Use of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: improving efficacy

References

• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2016 [cited 2016 Jan 16]. Available from: www.goldcopd.com/
   Google Scholar
• Jen R, Rennard SI, Sin DD. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:587–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward C, Reid DW, Orsida BE, et al. Inter-relationships between airway inflammation, reticular basement membrane thickening and bronchial hyper-reactivity to methacholine in asthma; a systematic bronchoalveolar lavage and airway biopsy analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(12):1565–1571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani A, Reid D, Sohal S, et al. Basement membrane and vascular remodelling in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional study. Respir Res. 2010;11(1):105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feltis BN, Wignarajah D, Zheng L, et al. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor and receptors: relationship to angiogenesis in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(11):1201–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal SS, Ward C, Walters EH. Importance of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in COPD and asthma. Thorax. 2014;69(8):768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani A, Muller HK, Sohal SS, et al. Distinctive characteristics of bronchial reticular basement membrane and vessel remodelling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in asthma: they are not the same disease. Histopathology. 2012;60(6):964–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeisberg M, Neilson EG. Biomarkers for epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(6):1429–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal SS, Reid D, Soltani A, et al. Evaluation of epithelial mesenchymal transition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2011;12:130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nowrin K, Sohal SS, Peterson G, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a fundamental underlying pathogenic process in COPD airways: fibrosis, remodeling and cancer. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2014;8(5):547–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal SS, Soltani A, Reid D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in large airway samples in COPD: an exploratory proof of concept study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:533–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia S, Cardillo I, Lavorini F, et al. Safety considerations of inhaled corticosteroids in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(11):787–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalby C, Polanowski T, Larsson T, et al. The bioavailability and airway clearance of the steroid component of budesonide/formoterol and salmeterol/fluticasone after inhaled administration in patients with COPD and healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Respir Res. 2009;10(1):104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, et al., editors. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Sibila O, Soto-Gomez N, Restrepo MI. The risk and outcomes of pneumonia in patients on inhaled corticosteroids. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015;32:130–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelaia G, Muzzio CC, Vatrella A, et al. Pharmacological basis and scientific rationale underlying the targeted use of inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist combinations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(13):2009–2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ. Corticosteroid effects on cell signalling. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(2):413–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal SS, Reid D, Soltani A, et al. Changes in airway histone deacetylase2 in smokers and COPD with Inhaled corticosteroids: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang IA, Clarke MS, Sim EH, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;7:CD002991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horita N, Miyazawa N, Tomaru K, et al. Long-acting muscarinic antagonist + long-acting beta agonist versus long-acting beta agonist + inhaled corticosteroid for COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology. 2015;20(8):1153–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers J, Marsh S, Caldwell B, et al. External validity of randomized controlled trials in COPD. Respir Med. 2007;101(6):1313–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon AS, Campitelli MA, Croxford R, et al. Combination long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids compared with long-acting beta-agonists alone in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Jama. 2014;312(11):1114–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musher DM, Thorner AR. Community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1619–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Pugh JA, et al. COPD is associated with increased mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(2):346–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney L, Berry M, Singanayagam A, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(11):919–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montull B, Menéndez R, Torres A, et al. Predictors of severe sepsis among patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0145929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):775–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerden M. Prevention of death in COPD. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(21):2212; author reply 2213–2214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Seemungal TA, et al. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardos P, Wencker M, Glaab T, et al. Impact of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate versus salmeterol on exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(2):144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzueto A, Ferguson GT, Feldman G, et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50) on COPD exacerbations and impact on patient outcomes. COPD. 2009;6(5):320–329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferguson GT, Anzueto A, Fei R, et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50 microg) or salmeterol (50 microg) on COPD exacerbations. Respir Med. 2008;102(8):1099–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo MJ, Au DH, Fitzgibbon ML, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of pneumonia in newly diagnosed COPD. Respir Med. 2010;104(2):246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton J, Luna Y, Wong KS, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in medicare patients with COPD. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(12):1959–1967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst P, Gonzalez AV, Brassard P, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(2):162–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Patenaude V, Lapi F, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk of serious pneumonia. Thorax. 2013;68(11):1029–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin DD, Tashkin D, Zhang X, et al. Budesonide and the risk of pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2009;374(9691):712–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janson C, Larsson K, Lisspers KH, et al. Pneumonia and pneumonia related mortality in patients with COPD treated with fixed combinations of inhaled corticosteroid and long acting beta2 agonist: observational matched cohort study (PATHOS). BMJ. 2013;346:f3306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharafkhaneh A, Southard JG, Goldman M, et al. Effect of budesonide/formoterol pmdi on COPD exacerbations: a double-blind, randomized study. Respir Med. 2012;106(2):257–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kew KM, Seniukovich A. Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD010115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singanayagam A, Chalmers JD, Akram AR, et al. Impact of inhaled corticosteroid use on outcome in COPD patients admitted with pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2011;38(1):36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen D, Restrepo MI, Fine MJ, et al. Observational study of inhaled corticosteroids on outcomes for COPD patients with pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(3):312–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malo De Molina R, Mortensen EM, Restrepo MI, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid use is associated with lower mortality for subjects with COPD and hospitalised with pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(4):751–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loke YK, Kwok CS, Wong JM, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mortality from pneumonia: meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(5):477–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellares J, Lopez-Giraldo A, Lucena C, et al. Influence of previous use of inhaled corticoids on the development of pleural effusion in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(11):1241–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum CA, Nigro N, Briel M, et al. Adjunct prednisone therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9977):1511–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liapikou A, Toumbis M, Torres A. Managing the safety of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk of pneumonia. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(8):1237–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matera MG, Cardaci V, Cazzola M, et al. Safety of inhaled corticosteroids for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(4):533–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcha DS, Thurston SJ, Patel AR, et al. Changes in prevalence and load of airway bacteria using quantitative pcr in stable and exacerbated COPD. Thorax. 2012;67(12):1075–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singanayagam A, Chalmers JD. Budesonide and risk of pneumonia. Lancet (London, England). 2009;374(9707):2050; author reply 2051–2052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singanayagam A, Glanville N, Bartlett N, et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate on virus-induced airways inflammation and anti-viral immune responses in mice. Lancet. 2015;385(Suppl 1):S88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cate TR. Impact of influenza and other community-acquired viruses. Semin Respir Infect. 1998;13(1):17–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolberg VR, McCubbrey AL, Freeman CM, et al. Glucocorticoid-augmented efferocytosis inhibits pulmonary pneumococcal clearance in mice by reducing alveolar macrophage bactericidal function. J Immunol. 2015;195(1):174–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandya D, Puttanna A, Balagopal V. Systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids: an overview. Open Respir Med J. 2014;8:59–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods CP, Argese N, Chapman M, et al. Adrenal suppression in patients taking inhaled glucocorticoids is highly prevalent and management can be guided by morning cortisol. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(5):633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson GT, Calverley PM, Anderson JA, et al. Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: results from the towards a revolution in COPD health study. Chest. 2009;136(6):1456–1465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loke YK, Cavallazzi R, Singh S. Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Thorax. 2011;66(8):699–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DP, Watkins SE, Sampson T, et al. Long-term use of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol fixed-dose combination and incidence of cataracts and glaucoma among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in the UK general practice research database. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:467–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherall M, Clay J, James K, et al. Dose-response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids and cataracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology. 2009;14(7):983–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uboweja A, Malhotra S, Pandhi P. Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on risk of development of cataract: a meta-analysis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2006;20(3):305–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tashkin DP, Murray HE, Skeans M, et al. Skin manifestations of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD patients: results from Lung Health Study II. Chest. 2004;126(4):1123–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Kezouh A, Ernst P. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risks of diabetes onset and progression. Am J Med. 2010;123(11):1001–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lung Health Study Research Group. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(26):1902–1909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Byrne PM, Rennard S, Gerstein H, et al. Risk of new onset diabetes mellitus in patients with asthma or COPD taking inhaled corticosteroids. Respir Med. 2012;106(11):1487–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn RW, MacDonald TM, Hapca A, et al. Quantifying the real life risk profile of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD by record linkage analysis. Respir Res. 2014;15:141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarad NA, Wedzicha JA, Burge PS, et al. An observational study of inhaled corticosteroid withdrawal in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ISOLDE Study Group. Respir Med. 1999;93(3):161–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury AB, Dawson CM, Kilvington HE, et al. Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in people with COPD in primary care: a randomised controlled trial. Respir Res. 2007;8:93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Valk P, Monninkhof E, Van Der Palen J, et al. Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPE study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1358–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wouters EF, Postma DS, Fokkens B, et al. Withdrawal of fluticasone propionate from combined salmeterol/fluticasone treatment in patients with COPD causes immediate and sustained disease deterioration: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2005;60(6):480–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Guerriero M, Corrado A. Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids can be safe in COPD patients at low risk of exacerbation: a real-life study on the appropriateness of treatment in moderate COPD patients (OPTIMO). Respir Res. 2014;15:77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Van Der Molen T, Olmo RD, et al. INSTEAD: a randomised switch trial of indacaterol versus salmeterol/fluticasone in moderate COPD. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(6):1548–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnussen H, Disse B, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14):1285–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz LIZ, Postma DS, Klooster K, et al. Relapse in Fev1 decline after steroid withdrawal in COPD. Chest. 2015;148(2):389–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Coulombe J, Ernst P. Discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk reduction of pneumonia. Chest. 2015;148(5):1177–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh F, Shaw JG, Savarimuthu Francis SM, et al. Personalizing and targeting therapy for COPD - the role of molecular and clinical biomarkers. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2013;7(6):593–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff PG, Agusti A, Roche N, et al. Current concepts in targeting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pharmacotherapy: making progress towards personalised management. Lancet (London, England). 2015;385(9979):1789–1798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman ED, Reddel HK, Van Zyl-Smit RN, et al. The asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: towards a revised taxonomy of chronic airways diseases? Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(9):719–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma DS, Rabe KF. The asthma- COPD overlap syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(13):1241–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingleton J, Travers J, Williams M, et al. Treatment responsiveness of phenotypes of symptomatic airways obstruction in adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(3):601–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(6):662–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brightling CE, Monteiro W, Ward R, et al. Sputum eosinophilia and short-term response to prednisolone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;356(9240):1480–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, et al. Sputum eosinophilia and the short term response to inhaled mometasone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(3):193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkhof M, Freeman D, Jones R, et al. Respiratory effectiveness group. predicting frequent COPD exacerbations using primary care data. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;9(10):2439–2450.
   Google Scholar
• Bafadhel M, Davies L, Calverley PM, et al. Blood eosinophil guided prednisolone therapy for exacerbations of COPD: a further analysis. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(3):789–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe S, Locantore N, Dransfield MT, et al. Blood eosinophil counts, exacerbations, and response to the addition of inhaled fluticasone furoate to vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a secondary analysis of data from two parallel randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(6):435–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavord ID, Lettis S, Locantore N, et al. Blood eosinophils and inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting Β-2 agonist efficacy in COPD. Thorax. 2016;71(2):118–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw JG, Vaughan A, Dent AG, et al. Biomarkers of progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(11):1532–1547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berge M, Steiling K, Timens W, et al. Airway gene expression in COPD is dynamic with inhaled corticosteroid treatment and reflects biological pathways associated with disease activity. Thorax. 2014;69(1):14–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budulac SE, Postma DS, Hiemstra PS, et al. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and lung function decline with or without long-term corticosteroids treatment in COPD. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;696(1–3):136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WJ, Sheen SS, Kim T-H, et al. Association between Crhr1 polymorphism and improved lung function in response to inhaled corticosteroid in patients with COPD. Respirology. 2009;14(2):260–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pragman AA, Kim HB, Reilly CS, et al. The lung microbiome in moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YJ, Boushey HA. The sputum microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(Suppl 2):S176–S180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang IA, Vaughan A. How microRNAs orchestrate the lung’s biological responses. Respirology. 2015;20(8):1149–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overington JD, Huang YC, Abramson MJ, et al. Implementing clinical guidelines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: barriers and solutions. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(11):1586–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar