References
- WHO. World Malaria Report 2013. World Health Organization; Geneva: 2013
- Cotter C, Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, et al. The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges. Lancet 2013;382:900-11
- Greenwood BM, Fidock DA, Kyle DE, et al. Malaria: progress, perils, and prospects for eradication. J Clin Invest 2008;118:1266-76
- Bousema T, Drakeley C. Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011;24:377-410
- White NJ. Primaquine to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria. Lancet 2013;13:175-81
- Okell LC, Bousema T, Griffin JT, et al. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun 2012;3:1237
- Baird JK. Eliminating malaria-all of them. Lancet 2010;376:1883-5
- Recht J, Ashley E, White N. Safety of 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial medicines. World Health Organization; Geneva; 2014
- Cappellini MD, Fiorelli G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Lancet 2008;371:64-74
- Mueller O, Mockenhaupt FP, Marks B, et al. Haemolysis risk in methylene blue treatment of G6PD-sufficient and G6PD-deficient West-African children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a synopsis of four RCTs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013;22:376-85
- Shanks GD, Oloo AJ, Aleman GM, et al. A new primaquine analogue, tafenoquine (WR 238605), for prophylaxis against plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1968-74
- Guttmann P, Ehrlich P. Ueber die wirkung des methylen-blau bei malaria. Berlin Klin Wochenschr 1891;28:953-6
- Avula B, Tekwani BL, Chaurasiya ND. Profiling primaquine metabolites in primary human hepatocytes using UHPLC-QTOF-MS with 13C stable isotope labeling. J Mass Spec 2013;48:276-85
- Medicines for Malaria Venture Project Portfolio. Available from: http://www.mmv.org/research-development/rd-portfolio [Last accessed 7 July 2014]
- WHO Working Group. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Bull World Health Organ 1989;67:601-11
- Howes RE, Piel FB, Patil AP, et al. G6PD deficiency prevalence and estimates of affected populations in malaria endemic countries: a geostatistical model-based map. PLoS Med 2012;9:e1001339
- Leslie T, Briceño M, Mayan I, et al. The impact of phenotypic and genotypic G6PD deficiency on risk of plasmodium vivax infection: a case-control study amongst Afghan refugees in Pakistan. PLoS Med 2010;7:e1000283
- Ruwende C, Khoo SC, Snow RW, et al. Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria. Nature 1995;376:246-9
- Graves PM, Gelbrand H, Garner P. Primaquine for reducing Plasmodium falciparum transmission (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;9:CD008152
- Graves PM, Gelbrand H, Garner P. Primaquine or other 8-aminoquinoline for reducing P. falciparum transmission (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;6:CD008152
- Howes RE, Battle KE, Satyagraha AW, et al. G6PD deficiency: global distribution, genetic variants and primaquine therapy. Adv Parasitol 2013;81:133-201
- White NJ, Qiao LG, Qi G, Luzzatto L. Rationale for recommending a lower dose of primaquine as a Plasmodium falciparum gametocytocide in populations where G6PD deficiency is common. Malar J 2012;11:418
- Rieckmann KH, McNamara JV, Frischer H, et al. Gametocytocidal and sporontocidal effects of primaquine and of sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine in a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Bull World Health Organ 1968;38:625-32
- Updated WHO Policy Recommendation, October. 2012. Available from: http://www.who.int/malaria/pq_updated_policy_recommendation_en_102012.pdf [Last accessed 7 July 2014]
- Pharmacokinetic study of primaquine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in healthy subjects. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01525511
- Primaquine’s gametocytocidal efficacy in malaria asymptomatic carriers (PRINOGAM). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01838902
- Low dose primaquine for clearance of gametocytes (LOPRIM). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01935882
- The optimal timing of primaquine to prevent malaria transmission after artemisinin-combination therapy. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01906788
- Antimalarial drug resistance with assessment of transmission blocking activity. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01849640
- Evaluation of the gametocytocidal efficacy and safety of primaquine in uncomplicated falciparum malaria in uganda. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01365598
- Eziefula AC, Bousema T, Yeung S, et al. Single dose primaquine for clearance of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in children with uncomplicated malaria in Uganda: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, dose-ranging trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:130-9
- Bennett JW, Pybus BS, Yadava A, et al. Primaquine failure and cytochrome P-450 2D6 in Plasmodium vivax malaria. N Engl J Med 2013;269:1381-2
- Pybus BS, Marcsisin SR, Jin X, et al. The metabolism of primaquine to its active metabolite is dependent on CYP 2D6. Malar J 2013;12:212
- Shekalaghe SA, ter Braak R, Daou M, et al. In Tanzania, hemolysis after a single dose of primaquine coadministered with an artemisinin is not restricted to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient (G6PD A-) Individuals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:1762-8
- Shekalaghe S, Drakeley C, Gosling R, et al. Primaquine clears submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes that persist after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and artesunate. PLoS One 2007;10:e1023
- Cui L, Yan G, Sattabongkot J, et al. Challenges and prospects for malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Acta Trop 2012;121:240-5
- Fernando D, Rodrigo C, Rajapakse S. Primaquine in vivax malaria: an update and review on management issues. Malar J 2011;10:351
- Eziefula AC, Gosling RG, Hwang J, et al. Rationale for short course primaquine in Africa to interrupt malaria transmission. Malar J 2012;11:360
- Howes RE, Dewi M, Piel FB, et al. Spatial distribution of G6PD deficiency variants across malaria-endemic regions. Malaria J 2013;12:418
- Pharmacokinetic study of primaquine and pyronaridine-artesunate in healthy subjects. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01552330
- Pharmacokinetic study of primaquine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in healthy subjects. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01525511
- Johnston GL, Gething PW, Hay SI, et al. Modeling within-host effects of drugs on Plasmodium falciparum transmission and prospects for malaria elimination. PLoS Comput 2014;10:e1003434