A review of the use of adjunctive therapies in severe acute asthma exacerbation in critically ill children

References

• Global surveillance, prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases: a comprehensive approach. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2007
   Google Scholar
• Pocket guide for asthma management and prevention: Global initiative for asthma; 2012
   Google Scholar
• Matthew Masoli DF, Shaun H, Richard B. Global burden of asthma. Medical Research Institute of New Zealand Wellington, New Zealand and University of Southampton; UK
   Google Scholar
• National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2010 Summary Tables. CDC; GA, USA: 2010
   Google Scholar
• Lara J, Akinbami JEM, Cathy B, et al. Trends in asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality in the United States, 2001–2010. US Department of health and human services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2012
   Google Scholar
• Hartman ME, Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC, Watson RS. Trends in admissions for pediatric status asthmaticus in New Jersey over a 15-year period. Pediatrics 2010;126(4):e904-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton SL, Odetola FO, McCollegan J, et al. Regional variation in ICU care for pediatric patients with asthma. J Pediatr 2005;147(3):355-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newth CJ, Meert KL, Clark AE, et al. Fatal and near-fatal asthma in children: the critical care perspective. J Pediatr 2012;161(2):214-21. e213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill VL, Wood PR. Asthma epidemiology, pathophysiology, and initial evaluation. Pediatr Rev 2009;30(9):331-5. quiz 335-336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maffei FA, van der Jagt EW, Powers KS, et al. Duration of mechanical ventilation in life-threatening pediatric asthma: description of an acute asphyxial subgroup. Pediatrics 2004;114(3):762-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenyon N, Zeki AA, Albertson TE, Louie S. Definition of critical asthma syndromes. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asthma GIf. NIH National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3. 2013
   Google Scholar
• Jeremy Howick BP, Chris B, Dave S, et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine - Levels of Evidence. 2009
   Google Scholar
• Dunnett J, Nayler WG. Calcium efflux from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum: Effects of calcium and magnesium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1978;10(5):487-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bois P. Effect of magnesium deficiency on mast cells and urinary histamine in rats. Br J Exp Pathol 1963;44:151-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Castillo J, Engbaek L. The nature of the neuromuscular block produced by magnesium. J Physiol 1954;124(2):370-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okayama H, Aikawa T, Okayama M, et al. Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate in bronchial asthma. JAMA 1987;257(8):1076-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarfone RJ, Loiselle JM, Joffe MD, et al. A randomized trial of magnesium in the emergency department treatment of children with asthma. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36(6):572-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarallo L, Brousseau D, Reinert S. Higher-dose intravenous magnesium therapy for children with moderate to severe acute asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154(10):979-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciarallo L, Sauer AH, Shannon MW. Intravenous magnesium therapy for moderate to severe pediatric asthma: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 1996;129(6):809-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devi PR, Kumar L, Singhi SC, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute severe asthma not responding to conventional therapy. Indian Pediatr 1997;34(5):389-97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gurkan F, Haspolat K, Bosnak M, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulphate in the management of moderate to severe acute asthmatic children nonresponding to conventional therapy. Eur J Emerg Med 1999;6(3):201-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh AK, Gaur S, Kumar R. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous magnesium sulphate as an adjunct to standard therapy in acute severe asthma. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008;7(4):221-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheuk DK, Chau TC, Lee SL. A meta-analysis on intravenous magnesium sulphate for treating acute asthma. Arch Dis Child 2005;90(1):74-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres S, Sticco N, Bosch JJ, et al. Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate as initial treatment of acute severe asthma in children, conducted in a tertiary-level university hospital: a randomized, controlled trial. Arch Argent Pediatr 2012;110(4):291-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egelund TA, Wassil SK, Edwards EM, et al. High-dose magnesium sulfate infusion protocol for status asthmaticus: a safety and pharmacokinetics cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2013;39(1):117-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover ML, Machado C, Totapally BR. Magnesium sulfate administered via continuous intravenous infusion in pediatric patients with refractory wheezing. J Crit Care 2002;17(4):255-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irazuzta J, Egelund T, Wassil SK, Hampp C. Feasibility of short-term infusion of magnesium sulfate in pediatric patients with status asthmaticus. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2012;17(2):150-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahajan P, Haritos D, Rosenberg N, Thomas R. Comparison of nebulized magnesium sulfate plus albuterol to nebulized albuterol plus saline in children with acute exacerbations of mild to moderate asthma. J Emerg Med 2004;27(1):21-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell C, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Lowe J, et al. Magnesium sulphate in acute severe asthma in children (MAGNETIC): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1(4):301-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khashabi J AS, Karamiyar M, Salari Lak S. Comparison of magnesium sulfate to normal saline as a vehicle for nebulized salbutamol in children with acute asthma: a clinical trial. [Abstract] In: European Respiratory Society Annual Congress; Berlin, Germany: 2008
   Google Scholar
• Meral A, Coker M, Tanac R. Inhalation therapy with magnesium sulfate and salbutamol sulfate in bronchial asthma. Turk J Pediatr 1996;38(2):169-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell C, Dwan K, Milan SJ, et al. Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:CD003898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell C, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Lowe J, et al. MAGNEsium Trial In Children (MAGNETIC): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial and economic evaluation of nebulised magnesium sulphate in acute severe asthma in children. Health Technol Assess 2013;17(45):1-216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers TR. Use of heliox in children. Respir Care 2006;51(6):619-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta VK, Cheifetz IM. Heliox administration in the pediatric intensive care unit: an evidence-based review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005;6(2):204-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter ER, Webb CR, Moffitt DR. Evaluation of heliox in children hospitalized with acute severe asthma. A randomized crossover trial. Chest 1996;109(5):1256-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mink SN, Wood LD. How does HeO2 increase maximum expiratory flow in human lungs? J Clin Invest 1980;66(4):720-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsini AJ, Stefano JL, Leef KH, et al. Heliox improves pulmonary mechanics in a pediatric porcine model of induced severe bronchospasm and independent lung mechanical ventilation. Crit Care 1999;3(2):65-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim IK, Phrampus E, Venkataraman S, et al. Helium/oxygen-driven albuterol nebulization in the treatment of children with moderate to severe asthma exacerbations: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2005;116(5):1127-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudukis TM, Manthous CA, Schmidt GA, et al. Inhaled helium-oxygen revisited: effect of inhaled helium-oxygen during the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. J Pediatr 1997;130(2):217-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigham MT, Jacobs BR, Monaco MA, et al. Helium/oxygen-driven albuterol nebulization in the management of children with status asthmaticus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010;11(3):356-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera ML, Kim TY, Stewart GM, et al. Albuterol nebulized in heliox in the initial ED treatment of pediatric asthma: a blinded, randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med 2006;24(1):38-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo G, Pollack C, Rodrigo C, Rowe BH. Heliox for nonintubated acute asthma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(4):CD002884
   Google Scholar
• Strauss RE, Wertheim DL, Bonagura VR, Valacer DJ. Aminophylline therapy does not improve outcome and increases adverse effects in children hospitalized with acute asthmatic exacerbations. Pediatrics 1994;93(2):205-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell IA, Middleton WG, McHardy GJ, et al. Interaction between isoprenaline and aminophylline in asthma. Thorax 1977;32(4):424-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miech RP, Niedzwicki JG, Smith TR. Effect of theophylline on the binding of camp to soluble protein from tracheal smooth muscle. Biochem Pharmacol 1979;28(24):3687-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrobin DF, Manku MS, Franks DJ, Hamet P. Methyl xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors behave as prostaglandin antagonists in a perfused rat mesenteric artery preparation. Prostaglandins 1977;13(1):33-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter E, Cruz M, Chesrown S, et al. Efficacy of intravenously administered theophylline in children hospitalized with severe asthma. J Pediatr 1993;122(3):470-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler DS, Jacobs BR, Kenreigh CA, et al. Theophylline versus terbutaline in treating critically ill children with status asthmaticus: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005;6(2):142-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milgrom H, Bender B. Current issues in the use of theophylline. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147(6 Pt 2):S33-9
   Google Scholar
• Ballester E, Reyes A, Roca J, et al. Ventilation-perfusion mismatching in acute severe asthma: effects of salbutamol and 100% oxygen. Thorax 1989;44(4):258-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montserrat JM, Barbera JA, Viegas C, et al. Gas exchange response to intravenous aminophylline in patients with a severe exacerbation of asthma. Eur Respir J 1995;8(1):28-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra A, Bassler D, Goodman K, et al. Intravenous aminophylline for acute severe asthma in children over two years receiving inhaled bronchodilators. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005(2):CD001276
   Google Scholar
• Yung M, South M. Randomised controlled trial of aminophylline for severe acute asthma. Arch Dis Child 1998;79(5):405-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Avila RS, Piva JP, Marostica PJ, Amantea SL. Early administration of two intravenous bolus of aminophylline added to the standard treatment of children with acute asthma. Respir Med 2008;102(1):156-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira SE, Lotufo JP, Ejzenberg B, Okay Y. Efficacy of IV aminophylline as a supplemental therapy in moderate broncho-obstructive crisis in infants and preschool children. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2000;13(4):189-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson WE, Bierman CW, Stamm SJ, VanArsdel PP. Double-blind trial of aminophylline in status asthmaticus. Pediatrics 1971;48(4):642-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuhoglu Y, Dai A, Barlan IB, Basaran MM. Efficacy of aminophylline in the treatment of acute asthma exacerbation in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998;80(5):395-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn D, Kalloghlian A, Jenkins J, et al. Intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care Med 1984;12(10):892-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams S, Seaton A. Intravenous or inhaled salbutamol in severe acute asthma? Thorax 1977;32(5):555-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne GJ, Penna AS, Phung X, Soo M. Randomised trial of intravenous salbutamol in early management of acute severe asthma in children. Lancet 1997;349(9048):301-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne GJ, Lam LT. Single-dose intravenous salbutamol bolus for managing children with acute severe asthma in the emergency department: reanalysis of data. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2002;3(2):117-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiang VW, Burns JP, Rifai N, et al. Cardiac toxicity of intravenous terbutaline for the treatment of severe asthma in children: a prospective assessment. J Pediatr 2000;137(1):73-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis LM, Ferguson I, House SL, et al. Albuterol Administration Is Commonly Associated With Increases In Serum Lactate In Asthmatics Treated for Acute Exacerbation of Asthma. Chest 2013;145(1):53-9
   Google Scholar
• Travers AH, Milan SJ, Jones AP, et al. Addition of intravenous beta(2)-agonists to inhaled beta(2)-agonists for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:CD010179
   Google Scholar
• Bogie AL, Towne D, Luckett PM, et al. Comparison of intravenous terbutaline versus normal saline in pediatric patients on continuous high-dose nebulized albuterol for status asthmaticus. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007;23(6):355-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers AH, Jones AP, Camargo CA Jr, et al. Intravenous beta(2)-agonists versus intravenous aminophylline for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:CD010256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts G, Newsom D, Gomez K, et al. Intravenous salbutamol bolus compared with an aminophylline infusion in children with severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2003;58(4):306-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambleton G, Stone MJ. Comparison of IV salbutamol with IV aminophylline in the treatment of severe, acute asthma in childhood. Arch Dis Child 1979;54(5):391-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Guideline on Management of Asthma. A National Clinical Guideline. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, British Thoracic Society, National Health Service; 2009
   Google Scholar
• Babl FE, Sheriff N, Borland M, et al. Paediatric acute asthma management in Australia and New Zealand: practice patterns in the context of clinical practice guidelines. Arch Dis Child 2008;93(4):307-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer MM. Ketamine hydrochloride in severe bronchospasm. Anaesthesia 1977;32(8):771-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock MJ, Reyes de la Rocha S, L’Hommedieu CS, Truemper E. Use of ketamine in asthmatic children to treat respiratory failure refractory to conventional therapy. Crit Care Med 1986;14(5):514-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts EK, Parkin CE. Use of ketamine in an asthmatic child: a case report. Anesth Analg 1971;50(3):420-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal S, Agrawal A. Ketamine in status asthmaticus: a review. Indian J Crit Care Med 2013;17(3):154-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirota K, Sato T, Rabito SF, et al. Relaxant effect of ketamine and its isomers on histamine-induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle. Br J Anaesth 1996;76(2):266-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankikian B, Cantineau JP, Sartene R, et al. Ventilatory pattern and chest wall mechanics during ketamine anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 1986;65(5):492-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pabelick CM, Jones KA, Street K, et al. Calcium concentration-dependent mechanisms through which ketamine relaxes canine airway smooth muscle. Anesthesiology 1997;86(5):1104-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Hirota K, Matsuki A, et al. The role of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor in the relaxant effect of ketamine on tracheal smooth muscle. Anesth Analg 1998;87(6):1383-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef-Ahmed MZ, Silver P, Nimkoff L, Sagy M. Continuous infusion of ketamine in mechanically ventilated children with refractory bronchospasm. Intensive Care Med 1996;22(9):972-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y, Chen TL, Sheu JR, Chen RM. Suppressive effects of ketamine on macrophage functions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005;204(1):27-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jat KR, Chawla D. Ketamine for management of acute exacerbations of asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;11:CD009293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen JY, Macias CG. The efficacy of ketamine in pediatric emergency department patients who present with acute severe asthma. Ann Emerg Med 2005;46(1):43-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrillo TM, Fortenberry JD, Linzer JF, Simon HK. Emergency department use of ketamine in pediatric status asthmaticus. J Asthma 2001;38(8):657-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehama J, Pass R, Bechtler-Karsch A, et al. Continuous ketamine infusion for the treatment of refractory asthma in a mechanically ventilated infant: case report and review of the pediatric literature. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996;12(4):294-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaschetto R, Bellotti E, Turucz E, et al. Inhalational anesthetics in acute severe asthma. Curr Drug Targets 2009;10(9):826-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner DA, Heitz D, Cooper MK, et al. Isoflurane for life-threatening bronchospasm: a 15-year single-center. experience. Respir Care 2012;57(11):1857-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar V, Churchwell KB, Deshpande JK. Isoflurane therapy for severe refractory status asthmaticus in children. Intensive Care Med 2006;32(6):927-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Char DS, Ibsen LM, Ramamoorthy C, Bratton SL. Volatile anesthetic rescue therapy in children with acute asthma: innovative but costly or just costly? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14(4):343-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggi JC, Nussbaum E, Babbitt C, et al. Pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy as adjunctive therapy in acute asthma with respiratory failure. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012;47(12):1180-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman NE, Dalton HJ. Extracorporeal life support for status asthmaticus: the breath of life that’s often forgotten. Crit Care 2009;13(2):136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebbar KB, Petrillo-Albarano T, Coto-Puckett W, et al. Experience with use of extracorporeal life support for severe refractory status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care 2009;13(2):R29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton SL, Newth CJ, Zuppa AF, et al. Critical care for pediatric asthma: wide care variability and challenges for study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012;13(4):407-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll CL, Sala KA. Pediatric status asthmaticus. Crit Care Clin 2013;29(2):153-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 3 NAEaPPEPR. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Carroll CL, Schramm CM. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;96(3):454-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thill PJ, McGuire JK, Baden HP, et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in children with lower airway obstruction. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004;5(4):337-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akingbola OA, Simakajornboon N, Hadley EF Jr, Hopkins RL. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2002;3(2):181-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayordomo-Colunga J, Medina A, Rey C, et al. Non-invasive ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus: a prospective observational study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011;46(10):949-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabato K, Hanson JH. Mechanical ventilation for children with status asthmaticus. Respir Care Clin N Am 2000;6(1):171-88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schutte D, Zwitserloot AM, Houmes R, et al. Sevoflurane therapy for life-threatening asthma in children. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(6):967-70
   Google Scholar
• Trial of terbutaline for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Available from: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT00124995&Search=Search
   Google Scholar
• Inhaled magnesium in refractory pediatric acute asthma. Available from: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT01429415&Search=Search
   Google Scholar
• Carroll CL, Sala KA, Zucker AR, Schramm CM. Beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms associated with length of ICU stay in pediatric status asthmaticus. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012;47(3):233-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The genetics of severe asthma in children. Available from: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT01238432&Search=Search
   Google Scholar
• Aravantagi A, Patra KP, Shekar S, Scott LK. Pumpless arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal: a novel simplified strategy for severe asthma in children. Indian J Crit Care Med 2011;15(4):224-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conrad SA, Green R, Scott LK. Near-fatal pediatric asthma managed with pumpless arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal. Crit Care Med 2007;35(11):2624-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bien JP, Bloom MD, Evans RL, et al. Intravenous theophylline in pediatric status asthmaticus. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Pediatr 1995;34(9):475-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needleman JP, Kaifer MC, Nold JT, et al. Theophylline does not shorten hospital stay for children admitted for asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149(2):206-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiGiulio GA, Kercsmar CM, Krug SE, et al. Hospital treatment of asthma: lack of benefit from theophylline given in addition to nebulized albuterol and intravenously administered corticosteroid. J Pediatr 1993;122(3):464-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne GJ, Trieu L, Van Asperen P. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous salbutamol and nebulized ipratropium bromide in early management of severe acute asthma in children presenting to an emergency department. Crit Care Med 2002;30(2):448-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhi S BA, Chopra K, Grover S. Randomised comparison of magnesium sulphate, terbutaline and aminophylline infusion in acute severe asthma in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011;12(Suppl 3):A1(P562)
   Google Scholar