thomas AQ, Lane K, Phillips J 3rd et al. Heterozygosity for a surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with usual interstitial pneumonitis and cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in one kindred. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.165(9), 1322–1328 (2002).
  • Fan LL, Kozinetz CA. Factors influencing survival in children with chronic interstitial lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.156(3 Pt 1), 939–942 (1997).
  • Taskar VS, Coultas DB. Is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis an environmental disease? Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 293–298 (2006).
  • Billings CG, Howard P. Hypothesis: exposure to solvents may cause fibrosing alveolitis. Eur. Respir. J.7(6), 1172–1176 (1994).
  • Tobin RW, Pope CE 2nd, Pellegrini CA, Emond MJ, Sillery J, Raghu G. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.158(6), 1804–1808 (1998).
  • Raghu G, Freudenberger TD, Yang S et al. High prevalence of abnormal acid gastro–oesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J.27(1), 136–142 (2006).
  • Sweet MP, Patti MG, Leard LE et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis referred for lung transplantation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.133(4), 1078–1084 (2007).
  • Raghu G, Yang ST, Spada C, Hayes J, Pellegrini CA. Sole treatment of acid gastroesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a case series. Chest129(3), 794–800 (2006).
  • Patti MG, Tedesco P, Golden J et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: how often is it really idiopathic? J. Gastrointest. Surg.9(8), 1053–1058 (2005).
  • D’Ovidio F, Singer LG, Hadjiliadis D et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in end-stage lung disease candidates for lung transplant. Ann. Thorac. Surg.80(4), 1254–1260 (2005).
  • Sweet MP, Herbella FA, Leard L et al. The prevalence of distal and proximal gastroesophageal reflux in patients awaiting lung transplantation. Ann. Surg.244(4), 491–497 (2006).
  • du Bois RM. Genetic factors in pulmonary fibrotic disorders. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(6), 581–588 (2006).
  • Steele MP, Speer MC, Loyd JE et al. Clinical and pathologic features of familial interstitial pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.172(9), 1146–1152 (2005).
  • Grutters JC, du Bois RM. Genetics of fibrosing lung diseases. Eur. Respir. J.25(5), 915–927 (2005).
  • Armanios MY, Chen JJ, Cogan JD et al. Telomerase mutations in families with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med.356(13), 1317–1326 (2007).
  • Marshall RP, Puddicombe A, Cookson WO, Laurent GJ. Adult familial cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in the United Kingdom. Thorax55(2), 143–146 (2000).
  • Loyd JE. Pulmonary fibrosis in families. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol.29(3 Suppl.), S47–S50 (2003).
  • Doherty MJ, Pearson MG, O’Grady EA, Pellegrini V, Calverley PM. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis with preserved lung volumes. Thorax52(11), 998–1002 (1997).
  • Cottin V, Nunes H, Brillet PY et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur. Respir. J.26(4), 586–593 (2005).
  • King TE Jr, Tooze JA, Schwarz MI, Brown KR, Cherniack RM. Predicting survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: scoring system and survival model. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(7), 1171–1181 (2001).
  • Cherniack RM, Colby TV, Flint A et al. Correlation of structure and function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.151(4), 1180–1188 (1995).
  • Daniil ZD, Gilchrist FC, Nicholson AG et al. A histologic pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is associated with a better prognosis than usual interstitial pneumonia in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.160(3), 899–905 (1999).
  • Lama VN, Flaherty KR, Toews GB et al. Prognostic value of desaturation during a 6-minute walk test in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.168(9), 1084–1090 (2003).
  • Hallstrand TS, Boitano LJ, Johnson WC, Spada CA, Hayes JG, Raghu G. The timed walk test as a measure of severity and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J.25(1), 96–103 (2005).
  • Flaherty KR, Andrei AC, Murray S et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prognostic value of changes in physiology and six-minute-walk test. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.174(7), 803–809 (2006).
  • Hubbard R, Johnston I, Britton J. Survival in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. A population-based cohort study. Chest113, 396–400 (1998).
  • Mogulkoc N, Brutsche MH, Bishop PW, Greaves SM, Horrocks AW, Egan JJ. Pulmonary function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and referral for lung transplantation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(1), 103–108 (2001).
  • King TE Jr, Safrin S, Starko KM et al. Analyses of efficacy end points in a controlled trial of interferon-γ1b for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest127(1), 171–177 (2005).
  • Jegal Y, Kim DS, Shim TS et al. Physiology is a stronger predictor of survival than pathology in fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.171(6), 639–644 (2005).
  • Raghu G, Brown KK, Bradford WZ et al. A placebo-controlled trial of interferon γ-1b in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med.350(2), 125–133 (2004).
  • Lynch DA, Godwin JD, Safrin S et al. High-resolution computed tomography in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and prognosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.172(4), 488–493 (2005).
  • Flaherty KR, Toews GB, Lynch JP 3rd et al. Steroids in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective assessment of adverse reactions, response to therapy, and survival. Am. J. Med.110(4), 278–282 (2001).
  • Kawut SM, O’Shea MK, Bartels MN, Wilt JS, Sonett JR, Arcasoy SM. Exercise testing determines survival in patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease evaluated for lung transplantation. Respir. Med.99(11), 1431–1439 (2005).
  • Lederer DJ, Arcasoy SM, Wilt JS, D’Ovidio F, Sonett JR, Kawut SM. Six-minute-walk distance predicts waiting list survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.174(6), 659–664 (2006).
  • Eaton T, Young P, Milne D, Wells AU. Six-minute walk, maximal exercise tests: reproducibility in fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.171(10), 1150–1157 (2005).
  • Elliot TL, Lynch DA, Newell JD Jr et al. High-resolution computed tomography features of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.29(3), 339–345 (2005).
  • Xaubet A, Agusti C, Luburich P et al. Pulmonary function tests and CT scan in the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.158, 431–436 (1998).
  • Sumikawa H, Johkoh T, Ichikado K et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia and chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: analysis of CT appearance in 92 patients. Radiology241(1), 258–266 (2006).
  • MacDonald SL, Rubens MB, Hansell DM et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia: comparative appearances at and diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT. Radiology221(3), 600–605 (2001).
  • Hunninghake GW, Lynch DA, Galvin JR et al. Radiologic findings are strongly associated with a pathologic diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia. Chest124(4), 1215–1223 (2003).
  • Souza CA, Muller NL, Lee KS, Johkoh T, Mitsuhiro H, Chong S. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: prevalence of mediastinal lymph node enlargement in 206 patients. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.186(4), 995–999 (2006).
  • Franquet T, Gimenez A, Alegret X, Rodriguez-Arias JM. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: the effect of steroid therapy on the prevalence of nodal enlargement. Clin. Radiol.53(6), 435–438 (1998).
  • Wells AU, Hansell DM, Rubens MB, Cailes JB, Black CM, du Bois RM. Functional impairment in lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis: a comparison. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.155(5), 1657–1664 (1997).
  • Wells AU, King AD, Rubens MB, Cramer D, du Bois RM, Hansell DM. Lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a functional-morphologic correlation based on extent of disease on thin-section computed tomography. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.155(4), 1367–1375 (1997).
  • Brantly M, Avila NA, Shotelersuk V, Lucero C, Huizing M, Gahl WA. Pulmonary function and high-resolution CT findings in patients with an inherited form of pulmonary fibrosis, Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, due to mutations in HPS-1. Chest117(1), 129–136 (2000).
  • Wells AU, Rubens MB, du Bois RM, Hansell DM. Functional impairment in fibrosing alveolitis: relationship to reversible disease on thin section computed tomography. Eur. Respir. J.10(2), 280–285 (1997).
  • Hartman TE, Primack SL, Kang EY et al. Disease progression in usual interstitial pneumonia compared with desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Assessment with serial CT. Chest110(2), 378–382 (1996).
  • Gay SE, Kazerooni EA, Toews GB et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: predicting response to therapy and survival. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.157(4 Pt 1), 1063–1072 (1998).
  • Wells AU, Desai SR, Rubens MB et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a composite physiologic index derived from disease extent observed by computed tomography. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.167(7), 962–969 (2003).
  • Watters LC, King TE, Schwarz MI, Waldron JA, Stanford RE, Cherniack RM. A clinical, radiographic, and physiologic scoring system for the longitudinal assessment of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.133(1), 97–103 (1986).
  • Ryu YJ, Chung MP, Han J et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Respir. Med.101(3), 655–660 (2007).
  • Drent M, van Nierop MA, Gerritsen FA, Wouters EF, Mulder PG. A computer program using BALF-analysis results as a diagnostic tool in interstitial lung diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.153(2), 736–741 (1996).
  • Meissner HH, Soo Hoo GW, Khonsary SA, Mandelkern M, Brown CV, Santiago SM. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evaluation with positron emission tomography. Respiration73(2), 197–202 (2006).
  • Nadrous HF, Pellikka PA, Krowka MJ et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest128(4), 2393–2399 (2005).
  • Ghofrani HA, Wiedemann R, Rose F et al. Sildenafil for treatment of lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet360(9337), 895–900 (2002).
  • Nathan SD, Noble PW, Tuder RM. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: connecting the dots. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.175(9), 875–880 (2007).
  • Nathan SD, Shlobin OA, Ahmad S, Urbanek S, Barnett SD. Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary function testing in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest131(3), 657–663 (2007).
  • Zisman DA, Ross DJ, Belperio JA et al. Prediction of pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med.101, 2153–2159 (2007).
  • Lettieri CJ, Nathan SD, Barnett SD, Ahmad S, Shorr AF. Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest129(3), 746–752 (2006).
  • Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Ferrari VA et al. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.167(5), 735–740 (2003).
  • Zisman DA, Karlamangla AS, Ross DJ et al. High-resolution chest computed tomography findings do not predict the presence of pulmonary hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest132, 773–779 (2007).
  • Galie N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med.353(20), 2148–2157 (2005).
  • Collard HR, Anstrom KJ, Schwarz MI, Zisman DA. Sildenafil improves walk distance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest131(3), 897–899 (2007).
  • Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ et al. Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med.346(12), 896–903 (2002).
  • Daniels CE, Ryu JH. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(6), 668–676 (2006).
  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J. Clin.56(2), 106–130 (2006).
  • Hubbard R, Venn A, Lewis S, Britton J. Lung cancer and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. A population-based cohort study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161(1), 5–8 (2000).
  • Kumar P, Goldstraw P, Yamada K et al. Pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer: risk and benefit analysis of pulmonary resection. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.125(6), 1321–1327 (2003).
  • Kawasaki H, Nagai K, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, Nishiwaki Y. Postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival in lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Surg. Oncol.81(1), 33–37 (2002).
  • Vourlekis JS, Brown KK, Cool CD et al. Acute interstitial pneumonitis. Case series and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore)79(6), 369–378 (2000).
  • Swigris JJ, Brown KK. Acute interstitial pneumonia and acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(6), 659–667 (2006).
  • Parambil JG, Myers JL, Ryu JH. Histopathologic features and outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing surgical lung biopsy. Chest128(5), 3310–3315 (2005).
  • Kim DS, Park JH, Park BK, Lee JS, Nicholson AG, Colby T. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: frequency and clinical features. Eur. Respir. J.27(1), 143–150 (2006).
  • Churg A, Muller NL, Silva CI, Wright JL. Acute exacerbation (acute lung injury of unknown cause) in UIP and other forms of fibrotic interstitial pneumonias. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.31(2), 277–284 (2007).
  • Collard HR, Moore BB, Flaherty KR et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.176(7), 636–643 (2007).
  • Ambrosini V, Cancellieri A, Chilosi M et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: report of a series. Eur. Respir. J.22(5), 821–826 (2003).
  • Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Esteban A. Epidemiology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(4), 327–336 (2006).
  • Rice AJ, Wells AU, Bouros D et al. Terminal diffuse alveolar damage in relation to interstitial pneumonias. An autopsy study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.119(5), 709–714 (2003).
  • Al-Hameed FM, Sharma S. Outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Can. Respir. J.11(2), 117–122 (2004).
  • Suh GY, Kang EH, Chung MP et al. Early intervention can improve clinical outcome of acute interstitial pneumonia. Chest129(3), 753–761 (2006).
  • Zisman DA, Lynch JP 3rd, Toews GB, Kazerooni EA, Flint A, Martinez FJ. Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective study in patients who failed to respond to corticosteroids. Chest117(6), 1619–1626 (2000).
  • Lynch JP 3rd, White E, Flaherty K. Corticosteroids in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med.7(5), 298–308 (2001).
  • Lynch JP III, McCune WJ. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic pharmacotherapy for pulmonary disorders. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.155(2), 395–420 (1997).
  • Demedts M, Behr J, Buhl R et al. High-dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med.353(21), 2229–2242 (2005).
  • Azuma A, Nukiwa T, Tsuboi E et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.171(9), 1040–1047 (2005).
  • Kubo H, Nakayama K, Yanai M et al. Anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest128(3), 1475–1482 (2005).
  • Schermuly RT, Dony E, Ghofrani HA et al. Reversal of experimental pulmonary hypertension by PDGF inhibition. J. Clin. Invest.115(10), 2811–2821 (2005).
  • Ask K, Martin GE, Kolb M, Gauldie J. Targeting genes for treatment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: challenges and opportunities, promises and pitfalls. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 389–393 (2006).
  • Nathan SD, Saggar R, Lynch JP III. Lung transplantation for interstitial lung disorders. In: Lung and Heart–Lung Transplantation. Lynch JP III, Ross D (Eds). Taylor and Francis, NY, USA 217, 165–204 (2006).
  • International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates. The American Society for Transplant Physicians (ASTP)/American Thoracic Society(ATS)/European Respiratory Society(ERS)/International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.158(1), 335–339 (1998).
  • Meyer DM, Edwards LB, Torres F, Jessen ME, Novick RJ. Impact of recipient age and procedure type on survival after lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis. Ann. Thorac. Surg.79(3), 950–958 (2005).
  • Lynch JP 3rd, Saggar R, Weigt SS, Ross DJ, Belperio JA. Overview of lung transplantation and criteria for selection of candidates. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(5), 441–469 (2006).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.