Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine Volume 7, 2013 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
489
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Elisabeth APM Romme Catharina Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands. [email protected]; Catharina Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands. [email protected]
,
Frank WJM Smeenk Catharina Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Catharina Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
,
Erica PA Rutten Program Development Centre, Centre of expertise for chronic organ failure (CIRO), PO Box 4080, 6080 AB Haelen, The Netherlands; Program Development Centre, Centre of expertise for chronic organ failure (CIRO), PO Box 4080, 6080 AB Haelen, The Netherlands
&
Emiel FM Wouters Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
Pages 397-410 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Agusti AG. COPD, a multicomponent disease: implications for management. Respir. Med. 99(6), 670–682 (2005).
  • Agusti A, Calverley PM, Celli B et al. Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir. Res. 11, 122 (2010).
  • Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agusti AG et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GOLD Executive Summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 187(4), 347–365 (2012).
  • Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 28(3), 523–532 (2006).
  • Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 3(11), e442 (2006).
  • Barnes PJ, Shapiro SD, Pauwels RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Eur. Respir. J. 22(4), 672–688 (2003).
  • Divo M, Cote C, de Torres JP et al. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 186(2), 155–161 (2012).
  • Patel AR, Hurst JR. Extrapulmonary comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: state of the art. Expert. Rev. Respir. Med. 5(5), 647–662 (2011).
  • Lehouck A, Boonen S, Decramer M, Janssens W. COPD, bone metabolism and osteoporosis Chest 139(3), 648–657 (2011).
  • Myers AH, Robinson EG, Van Natta ML, Michelson JD, Collins K, Baker SP. Hip fractures among the elderly: factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134(10), 1128–1137 (1991).
  • Lyles KW, Gold DT, Shipp KM, Pieper CF, Martinez S, Mulhausen PL. Association of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with impaired functional status. Am. J. Med. 94(6), 595–601 (1993).
  • Graat-Verboom L, van den Borne BE, Smeenk FW, Spruit MA, Wouters EF. Osteoporosis in COPD outpatients based on bone mineral density and vertebral fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 26(3), 561–568 (2011).
  • Leech JA, Dulberg C, Kellie S, Pattee L, Gay J. Relationship of lung function to severity of osteoporosis in women. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141(1), 68–71 (1990).
  • Graat-Verboom L, Wouters EF, Smeenk FW, van den Borne BE, Lunde R, Spruit MA. Current status of research on osteoporosis in COPD: a systematic review. Eur. Respir. J. 34(1), 209–218 (2009).
  • Schnell K, Weiss CO, Lee T et al. The prevalence of clinically-relevant comorbid conditions in patients with physician-diagnosed COPD: a cross-sectional study using data from NHANES 1999–2008. BMC Pulm. Med. 12, 26 (2012).
  • Kjensli A, Falch JA, Ryg M et al. High prevalence of vertebral deformities in COPD patients: relationship to disease severity. Eur. Respir. J. 33(5), 1018–1024 (2009).
  • Papaioannou A, Parkinson W, Ferko N et al. Prevalence of vertebral fractures among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Canada. Osteoporos. Int. 14(11), 913–917 (2003).
  • Maggi S, Siviero P, Gonnelli S et al. Osteoporosis risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the EOLO study. J. Clin. Densitom. 12(3), 345–352 (2009).
  • Gonnelli S, Caffarelli C, Maggi S et al. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids and beta(2) agonists on vertebral fracture risk in COPD patients: the EOLO study. Calcif. Tissue Int. 87(2), 137–143 (2010).
  • Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality – the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(21), 2250–2261 (2006).
  • Hofbauer LC, Heufelder AE. Role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin in bone cell biology. J. Mol. Med. 79(5–6), 243–253 (2001).
  • Glass DA, Karsenty G. Canonical Wnt signaling in osteoblasts is required for osteoclast differentiation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1068, 117–130 (2006).
  • Sandhu SK, Hampson G. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, investigation and management of osteoporosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 64(12), 1042–1050 (2011).
  • Hardy R, Cooper MS. Bone loss in inflammatory disorders. J. Endocrinol. 201(3), 309–320 (2009).
  • Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S et al. International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2007 adult and pediatric official positions. Bone 43(6), 1115–1121 (2008).
  • Link TM. Osteoporosis imaging: state of the art and advanced imaging. Radiology 263(1), 3–17 (2012).
  • Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA 285(3), 320–323 (2001).
  • Genant HK, Wu CY, van KC, Nevitt MC. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J. Bone Miner. Res. 8(9), 1137–1148 (1993).
  • Ito M. Recent progress in bone imaging for osteoporosis research. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 29(2), 131–140 (2011).
  • Romme EA, Murchison JT, Phang KF et al. Bone attenuation on routine chest CT correlates with bone mineral density on DXA in patients with COPD. J. Bone Miner. Res. 27(11), 2338–2343 (2012).
  • Kulak CA, Borba VC, Jorgetti V et al. Skeletal microstructural abnormalities in postmenopausal women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25(9), 1931–1940 (2010).
  • Papaioannou A, Kennedy CC, Cranney A et al. Risk factors for low BMD in healthy men age 50 years or older: a systematic review. Osteoporos. Int. 20(4), 507–518 (2009).
  • Waugh EJ, Lam MA, Hawker GA et al. Risk factors for low bone mass in healthy 40–60 year old women: a systematic review of the literature. Osteoporos. Int. 20(1), 1–21 (2009).
  • Romme EA, Rutten EP, Smeenk FW, Spruit MA, Menheere PP, Wouters EF. Vitamin D status is associated with bone mineral density and functional exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Med. 45(1), 91–96 (2012).
  • Loke YK, Cavallazzi R, Singh S. Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Thorax 66(8), 699–708 (2011).
  • Weinstein RS. Clinical practice. Glucocorticoid-induced bone disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 365(1), 62–70 (2011).
  • Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E. FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos. Int. 19(4), 385–397 (2008).
  • Afonso AS, Verhamme KM, Sturkenboom MC, Brusselle GG. COPD in the general population: prevalence, incidence and survival. Respir. Med. 105(12), 1872–1884 (2011).
  • Faner R, Rojas M, MacNee W, Agusti A. Abnormal lung aging in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 186(4), 306–313 (2012).
  • Lee J, Sandford A, Man P, Sin DD. Is the aging process accelerated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 17(2), 90–97 (2011).
  • Nadeem A, Raj HG, Chhabra SK. Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflammation 29(1), 23–32 (2005).
  • Savale L, Chaouat A, Bastuji-Garin S et al. Shortened telomeres in circulating leukocytes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 179(7), 566–571 (2009).
  • Syed FA, Ng AC. The pathophysiology of the aging skeleton. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 8(4), 235–240 (2010).
  • Boskey AL, Coleman R. Aging and bone. J. Dent. Res. 89(12), 1333–1348 (2010).
  • Sturnieks DL, St GR, Lord SR. Balance disorders in the elderly. Neurophysiol. Clin. 38(6), 467–478 (2008).
  • Nguyen ND, Pongchaiyakul C, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Identification of high-risk individuals for hip fracture: a 14-year prospective study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(11), 1921–1928 (2005).
  • Ward KD, Klesges RC. A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif. Tissue Int. 68(5), 259–270 (2001).
  • Yoon V, Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K. The effects of smoking on bone metabolism. Osteoporos. Int. 23(8), 2081–2092 (2012).
  • Cawthon PM. Gender differences in osteoporosis and fractures. Clin. Orthop. Relat Res. 469(7), 1900–1905 (2011).
  • Ekstrom MP, Jogreus C, Strom KE. Comorbidity and sex-related differences in mortality in oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS ONE 7(4), e35806 (2012).
  • Almagro P, Lopez GF, Cabrera F et al. Comorbidity and gender-related differences in patients hospitalized for COPD. The ECCO study. Respir. Med. 104(2), 253–259 (2010).
  • Kaufman JM, Reginster JY, Boonen S et al. Treatment of osteoporosis in men. Bone 53(1), 134–144 (2013).
  • Graat-Verboom L, Spruit MA, van den Borne BE et al. Correlates of osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An underestimated systemic component. Respir. Med. 103(8), 1143–1151 (2009).
  • Silva DR, Coelho AC, Dumke A et al. Osteoporosis prevalence and associated factors in patients with COPD: a cross-sectional study. Respir. Care 56(7), 961–968 (2011).
  • Ferguson GT, Calverley PM, Anderson JA et al. Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: results from the TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health study. Chest 136(6), 1456–1465 (2009).
  • Sin DD, Man JP, Man SF. The risk of osteoporosis in Caucasian men and women with obstructive airways disease. Am. J. Med. 114(1), 10–14 (2003).
  • Lekamwasam S, Trivedi DP, Khaw KT. An association between respiratory function and bone mineral density in women from the general community: a cross sectional study. Osteoporos. Int. 13(9), 710–715 (2002).
  • Bon J. Does radiographic emphysema correlate with low bone mineral density? Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 18(2), 125–130 (2012).
  • Engelen MP, Schols AM, Lamers RJ, Wouters EF. Different patterns of chronic tissue wasting among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Nutr. 18(5), 275–280 (1999).
  • Bon J, Fuhrman CR, Weissfeld JL et al. Radiographic emphysema predicts low bone mineral density in a tobacco-exposed cohort. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 183(7), 885–890 (2011).
  • Ohara T, Hirai T, Muro S et al. Relationship between pulmonary emphysema and osteoporosis assessed by CT in patients with COPD. Chest 134(6), 1244–1249 (2008).
  • MacNee W. Systemic inflammatory biomarkers and co-morbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Med. (2012).
  • Garcia-Rio F, Miravitlles M, Soriano JB et al. Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based study. Respir. Res. 11, 63 (2010).
  • Gan WQ, Man SF, Senthilselvan A, Sin DD. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 59(7), 574–580 (2004).
  • Sinden NJ, Stockley RA. Systemic inflammation and comorbidity in COPD: a result of 'overspill' of inflammatory mediators from the lungs? Review of the evidence. Thorax 65(10), 930–936 (2010).
  • Liang B, Feng Y. The association of low bone mineral density with systemic inflammation in clinically stable COPD. Endocrine. 42(1), 190–195 (2012).
  • Bai P, Sun Y, Jin J et al. Disturbance of the OPG/RANK/RANKL pathway and systemic inflammation in COPD patients with emphysema and osteoporosis. Respir. Res. 12, 157 (2011).
  • Redlich K, Smolen JS. Inflammatory bone loss: pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 11(3), 234–250 (2012).
  • Kneidinger N, Yildirim AO, Callegari J et al. Activation of the WNT/beta-catenin pathway attenuates experimental emphysema. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 183(6), 723–733 (2011).
  • Kiyokawa H, Muro S, Oguma T et al. Impact of COPD exacerbations on osteoporosis assessed by chest CT scan. COPD. 9(3), 235–242 (2012).
  • Nguyen TV, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Bone loss, physical activity, and weight change in elderly women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiol Study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 13(9), 1458–1467 (1998).
  • Gustavsson A, Olsson T, Nordstrom P. Rapid loss of bone mineral density of the femoral neck after cessation of ice hockey training: a six-year longitudinal study in males. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18(11), 1964–1969 (2003).
  • Vorrink SN, Kort HS, Troosters T, Lammers JW. Level of daily physical activity in individuals with COPD compared with healthy controls. Respir. Res. 12, 33 (2011).
  • Nishimura Y, Nakata H, Tsutsumi M, Maeda H, Yokoyama M. Relationship between changes of bone mineral content and twelve-minute walking distance in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a longitudinal study. Intern. Med. 36(7), 450–453 (1997).
  • Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ et al. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev. (7), CD000333 (2011).
  • Polidoulis I, Beyene J, Cheung AM. The effect of exercise on pQCT parameters of bone structure and strength in postmenopausal women – a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos. Int. 23(1), 39–51 (2012).
  • Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev. 9, CD007146 (2012).
  • De KD, Smulders E, Weerdesteyn V, Smits-Engelsman BC. Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos. Int. 20(12), 2111–2125 (2009).
  • Wouters EF, Franssen FM, Spruit MA. Survival and physical activity in COPD: a giant leap forward! Chest 140(2), 279–281 (2011).
  • Waschki B, Kirsten A, Holz O et al. Physical activity is the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with COPD: a prospective cohort study. Chest 140(2), 331–342 (2011).
  • Lau RY, Guo X. A review on current osteoporosis research: with special focus on disuse bone loss. J. Osteoporos. 2011, 293808 (2011).
  • Schols AM, Mostert R, Soeters PB, Wouters EF. Body composition and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 46(10), 695–699 (1991).
  • Mostert R, Goris A, Weling-Scheepers C, Wouters EF, Schols AM. Tissue depletion and health related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 94(9), 859–867 (2000).
  • Vestbo J, Prescott E, Almdal T et al. Body mass, fat-free body mass, and prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from a random population sample: findings from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 173(1), 79–83 (2006).
  • Bolton CE, Cannings-John R, Edwards PH et al. What community measurements can be used to predict bone disease in patients with COPD? Respir. Med. 102(5), 651–657 (2008).
  • Reid IR. Fat and bone. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 503(1), 20–27 (2010).
  • Franssen FM, O'Donnell DE, Goossens GH, Blaak EE, Schols AM. Obesity and the lung: 5. Obesity and COPD. Thorax 63(12), 1110–1117 (2008).
  • Franssen FM, Wouters EF, Schols AM. The contribution of starvation, deconditioning and ageing to the observed alterations in peripheral skeletal muscle in chronic organ diseases. Clin. Nutr. 21(1), 1–14 (2002).
  • Bolton CE, Ionescu AA, Shiels KM et al. Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 170(12), 1286–1293 (2004).
  • Coin A, Sergi G, Marin S et al. Predictors of low bone mineral density in elderly males with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of body mass index. Aging Male 13(2), 142–147 (2010).
  • Wouters EF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5: systemic effects of COPD. Thorax 57(12), 1067–1070 (2002).
  • Kaji H. Linkage between muscle and bone: common catabolic signals resulting in osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab Care (2013).
  • Persson LJ, Aanerud M, Hiemstra PS, Hardie JA, Bakke PS, Eagan TM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with low levels of vitamin d. PLoS ONE 7(6), e38934 (2012).
  • Janssens W, Bouillon R, Claes B et al. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in COPD and correlates with variants in the vitamin D-binding gene. Thorax 65(3), 215–220 (2010).
  • Forli L, Halse J, Haug E et al. Vitamin D deficiency, bone mineral density and weight in patients with advanced pulmonary disease. J. Intern. Med. 256(1), 56–62 (2004).
  • Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 357(3), 266–281 (2007).
  • Kong J, Chen Y, Zhu G, Zhao Q, Li YC. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 upregulates leptin expression in mouse adipose tissue. J. Endocrinol. 216(2), 265–271 (2013).
  • van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. The epidemiol of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos. Int. 13(10), 777–787 (2002).
  • Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A et al. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19(6), 893–899 (2004).
  • McEvoy CE, Ensrud KE, Bender E et al. Association between corticosteroid use and vertebral fractures in older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 157(3 Pt 1), 704–709 (1998).
  • Walsh LJ, Wong CA, Oborne J et al. Adverse effects of oral corticosteroids in relation to dose in patients with lung disease. Thorax 56(4), 279–284 (2001).
  • Lee TA, Weiss KB. Fracture risk associated with inhaled corticosteroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 169(7), 855–859 (2004).
  • den UD, Bultink IE, Lems WF. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 29(5 Suppl 68), S93–S98 (2011).
  • Boutou AK, Pitsiou GG, Stanopoulos I, Kontakiotis T, Kyriazis G, Argyropoulou P. Levels of inflammatory mediators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with anemia of chronic disease: a case–control study. QJM 105(7), 657–663 (2012).
  • John M, Hoernig S, Doehner W, Okonko DD, Witt C, Anker SD. Anemia and inflammation in COPD. Chest 127(3), 825–829 (2005).
  • Chambellan A, Chailleux E, Similowski T. Prognostic value of the hematocrit in patients with severe COPD receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Chest 128(3), 1201–1208 (2005).
  • John M, Lange A, Hoernig S, Witt C, Anker SD. Prevalence of anemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: comparison to other chronic diseases. Int. J. Cardiol. 111(3), 365–370 (2006).
  • Rutten EP, Franssen FM, Spruit MA, Wouters EF. Anemia is associated with bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD 10(3), 286–292 (2012).
  • Korkmaz U, Korkmaz N, Yazici S et al. Anemia as a risk factor for low bone mineral density in postmenopausal Turkish women. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 23(2), 154–158 (2012).
  • Chen Z, Thomson CA, Aickin M et al. The relationship between incidence of fractures and anemia in older multiethnic women. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 58(12), 2337–2344 (2010).
  • Cesari M, Pahor M, Lauretani F et al. Bone density and hemoglobin levels in older persons: results from the InCHIANTI study. Osteoporos. Int. 16(6), 691–699 (2005).
  • Fujimoto H, Fujimoto K, Ueda A, Ohata M. Hypoxemia is a risk factor for bone mass loss. J. Bone Miner. Metab 17(3), 211–216 (1999).
  • Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 370(9588), 657–666 (2007).
  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 293(18), 2257–2264 (2005).
  • Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, O’Connell DL. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev. (3), CD000227 (2005).
  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC et al. Effect of vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 291(16), 1999–2006 (2004).
  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 339, b3692 (2009).
  • van den Bergh JP, Bours SP, van Geel TA, Geusens PP. Optimal use of vitamin D when treating osteoporosis. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 9(1), 36–42 (2011).
  • Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Sambrook PN, Grey A. Calcium supplementation: balancing the cardiovascular risks. Maturitas 69(4), 289–295 (2011).
  • Papapoulos SE, Quandt SA, Liberman UA, Hochberg MC, Thompson DE. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of alendronate for the prevention of hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 16(5), 468–474 (2005).
  • Miller PD. Bisphosphonates for the prevention and treatment of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporos. Int. 12 Suppl. 3, S3–S10 (2001).
  • Lecart MP, Reginster JY. Current options for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert. Opin. Pharmacother. 12(16), 2533–2552 (2011).
  • O’Donnell S, Cranney A, Wells GA, Adachi JD, Reginster JY. Strontium ranelate for preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), CD005326 (2006).
  • Saag KG, Shane E, Boonen S et al. Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 357(20), 2028–2039 (2007).
  • Murad MH, Drake MT, Mullan RJ et al. Clinical review. Comparative effectiveness of drug treatments to prevent fragility fractures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(6), 1871–1880 (2012).
  • Cummings SR, San MJ, McClung MR et al. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(8), 756–765 (2009).
  • Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK et al. American College of Rheumatology 2010 recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 62(11), 1515–1526 (2010).
  • Mets OM, de Jong PA, Prokop M. Computed tomographic screening for lung cancer: an opportunity to evaluate other diseases. JAMA 308(14), 1433–1434 (2012).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.