365
Views
81
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current understanding of Kounis syndrome

Pages 777-788 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Pfister CW, Plice SG. Acute myocardial infarction during a prolonged allergic reaction to penicillin. Am. Heart J.40, 945–947 (1950).
  • Kounis NG, Zavras GM. Histamine-induced coronary artery spasm: the concept of allergic angina. Br. J. Clin. Pract.45, 121–128 (1991).
  • Kovanen PT, Kaartinen M, Paavonen T. Infiltrates of activated mast cells at the site of coronary atheromatous erosion or rupture in myocardial infarction. Circulation92, 1084–1088 (1995).
  • Braunwald E. Allergic reactions with mediators such as histamine or leukotrienes acting on coronary smooth muscle can induce vasospastic angina. Circulation98, 2219 (1998).
  • Kounis NG. Kounis syndrome (allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction): a natural paradigm? Int. J. Cardiol.7, 7–14 (2006).
  • Kounis NG, Kounis GN, Kouni SN, Soufras GD, Niarchos C, Mazarakis A. Allergic reactions following implantation of drug-eluting stents: a manifestation of Kounis syndrome? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.48, 592–593 (2006).
  • Biteker M, Duran NE, Ertürk E et al. Kounis syndrome secondary to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid use in a child. Int. J. Cardiol.24, e3–e5 (2009).
  • Biteker M, Ekşi Duran N, Sungur Biteker F et al. Allergic myocardial infarction in childhood: Kounis syndrome. Eur. J. Pediatr.169, 27–29 (2010).
  • Krishnaswamy G, Kelley J, Johnson D et al. The human mast cell: functions in physiology and disease. Front. Biosci.6, 1109–1127 (2001).
  • Kirshenbaum AS, Goff JP, Kessler SW et al. Effect of IL-3 and stem cell factor on the appearance of human basophils and mast cells from CD34+ pluripotent progenitor cells. J. Immunol.148, 772–777 (1992).
  • Metcalfe DD, Baram D, Mekori YA. Mast cells. Physiol. Rev.77, 1033–1079 (1997).
  • Benoist C, Mathis D. Mast cells in autoimmune disease. Nature420, 875–878 (2002).
  • Garbuzenko E, Nagler A, Pickholtz D et al. Human mast cells stimulate fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis and lattice contraction: a direct role for mast cells in skin fibrosis. Clin. Exp. Allergy32, 237–246 (2002).
  • Church MK, Levi-Schaffer F. The human mast cell. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.2, 155–160 (1997).
  • Frangogiannis NG, Burns AR, Michael LH, Entman ML. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of canine cardiac mast cells. Histochem. J.31, 221–229 (1999).
  • Kovanen PT. Role of mast cells in atherosclerosis. Chem. Immunol.62, 132–170 (1995).
  • Kovanen PT. Mast cells in atherogenesis: actions and reactions. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.11, 214–219 (2009).
  • Kalsner S, Richards R. Coronary arteries of cardiac patients are hyperreactive and contain stores of amines: a mechanism for coronary spasm. Science223, 1435–1437 (1984).
  • Gill DS, Barradas MA, Fonseca VA et al. Increased histamine content in leukocytes and platelets of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.89, 622–626 (1988).
  • Gill DS, Barradas MA, Fonseca VA et al. Plasma histamine concentrations are elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease. Metabolism38, 243–247 (1989).
  • Takase B, Maruyama T, Kurita A et al. Arachidonic acid metabolites in acute myocardial infarction. Angiology47, 649–661 (1996).
  • Filipiak KJ, Tarchsalska-Krynska B, Opolski G et al. Tryptase levels in patients after acute coronary syndromes: the potential new marker in unstable plaque? Clin. Cardiol.26, 366–372 (2003).
  • Forman MB, Oates JA, Rohertson D et al. Increased adventitial mast cells in a patient with coronary spasm. N. Engl. J. Med.313, 1138–1141 (1985).
  • Clejan S, Japa S, Clemetson C, Hasabnis SS, David O, Talano JV. Blood histamine is associated with coronary artery disease, cardiac events and severity of inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cell. Mol. Med.6, 583–592 (2002).
  • Sakata Y, Komamura K, Hirayama A et al. Elevation of the plasma histamine concentration in the coronary circulation in patients with variant angina. Am. J. Cardiol.15, 1121–1126 (1996).
  • Deliargyris EN, Upadhya B, Sane DC et al. Mast cell tryptase: a new biomarker in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis178, 381–386 (2005).
  • Krauth MT, Majlesi Y, Sonneck K, Samorapoompichit P, Ghannadan M, Hauswirth AW. Effects of various statins on cytokine-dependent growth and IgE-dependent release of histamine in human mast cells. Allergy61, 281–282 (2006).
  • Shakarjian MP, Eiseman E, Penhallow RC, Bolen JB. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibition in a rat mast cell line. Impairment of tyrosine kinase-dependent signal transduction and the subsequent degranulation response. J. Biol. Chem.15, 15252–15259 (1993).
  • Yocum MW, Butterfield JH, Klein JS et al. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Olmsted county: a population-based study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.104, 452–456 (1999).
  • Settipane GA, Newstead GJ, Boyd GK. Frequency of hymenoptera allergy in an atopic and normal population. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.50, 146–150 (1972).
  • Klein JS, Yocum MW. Underreporting of anaphylaxis in a community emergency room. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.95, 637–638 (1995).
  • Gaeta TJ, Roberts J, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Management of acute allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in the emergency department between 1992–1998 (abstract). Acad. Emerg. Med.8, 449 (2001).
  • Helbling A, Hurni T, Mueller UR, Pichler WJ. Incidence of anaphylaxis with circulatory symptoms: a study over a 3-year period comprising 940,000 inhabitants of the Swiss Canton Bern. Clin. Exp. Allergy34, 285–290 (2004).
  • Biteker M, Duran NE, Biteker FS et al. Kounis syndrome secondary to cefuroxime-axetil use in an octogenarian. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.56, 1757–1758 (2008).
  • Kogias JS, Sideris SK, Anifadis SK. Kounis syndrome associated with hypersensitivity to hymenoptera stings. Int. J. Cardiol.8, 252–255 (2007).
  • Frangides C, Kouni S, Niarchos C, Koutsojannis C. Hypersersensitivity and Kounis syndrome due to a viper bite. Eur. J. Intern. Med.17, 215–216 (2006).
  • Mytas DZ, Stougiannos PN, Zairis MN et al. Acute anterior myocardial infarction after multiple bee stings. A case of Kounis syndrome. Int. J. Cardiol.134, e129–e131 (2009).
  • Zavras GM, Papadaki PJ, Kokkinis CE, Kalokairinov K, Kouni SN, Batsolaki M. Kounis syndrome secondary to allergic reaction following shellfish ingestion. Int. J. Clin. Pract.57, 622–624 (2003).
  • Lopez-Minguez JR, Gonzalez Fernandez R, Millan Nunez V, Merchan Herrera A, Altozano Gomez JC, Garcia-Andoain JM. Acute myocardial infarction secondary to anaphylactic reaction following shellfish ingestion. The need for rescue coronary angioplasty. Rev. Esp. Cardiol.53, 1663–1666 (2000).
  • Tigen K, Cevik C, Basaran Y. Acute myocardial infarction following amoxicillin allergy: coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound findings. Acta Cardiol.62, 525–528, (2007).
  • Kounis GN, Kouni SA, Hahalis G, Kounis NG. Mesalamine hypersensitivity and Kounis syndrome in a pediatric ulcerative colitis patient. World J. Gastroenterol. 14, 7141–7142 (2008).
  • de Groot JW, Gosselink AT, Ottervanger JP. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction associated with diclofenac-induced anaphylaxis: case report. Am. J. Crit. Care18, 386–387 (2008).
  • Kılıc D, Evrengül H, Ozcan AV, Tanriverdi H, Caglıyan O, Kaftan A. Acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction after sulbactam-ampicillin induced anaphylactic shock in an adult with significant coronary artery disease: a case report. Int. J. Cardiol.135, e30–e33 (2009).
  • Oneglia C, Kounis NG, Beretta G, Ghizzoni G, Gualeni A, Berti M. Kounis syndrome in a patient with ovarian cancer and allergy to iodinated contrast media: report of a case vasospastic angina induced by chemotherapy. Int. J. Cardiol.DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.104 (Epub ahead of print) (2009).
  • Rich MW. Myocardial injury caused by an anaphylactic reaction to ampicillin/sulbactam. Texas Heart Inst. J.25, 194–197 (1998).
  • Gikas A, Lazaros G, Kontou-Fili K. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after amoxicillin-induced anaphylactic shock in a young adult with normal coronary arteries: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord.5(1), 6 (2005).
  • Ridella M, Bagdure S, Nugent K, Cevik C. Kounis syndrome following β-lactam antibiotic use: review of literature. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets8, 11–16 (2009).
  • Kounis GN, Hahalis G, Kounis NG. Anesthetic drugs and Kounis syndrome. J. Clin. Anesth.20, 562–563 (2008).
  • Vlahos NP, Vavilis GK, Giannelou AG et al. Hypersensitivity to proton pump inhibitors: lansoprazole-induced Kounis syndrome. Int. J. Cardiol.29, 134, e94–e96 (2009).
  • Moreno-Ancillo A, Domínguez-Noche C, Gil-Adrados AC, Cosmes Martn PM. Acute coronary syndrome due to amoxicillin allergy. Allergy59, 466–467 (2004).
  • Mazarakis A, Koutsojannis CM, Kounis NG, Alexopoulos D. Cefuroxime-induced coronary artery spasm manifesting as Kounis syndrome. Acta Cardiol.60, 341–345 (2005).
  • Fujita Y, Chikamitsu M, Kimura M, Toriumi T, Endoh S, Sari A. An anaphylactic reaction possibly associated with an intraoperative coronary artery spasm during general anesthesia. J. Clin. Anesth.13, 221–226 (2001).
  • Brener ZZ, Zhuravenko I, Bergman M. Acute myocardial injury following penicillin-associated anaphylactic reaction in a patient with normal coronary arteries. Am. J. Med. Sci.334, 305–307 (2007).
  • Soufras GD, Ginopoulos, PV, Papadaki PJ et al. Penicillin allergy in cancer patients manifesting as Kounis syndrome. Heart Vessels20, 159–163 (2005).
  • Aparci M, Kardeşoğlu, E, Ozmen N, Kiliçarslan F, Cebeci BS. Overlooked complications of allergic reactions: allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction. Anadolu Kardiyol. Derg.7, 343 (2007).
  • Vivas D, Rubira JC, Ortiz AF, Macaya C. Coronary spasm and hypersensitivity to amoxicillin: Kounis or not Kounis syndrome? Int. J. Cardiol.128, 279–281 (2008).
  • Del Furia F, Querceto L, Testi S, Santoro GM. Acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction complicating amoxicillin induced anaphylaxis: a case report. Int. J. Cardiol.117, e37–e39 (2007).
  • Tavil Y, Turfan M, Türkoğlu S, Abaci A. Kounis syndrome secondary to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid use. Int. J. Cardiol.124, e4–e7 (2008).
  • Austin SM, Barooah B, Kim CS. Reversible acute cardiac injury during cefoxitin-induced anaphylaxis in a patient with normal coronary arteries. Am. J. Med.77, 729–732 (1984).
  • López-Abad R, Rodríguez F, García-Abujeta JL, Martín-Gil D, Jerez J. Myocardial ischemia due to severe amoxicillin allergy. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.14, 162–164 (2004).
  • Yanagawa Y, Nishi K, Tomiharu N, Kawaguchi T. A case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with Kounis syndrome. Int. J. Cardiol.20(132), e65–e67 (2009).
  • Kounis NG, Filippatos GS. Takotsubo and Kounis syndrome: is there any association? Circ. J. Jan.71, 170 (2007).
  • Horjeti B, Meco S. Late stent thrombosis or Kounis syndrome? Int. J. Cardiol. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.10.050 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Dauvergne C, Araya M, Abufhele A. [Coronary spasm secondary to an allergic reaction or Kounis syndrome: report of one case]. Rev. Med. Chil.137, 811–814 (2009).
  • Chen JP, Hou D, Pendyala L, Goudevenos JA, Kounis NG. Drug-eluting stent thrombosis: the Kounis hypersensitivity-associated acute coronary syndrome revisited. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv.2, 583–593 (2009).
  • Soufras GD, Kounis GN, Kouni SA, Hahalis G, Kounis NG. Kounis syndrome and acute multi-vessel coronary stent thrombosis. J. Emerg. Med. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.02.022 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Soufras GD, Kounis GN, Chiladakis JA et al. Drug-eluting coronary stents: hypersensitivity reactions to paclitaxel and the risk of Kounis syndrome. Dermatology219, 87–88 (2009).
  • Kounis NG, Hahalis G, Kounis SA, Kounis GN. Kounis syndrome and hypersensitivity reactions associated with endovascular devices. Contact Dermatitis60, 121–122 (2009).
  • Venturini E, Magni L, Kounis NG. Drug eluting stent-induced Kounis syndrome. Int. J. Cardiol. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.190 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Kogias JS, Papadakis EX, Tsatiris CG et al. Kounis syndrome: a manifestation of drug-eluting stent thrombosis associated with allergic reaction to contrast material. Int. J. Cardiol.4, 139, 206–209 (2010).
  • Patanè S, Marte F, Di Bella G, Chiofalo S, Currò A, Coglitore S. Acute myocardial infarction and Kounis syndrome. Int. J. Cardiol.15, 134, e45–e46 (2009).
  • Kounis NG, Hahalis G, Theoharides TC. Coronary stents, hypersensitivity reactions, and the Kounis syndrome. J. Interv. Cardiol.20, 314–323 (2007).
  • Kounis GN, Hahalis G, Soufras GD, Mazarakis A, Niarchos C, Kounis NG. Kounis syndrome and simultaneous multivessel acute coronary syndromes after successful drug-eluting stent implantation. Int. J. Cardiol.127, 146–148 (2008).
  • Kounis NG, Kounis GN, Soufras GD. Kounis syndrome: a potential cause of simultaneous multivessel coronary spasm and thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation. J. Invasive Cardiol.19, 200–201 (2007).
  • Kounis NG, Kounis GN, Kouni SN. Coronary-artery stents. N. Engl. J. Med.11, 2076–2078 (2006).
  • Almpanis GC, Tsigkas GG, Koutsojannis C, Mazarakis A, Kounis GN, Kounis NG. Nickel allergy, Kounis syndrome and intracardiac metal devices. Int. J. Cardiol.DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.02.038 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Stähli BE, Camici GG, Tanner FC. Drug-eluting stent thrombosis. Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis.3, 45–52 (2009).
  • Schwartz RS, Henry TD. Pathophysiology of coronary artery restenosis. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med.5, S4–S9 (2002).
  • Htay T, Liu MW. Drug-eluting stent: a review and update. Vasc. Health Risk Manag.1, 263–276 (2005).
  • Nikolaidis LA, Kounis NG, Grandman AH. Allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction: a new twist on an old syndrome. Can. J. Cardiol.18, 508–511 (2002).
  • Stone KD, Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.125, 73–80 (2010).
  • Bradding P. Human mast cell cytokines. Clin. Exp. Allergy26, 13–19 (1996).
  • Brown MJ, Ind PW, Jenner DA. Platelet histamine. N. Engl. J. Med.303, 756 (1980).
  • Mannaioni PF, Di Bello MG, Masini E. Platelets and inflammation: role of platelet-derived growth factor, adhesion molecules and histamine. Inflamm. Res.46, 4–18 (1997).
  • Lee M, Sommerhoff CP, von Eckardstein A, Zettl F, Fritz H, Kovanen PT. Mast cell tryptase degrades HDL and blocks its function as an acceptor of cellular cholesterol. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.22, 2086–2091 (2002).
  • Atkinson JB, Harlan CW, Harlan GC, Virmani R. The association of mast cells and atherosclerosis: a morphologic study of early atherosclerotic lesions in young people. Hum. Pathol.25, 154–159 (1994).
  • Schwartz LB. Clinical utility of tryptase levels in systemic mastocytosis and associated hematologic disorders. Leuk. Res.25, 553–562 (2001).
  • Ruoss SJ, Hartmann T, Caughey GH. Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for cultured fibroblasts. J. Clin. Invest.88, 493–499 (1991).
  • Cairns JA, Walls AF. Mast cell tryptase stimulates the synthesis of type I collagen in human lung fibroblasts. J. Clin. Invest.99, 1313–1321 (1997).
  • Gruber BL, Kew RR, Jelaska A et al. Human mast cells activate fibroblasts: tryptase is a fibrogenic factor stimulating collagen messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis and fibroblast chemotaxis. J. Immunol.158, 2310–2317 (1997).
  • Schwartz LB, Metcalfe DD, Miller JS, Earl H, Sullivan T. Tryptase levels as an indicator of mast-cell activation in systemic anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. N. Engl. J. Med.316, 1622–1626 (1987).
  • LaRoche D, Vergnaud M, Sillard B et al. Biochemical markers of anaphylactoid reactions to drugs. Comparison of plasma histamine and tryptase. Anesthesiology75, 945–949 (1991).
  • Nikolaidis LA, Kounis NG, Grandman AH. Allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction: a new twist on an old syndrome. Can. J. Cardiol.18, 508–511 (2002).
  • Galli SJ, Nakae S, Tsai M. Mast cells in the development of adaptive immune responses. Nat. Immunol.6, 135–142 (2005).
  • Mori E, Ikeda H, Ueno T et al. Vasospastic angina induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin. Cardiol.20, 656–658 (1997).
  • Kushner FG, Hand M, Smith SC Jr et al.; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation1, 120, 2271–2306 (2009).
  • Cevik C, Nugent K, Shome GP, Kounis NG. Treatment of Kounis syndrome. Int. J. Cardiol. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.02.040 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Lieberman P, Kemp SF, Oppenheimer J et al.; Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.115, S483–S523 (2005).
  • Lin RY, Curry A, Pesola GR et al. Improved outcomes in patients with acute allergic syndromes who are treated with combined H1 and H2 antagonists. Ann. Emerg. Med.36, 462–468 (2000).
  • Takagi S, Goto Y, Hirose E et al. Successful treatment of refractory vasospastic angina with corticosteroids: coronary arterial hyperactivity caused by local inflammation? Circ. J.68, 17–22 (2004).
  • Hammer H, Schoen FJ, Braunwald E, Kloner RA. Drug-induced expansion of infarct: morphologic and functional correlations. Circulation69, 611–617 (1984).
  • Giugliano GR, Giugliano RP, Gibson CM, Kuntz RE. Meta-analysis of corticosteroid treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol.91, 1055–1059 (2003).
  • Kemp SF, Lockey RF. Anaphylaxis: a review of causes and mechanisms. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.110, 341–348 (2002).
  • Riggs BS, Harchelroad FP, Poole C. Allergic reactions to sulfiting agents. Ann. Emerg. Med.15, 77–79 (1986).
  • Yang WH, Purchase EC. Adverse reactions to sulfites. Can. Med. Assoc. J.133, 865–867 (1985).
  • Sonin L, Patterson R. Metabisulfite challenge in patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.75, 67–69 (1985).
  • Biteker M, Duran NE, Biteker F et al. Kounis syndrome: first series in Turkish patients. Anadolu Kardiyol. Derg.9, 59–60 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.