Novel methods of targeted drug delivery: the potential of multifunctional nanoparticles

References

• Allen TM, Cullis PR. Drug delivery systems: entering the mainstream. Science303(5665), 1818–1822 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong B, Bae YH, Lee DS, Kim SW. Biodegradable block copolymers as injectable drug-delivery systems. Nature388(6645), 860–862 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchilin VP. Structure and design of polymeric surfactant-based drug delivery systems. J. Control. Release73(2–3), 137–172 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasongkla N, Bey E, Ren JM et al. Multifunctional polymeric micelles as cancer-targeted, MRI-ultrasensitive drug delivery systems. Nano Lett.6(11), 2427–2430 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawant RM, Hurley JP, Salmaso S et al. “SMART” drug delivery systems: double-targeted pH-responsive pharmaceutical nanocarriers. Bioconjug. Chem.17(4), 943–949 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dass CR, Choong PFM. Selective gene delivery for cancer therapy using cationic liposomes: in vivo proof of applicability. J. Control. Release113(2), 155–163 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SD, Huang L. Gene therapy progress and prospects: non-viral gene therapy by systemic delivery. Gene Ther.13(18), 1313–1319 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panyam J, Labhasetwar V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.55(3), 329–347 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agu RU, Ugwoke MI, Armand M, Kinget R, Verbeke N. The lung as a route for systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Respir. Res.2(4), 198–209 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenha A, Seijo B, Remunan-Lopez C. Microencapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for lung protein delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.25(4–5), 427–437 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto-Andary H, Andremont A, Couvreur P. Targeted delivery of antibiotics using liposomes and nanoparticles: research and applications. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents13(3), 155–168 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter J. Liposomes and nanoparticles as vehicles for antibiotics. Infection19, S224–S228 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Lobenberg R, Kreuter J. Macrophage targeting of azidothymidine: a promising strategy for AIDS therapy. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses12(18), 1709–1715 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courrier HM, Butz N, Vandamme TF. Pulmonary drug delivery systems: recent developments and prospects. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst.19(4–5), 425–498 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnedo A, Irache JM, Merodio M, Millan MSE. Albumin nanoparticles improved the stability, nuclear accumulation and anticytomegaloviral activity of a phosphodiester oligonucleotide. J. Control. Release94(1), 217–227 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra V, Mahor S, Rawat A et al. Targeted brain delivery of AZT via transferrin anchored pegylated albumin nanoparticles. J. Drug Target.14(1), 45–53 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay P, Gupta RB. Production of griseofulvin nanoparticles using supercritical CO2 antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer. Int. J. Pharm.228(1–2), 19–31 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey R, Ahmad Z, Sharma S, Khuller GK. Nano-encapsulation of azole antifungals: potential applications to improve oral drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm.301(1–2), 268–276 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Viviani MA, Arathoon E et al. New targets and delivery systems for antifungal therapy. Med. Mycol.38, 335–347 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong YC, Feng SS. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (MPEG-PLA) nanoparticles for controlled delivery of anticancer drugs. Biomaterials25(14), 2843–2849 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng SS, Mu L, Win KY, Huang GF. Nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers for clinical administration of paclitaxel. Curr. Med. Chem.11(4), 413–424 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Cancer5(3), 161–171 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon GS. Polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst.20(5), 357–403 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers TL, Gillespie IB, Hitt JE et al. Development and characterization of a scalable controlled precipitation process to enhance the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. Pharm. Res.21(11), 2048–2057 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbury L. Solubility and melting point as functions of particle size 1. J. Phys. Chem.50(3), 190–199 (1946).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merisko-Liversidge E, Liversidge GG, Cooper ER. Nanosizing: a formulation approach for poorly-water-soluble compounds. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.18(2), 113–120 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchilin VP, Lukyanov AN. Peptide and protein drug delivery to and into tumors: challenges and solutions. Drug Discov. Today8(6), 259–266 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monfardini C, Veronese FM. Stabilization of substances in circulation. Bioconjug. Chem.9(4), 418–450 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gref R, Domb A, Quellec P et al. The controlled intravenous delivery of drugs using PEG-coated sterically stabilized nanospheres. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.16(2–3), 215–233 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian S, Parthasarathy R, Sen S, Boder ET, Discher DE. Species- and cell type-specific interactions between CD47 and human SIRP{a}. Blood107(6), 2548–2556 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC. Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacol. Rev.53(2), 283–318 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito A, Shinkai M, Honda H, Kobayashi T. Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. J. Biosci. Bioeng.100(1), 1–11 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patri AK, Kukowska-Latallo JF, Baker JR. Targeted drug delivery with dendrimers: Comparison of the release kinetics of covalently conjugated drug and non-covalent drug inclusion complex. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.57(15), 2203–2214 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer R. Drug delivery and targeting. Nature392(6679), 5–10 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brannon-Peppas L, Blanchette JO. Nanoparticle and targeted systems for cancer therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.56(11), 1649–1659 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg M, Langer R, Jia XQ. Nanostructured materials for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed.18(3), 241–268 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples M, Daniel K, Cima MJ, Langer R. Application of micro- and nano-electromechanical devices to drug delivery. Pharm. Res.23(5), 847–863 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong G, Braun RD, Dewhirst MW. Hyperthermia enables tumor-specific nanoparticle delivery: effect of particle size. Cancer Res.60(16), 4440–4445 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabizon A, Goren D, Horowitz AT, Tzemach D, Lossos A, Siegal T. Long-circulating liposomes for drug delivery in cancer therapy: a review of biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing animals. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.24(2–3), 337–344 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliceti P, Veronese FM. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-protein conjugates. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.55(10), 1261–1277 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda H. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumor vasculature: the key role of tumor-selective macromolecular drug targeting. Adv. Enzyme Regul.41(1), 189–207 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maeda H, Seymour LW, Miyamoto Y. Conjugates of anticancer agents and polymers: advantages of macromolecular therapeutics in vivo.Bioconjug. Chem.3(5), 351–362 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul G, Amiji M. Long-circulating poly(ethylene glycol)-modified gelatin nanoparticles for intracellular delivery. Pharm. Res.19(7), 1061–1067 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC et al. Cellular distribution of nonionic micelles. Science303(5658), 626–628 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venugopal J, Prabhakaran MP, Low S et al. Nanotechnology for nanomedicine and delivery of drugs. Curr. Pharm. Des.14(22), 2184–2200 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai SH, Thomas C, Rawat A, Ahsan F. Recent progress in dendrimer-based nanocarriers. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst.23(6), 437–495 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae Y, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. In vivo antitumor activity of the folate-conjugated pH-sensitive polymeric micelle selectively releasing adriamycin in the intracellular acidic compartments. Bioconjug. Chem.18(4), 1131–1139 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Megia E, Novoa-Carballal R, Quinoa E, Riguera R. Conjugation of bioactive ligands to PEG-grafted chitosan at the distal end of PEG. Biomacromolecules8(3), 833–842 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng FQ, Lee H, Allen C. Epidermal growth factor-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d-valerolactone) copolymer micelles for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics. Bioconjug. Chem.17(2), 399–409 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinogradov S, Batrakova E, Li S, Kabanov A. Polyion complex micelles with protein-modified corona for receptor-mediated delivery of oligonucleotides into cells. Bioconjug. Chem.10(5), 851–860 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gindy ME, Ji S, Hoye TR, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Prud’homme RK. Preparation of poly(ethylene glycol) protected nanoparticles with variable bioconjugate ligand density. Biomacromolecules9, 2705–2711 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchilin VP, Lukyanov AN, Gao ZG, Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg B. Immunomicelles: targeted pharmaceutical carriers for poorly soluble drugs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(10), 6039–6044 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang W, Kim BYS, Rutka JT, Chan WCW. Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent. Nat. Nanotechnol.3(3), 145–150 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gindy ME. PhD Thesis. In: Chemical Engineering. Princeton University, NJ, USA (2008)
   Google Scholar
• Dharap SS, Wang Y, Chandna P et al. Tumor-specific targeting of an anticancer drug delivery system by LHRH peptide. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102(36), 12962–12967 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arap W, Pasqualini R, Ruoslahti E. Cancer treatment by targeted drug delivery to tumor vasculature in a mouse model. Science279(5349), 377–380 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudimack J, Lee RJ. Targeted drug delivery via the folate receptor. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.41(2), 147–162 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song EW, Zhu PC, Lee SK et al. Antibody mediated in vivo delivery of small interfering RNAs via cell-surface receptors. Nat. Biotechnol.23(6), 709–717 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AM, Senter PD. Arming antibodies: prospects and challenges for immunoconjugates. Nat. Biotechnol.23(9), 1137–1146 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudiger H, Siebert HC, Solis D et al. Medicinal chemistry based on the sugar code: fundamentals of lectinology and experimental strategies with lectins as targets. Curr. Med. Chem.7(4), 389–416 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis BG, Robinson MA. Drug delivery systems based on sugar-macromolecule conjugates. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel.5(2), 279–288 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T, Numata M, Anada T et al. Chemically modified polysaccharide schizophyllan for antisense oligonucleotides delivery to enhance the cellular uptake efficiency. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1670(2), 91–104 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leamon CP, Low PS. Delivery of macromolecules into living cells – a method that exploits folate receptor endocytosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA88(13), 5572–5576 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astriab-Fisher A, Sergueev D, Fisher M, Shaw BR, Juliano RL. Conjugates of antisense oligonucleotides with the Tat and antennapedia cell-penetrating peptides: effects on cellular uptake, binding to target sequences, and biologic actions. Pharm. Res.19(6), 744–754 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugaj JE, Achilefu S, Dorshow RB, Rajagopalan R. Novel fluorescent contrast agents for optical imaging of in vivo tumors based on a receptor-targeted dye-peptide conjugate platform. J. Biomed. Opt.6(2), 122–133 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wunderbaldinger P, Josephson L, Weissleder R. Tat peptide directs enhanced clearance and hepatic permeability of magnetic nanoparticles. Bioconjug. Chem.13(2), 264–268 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curnis F, Sacchi A, Borgna L, Magni F, Gasparri A, Corti A. Enhancement of tumor necrosis factor a antitumor immunotherapeutic properties by targeted delivery to aminopeptidase N (CD13). Nat. Biotechnol.18(11), 1185–1190 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Canny MD, De Erkenez A et al. A therapeutic aptamer inhibits angiogenesis by specifically targeting the heparin binding domain of VEGF(165). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102(52), 18902–18907 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicke BJ, Stephens AW, Gould T et al. Tumor targeting by an aptamer. J. Nucl. Med.47(4), 668–678 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javier DJ, Nitin N, Levy M, Ellington A, Richards-Kortum R. Aptamer-targeted gold nanoparticles as molecular-specific contrast agents for reflectance imaging. Bioconjug. Chem.19(6), 1309–1312 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderem A, Underhill DM. Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages. Ann. Rev. Immunol.17, 593–623 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TH, Jin H, Kim HW, Cho MH, Cho CS. Mannosylated chitosan nanoparticle-based cytokine gene therapy suppressed cancer growth in BALB/c mice bearing CT-26 carcinoma cells. Mol. Cancer Ther.5(7), 1723–1732 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V et al. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A65(20), 1531–1543 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musante CJ, Schroeter JD, Rosati JA, Crowder TM, Hickey AJ, Martonen TB. Factors affecting the deposition of inhaled porous drug particles. J. Pharm. Sci.91(7), 1590–1600 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y. PhD thesis. Formulating nanoparticles by Flash NanoPrecipitation for drug delivery and sustained release. In: Chemical Engineering. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Ghobrial IM, Witzig TE, Adjei AA. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer therapy. CA Cancer J. Clin.55(3), 178–194 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapra P, Allen TM. Ligand-targeted liposomal anticancer drugs. Prog. Lipid Res.42(5), 439–462 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature256(5517), 495–497 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klibanov AL, Maruyama K, Torchilin VP, Huang L. Amphipathic polyethyleneglycols effectively prolong the circulation time of liposomes. FEBS Lett.268(1), 235–237 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchilin VP. Drug targeting. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.11(Suppl. 2), S81–S91 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama M, Kwon GS, Okano T, Sakurai Y, Seto T, Kataoka K. Preparation of micelle-forming polymer drug conjugates. Bioconjug. Chem.3(4), 295–301 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leserman LD, Barbet J, Kourilsky F, Weinstein JN. Targeting to cells of fluorecent liposomes covalently coupled with monoclonal antibody or protein-A. Nature288(5791), 602–604 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boas U, Heegaard PMH. Dendrimers in drug research. Chem. Soc. Rev.33(1), 43–63 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tada H, Higuchi H, Wanatabe TM, Ohuchi N. In vivo real-time tracking of single quantum dots conjugated with monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody in tumors of mice. Cancer Res.67(3), 1138–1144 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDevitt MR, Chattopadhyay D, Kappel BJ et al. Tumor targeting with antibody-functionalized, radiolabeled carbon nanotubes. J. Nucl. Med.48(7), 1180–1189 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee RJ, Low PS. Folate-mediated tumor cell targeting of liposome-entrapped doxorubicin in vitro.Biochim. Biophys. Acta1233(2), 134–144 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Jeong JH, Joe CO, Park TG. Folate receptor mediated intracellular protein delivery using PLL–PEG–FOL conjugate. J. Control. Release103(3), 625–634 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park EK, Kim SY, Lee SB, Lee YM. Folate-conjugated methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(e-caprolactone) amphiphilic block copolymeric micelles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J. Control. Release109(1–3), 158–168 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabizon A, Shmeeda H, Horowitz AT, Zalipsky S. Tumor cell targeting of liposome-entrapped drugs with phospholipid-anchored folic acid–PEG conjugates. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.56(8), 1177–1192 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgenbrink AR, Low PS. Folate receptor-mediated drug targeting: from therapeutics to diagnostics. J. Pharm. Sci.94(10), 2135–2146 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majoros IJ, Myc A, Thomas T, Mehta CB, Baker JR. PAMAM dendrimer-based multifunctional conjugate for cancer therapy: synthesis, characterization, and functionality. Biomacromolecules7(2), 572–579 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majoros IJ, Thomas TP, Mehta CB, Baker JR. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based multifunctional engineered nanodevice for cancer therapy. J. Med. Chem.48(19), 5892–5899 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Feinberg H, Conroy E et al. Structural basis for distinct ligand-binding and targeting properties of the receptors DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.11(7), 591–598 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannagi R, Izawa M, Koike T, Miyazaki K, Kimura N. Carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer Sci.95(5), 377–384 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boraston AB, Bolam DN, Gilbert HJ, Davies GJ. Carbohydrate-binding modules: fine-tuning polysaccharide recognition. Biochem. J.382, 769–781 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita T, Matsushita M, Endo Y. The lectin-complement pathway – its role in innate immunity and evolution. Immunol. Rev.198(1), 185–202 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemarchand C, Gref R, Couvreur P. Polysaccharide-decorated nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.58(2), 327–341 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goban Y, Saida T, Saida K, Nishitani H, Kameyama M. Role of nonspecific myelin destruction by delayed-type hypersensitivity in primary demyelination. J. Neurol. Sci.74(1), 97–109 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinibaldi L, Goldoni P, Seganti L, Superti F, Tsiang H, Orsi N. Gangliosides in early interactions between vesicular stomatitis-virus and cer cells. Microbiologica8(4), 355–365 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Utsumi T, Aizono Y, Funatsu G. Receptor-mediated interaction of ricin with the lipid bilayer of ganglioside GM1-liposomes. FEBS Lett.216(1), 99–103 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock P, Allietta M, Young WW, Thompson TE, Tillack TW. Organization of glycosphingolipids in phosphatidylcholine bilayers- use of antibody molecules and fab fragments as morphological markers. Biochemistry29(36), 8484–8490 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar DP, Blumenthal R. The role of the target membrane structure in fusion with sendai virus. Membrane Biochem.7(4), 231–248 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama K, Holmberg E, Kennel SJ, Klibanov A, Torchilin VP, Huang L. Characterization of in vivo immunoliposome targeting to pulmonary endothelium. J. Pharm. Sci.79(11), 978–984 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell DG, Wilhelm H. The involvement of the major surface glycoprotein (GP63) of Leishmania promastigotes in attachment to the macrophages. J. Immunol.136(7), 2613–2620 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz B, Klein RA. Lectin interactions with the variant surface glycoprotein from Trypanosoma brucei brucei incorporated into liposomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.141(3), 1274–1278 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharom FJ, Ross TE. Association of gangliosides with the lymphocyte plasma-membrane studies using radiolabels and spin labels. Acta Biochim. Biophys.854(2), 287–297 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bailey GB, Gilmour JR, McCoomer NE. Roles of target-cell membrane carbohydrate and lipid in entamoeba-histolytica interaction with mammalian-cells. Infect. Immun.58(7), 2389–2391 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu FB, Jiang TY, Zhang JH, Cheng LH, Wang SL. Galactosylated liposomes as oligodeoxynucleotides carrier for hepatocyte-selective targeting. Pharmazie62(7), 528–533 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holig P, Bach M, Volkel T et al. Novel RGD lipopeptides for the targeting of liposomes to integrin-expressing endothelial and melanoma cells. Protein Eng. Des. Sel.17(5), 433–441 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra M, Mandal AK, Chatterjee TK, Das N. Targeting of mannosylated liposome incorporated benzyl derivative of Penicillium nigricans derived compound MT81 to reticuloendothelial systems for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. J. Drug Target.13(5), 285–293 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Managit C, Kawakami S, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Effect of galactose density on asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated uptake of galactosylated liposomes. J. Pharm. Sci.94(10), 2266–2275 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goppert TM, Muller RH. Polysorbate-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles as colloidal carriers for intravenous targeting of drugs to the brain: comparison of plasma protein adsorption patterns. J. Drug Target.13(3), 179–187 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer I, Dunay IR, Weisgraber K, Bienert M, Dathe M. An apolipoprotein E-derived peptide mediates uptake of sterically stabilized liposomes into brain capillary endothelial cells. Biochemistry44(6), 2021–2029 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer D, Margalit R. Tumor-targeted hyaluronan nanoliposomes increase the antitumor activity of liposomal doxorubicin in syngeneic and human xenograft mouse tumor models. Neoplasia6(4), 343–353 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer D, Margalit R. Loading mitomycin C inside long circulating hyaluronan targeted nano-liposomes increases its antitumor activity in three mice tumor models. Int. J. Cancer108(5), 780–789 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernig K, Griesbacher M, Andreae F et al. Depot formulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide by protamine-based biodegradable nanoparticles. J. Control. Release130(2), 192–198 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibby DC, Talmadge JE, Dalal MK et al. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of RGD-targeted doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles in tumor-bearing mice. Int. J. Pharm.293(1–2), 281–290 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kale AA, Torchilin VP. “Smart” drug carriers: PEGylated TATp-modified pH-sensitive liposomes. J. Liposome Res.17(3–4), 197–203 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momekova D, Rangelov S, Yanev S et al. Long-circulating, pH-sensitive liposomes sterically stabilized by copolymers bearing short blocks of lipid-mimetic units. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.32(4–5), 308–317 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil ES, Hudson SA. Stimuli-reponsive polymers and their bioconjugates. Prog. Polym. Sci.29(12), 1173–1222 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaw CS, Chooi KW, Liu XM, Tan CW, Wang L, Yang YY. Thermally responsive core-shell nanoparticles self-assembled from cholesteryl end-capped and grafted polyacrylamides: drug incorporation and in vitro release. Biomaterials25(18), 4297–4308 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sant VP, Smith D, Leroux JC. Novel pH-sensitive supramolecular assemblies for oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs: preparation and characterization. J. Control. Release97(2), 301–312 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport N. Physical stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles for anti-cancer drug delivery. Prog. Polym. Sci.32(8–9), 962–990 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung JE, Yokoyama M, Aoyagi T, Sakurai Y, Okano T. Effect of molecular architecture of hydrophobically modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) on the formation of thermoresponsive core-shell micellar drug carriers. J. Control. Release53(1–3), 119–130 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Choi SH, Kim SH, Park TG. Thermally sensitive cationic polymer nanocapsules for specific cytosolic delivery and efficient gene silencing of siRNA: swelling induced physical disruption of endosome by cold shock. J. Control. Release125(1), 25–32 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohori F, Sakai K, Aoyagi T, Yokoyama M, Sakurai Y, Okano T. Preparation and characterization of thermally responsive block copolymer micelles comprising poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-b-dl-lactide). J. Control. Release55(1), 87–98 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmaljohann D. Thermo- and pH-responsive polymers in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.58(15), 1655–1670 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neradovic D, Soga O, Van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE. The effect of the processing and formulation parameters on the size of nanoparticles based on block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with and without hydrolytically sensitive groups. Biomaterials25(12), 2409–2418 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenelsen PA, Pol EJD, Viergever MA. Medical image matching – a review with classification. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag.12(1), 26–39 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Daldrup-Link HE, Simon GH, Brasch RC. Imaging of tumor angiogenesis: current approaches and future prospects. Curr. Pharm. Des.12(21), 2661–2672 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flacke S, Fischer S, Scott MJ et al. Novel MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging of fibrin implications for detecting vulnerable plaques. Circulation104(11), 1280–1285 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzai Y. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: nodal metastases and beyond. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging15(2), 103–111 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langer R. Perspectives: drug delivery – drugs on target. Science293(5527), 58–59 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerman ME, Chan WCW, Laakkonen P, Bhatia SN, Ruoslahti E. Nanocrystal targeting in vivo.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99(20), 12617–12621 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glennie MJ, Johnson PWM. Clinical trials of antibody therapy. Immunol. Today21(8), 403–410 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmad I, Longenecker M, Samuel J, Allen TM. Antibody-targeted delivery of doxorubicin entrapped in sterically stabilized liposomes can eradicate lung cancer in mice. Cancer Res.53(7), 1484–1488 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen UB, Kirpotin DB, Pickering EM et al. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-ErbB2 immunoliposomes targeted by a phage antibody selected for cellular endocytosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1591(1–3), 109–118 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Z, Lukyanov AN, Chakilam AR, Torchilin VP. PEG-PE/phosphatidylcholine mixed immunomicelles specifically deliver encapsulated taxol to tumor cells of different origin and promote their efficient killing. J. Drug Target.11(2), 87–92 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G, Barth RF, Yang WL, Kawabata S, Zhang LW, Green-Church K. Targeted delivery of methotrexate to epidermal growth factor receptor-positive brain tumors by means of cetuximab (IMC-C225) dendrimer bioconjugates. Mol. Cancer Ther.5(1), 52–59 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen CB, Kao GY, Moase EH, Zalipsky S, Allen TM. Attachment of antibodies to sterically stabilized liposomes: evaluation, comparison and optimization of coupling procedures. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1239(2), 133–144 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu D, Zhang HF, Koo H et al. A fully human recombinant IgG-like bispecific antibody to both the epidermal growth factor receptor and the insulin-like growth factor receptor for enhanced antitumor activity. J. Biol. Chem.280(20), 19665–19672 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni S, Stephenson SM, Lee RJ. Folate receptor targeted delivery of liposomal daunorubicin into tumor cells. Anticancer Res.22(4), 2131–2135 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goren D, Horowitz AT, Tzemach D, Tarshish M, Zalipsky S, Gabizon A. Nuclear delivery of doxorubicin via folate-targeted liposomes with bypass of multidrug-resistance efflux pump. Clin. Cancer Res.6(5), 1949–1957 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens PJ, Sekido M, Lee RJ. A folate receptor-targeted lipid nanoparticle formulation for a lipophilic paclitaxel prodrug. Pharm. Res.21(12), 2153–2157 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park EK, Lee SB, Lee YM. Preparation and characterization of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)/poly([var e]-caprolactone) amphiphilic block copolymeric nanospheres for tumor-specific folate-mediated targeting of anticancer drugs. Biomaterials26(9), 1053–1061 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson KE, Eliot LA, Stevenson BR, Rogers JA. Formulation and evaluation of a folic acid receptor-targeted oral vancomycin liposomal dosage form. Pharm. Res.18(3), 316–322 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Lee RJ, Cauchon G, Gorenstein DG, Low PS. Delivery of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides against the human epidermal growth factor receptor into cultured KB cells with liposomes conjugated to folate via polyethylene glycol. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA92(8), 3318–3322 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones MN. Carbohydrate-mediated liposomal targeting and drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.13(3), 215–249 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichinose K, Yamamoto M, Khoji T, Ishii N, Sunamoto J, Kanematsu T. Antitumor effect of polysaccharide coated liposomal adriamycin on AH66 hepatoma in nude mice. Anticancer Res.18(1A), 401–404 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Ichinose K, Ishii N et al. Utility of liposomes coated with polysaccharide bearing 1-aminolactose as targeting chemotherapy for AH66 hepatoma cells. Oncol. Rep.7(1), 107–111 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SN, Deng YH, Xu H, Wu HB, Qiu YK, Chen DW. Synthesis of a novel galactosylated lipid and its application to the hepatocyte-selective targeting of liposomal doxorubicin. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.62(1), 32–38 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalipsky S, Qazen M, Walker JA, Mullah N, Quinn YP, Huang SK. New Detachable poly(ethylene glycol) conjugates: cysteine-cleavable lipopolymers regenerating natural phospholipid, diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine. Bioconjug. Chem.10(5), 703–707 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo X, Szoka FC. Steric stabilization of fusogenic liposomes by a low-pH sensitive PEG–diortho ester-lipid conjugate. Bioconjug. Chem.12(2), 291–300 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomer JA, Thompson DH. Synthesis of acid-labile diplasmenyl lipids for drug and gene delivery applications. Chem. Phys. Lipids99(2), 145–153 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan MJ, Murthy N. Polyketal nanoparticles: a new pH-sensitive biodegradable drug delivery vehicle. Bioconjug. Chem.16(6), 1340–1342 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratz F, Beyer U, Schutte MT. Drug-polymer conjugates containing acid-cleavable bonds. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst.16(3), 245–288 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroux J-C, Roux E, Le Garrec D, Hong K, Drummond DC. N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers for the preparation of pH-sensitive liposomes and polymeric micelles. J. Control. Release72(1–3), 71–84 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux E, Stomp R, Giasson S, Pezolet M, Moreau P, Leroux JC. Steric stabilization of liposomes by pH-responsive N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer. J. Pharm. Sci.91(8), 1795–1802 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudimack JJ, Guo W, Tjarks W, Lee RJ. A novel pH-sensitive liposome formulation containing oleyl alcohol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1564(1), 31–37 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee ES, Shin HJ, Na K, Bae YH. Poly(l-histidine)–PEG block copolymer micelles and pH-induced destabilization. J. Control. Release90(3), 363–374 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda M, Kumano A, Tirrell DA. H+-induced release of contents of phosphatidylcholine vesicles bearing surface-bound polyelectrolyte chains. J. Am. Chem. Soc.110(22), 7455–7459 (1988).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer O, Papahadjopoulos D, Leroux J-C. Copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide can trigger pH sensitivity to stable liposomes. FEBS Lett.421(1), 61–64 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakudo T, Chaki S, Futaki S et al. Transferrin-modified liposomes equipped with a pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide: an artificial viral-like delivery system. Biochemistry43(19), 5618–5628 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi G, Guo W, Stephenson SM, Lee RJ. Efficient intracellular drug and gene delivery using folate receptor-targeted pH-sensitive liposomes composed of cationic/anionic lipid combinations. J. Control. Release80(1–3), 309–319 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devalapally H, Shenoy D, Little S, Langer R, Amiji M. Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(b-amino ester) nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive system for tumor-targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs: part 3. Therapeutic efficacy and safety studies in ovarian cancer xenograft model. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.59(4), 477–484 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenoy D, Little S, Langer R, Amiji M. Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(b-amino ester) nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive system for tumor-targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs. 1. In vitro evaluations. Mol. Pharm.2(5), 357–366 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenoy D, Little S, Langer R, Amiji M. Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(b-amino ester) nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive system for tumor-targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs:part 2. In vivo distribution and tumor localization studies. Pharm. Res.22(12), 2107–2114 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong K, Schuber F, Papahadjopoulos D. Polyamines. Biological modulators of membrane fusion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta732(2), 469–472 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter A, Steer CJ, Blumenthal R. Polylysine induces pH-dependent fusion of acidic phospholipid-vesicles a model for polycation-induced fusion. Acta Biochim. Biophys.861(2), 319–330 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gad AE, Silver BL, Eytan GD. Polycation-induced fusion of negatively-charged vesicles. Acta Biochim. Biophys.690(1), 124–132 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uster PS, Deamer DW. pH-dependent fusion of liposomes using titratable polycations. Biochemistry24(1), 1–8 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson S, Ferruti P, Duncan R. Poly(amidoamine)s as potential endosomolytic polymers: evaluation in vitro and body distribution in normal and tumour-bearing animals. J. Drug Target.6(6), 391–404 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung JC, Gross DJ, Thomas JL, Tirrell DA, Opsahl-Ong LR. pH-sensitive, cation-selective channels formed by a simple synthetic polyelectrolyte in artificial bilayer membranes. Macromolecules29(13), 4636–4641 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills JK, Eichenbaum G, Needham D. Effect of bilayer cholesterol and surface grafted poly(ethylene glycol) on pH-induced release of contents from liposomes by poly(2-ethylacrylic acid). J. Liposome Res.9(2), 275–290 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kono K, Nakai R, Morimoto K, Takagishi T. Thermosensitive polymer-modified liposomes that release contents around physiological temperature. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1416(1–2), 239–250 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas JL, Devlin BP, Tirrell DA. Kinetics of membrane micellization by the hydrophobic polyelectrolyte poly(2-ethylacrylic acid). Biochim. Biophys. Acta1278(1), 73–78 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinilla IM, Martinez MB, Tirrell DA. Selective H+ dependent release of contents from thymine-labeled phospholipid-vesicles by an adenine-labeled polyelectrolyte. Macromolecules27(10), 2671–2674 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitano H, Akatsuka Y, Ise N. pH-responsive liposomes which contain amphiphiles prepared by using lipophilic radical initiator. Macromolecules24(1), 42–46 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Choi LS, Einstein S, Klippenstein MA, Scherrer P, Cullis PR. Proton-induced permeability and fusion of large unilamellar vesicles by covalently conjugated poly(2-ethylacrylic acid). J. Liposome Res.9(3), 387–405 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder UKO, Tirrell DA. Structural reorganization of phosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes by poly(2-ethylacrylic acid)-influence of the molecular-weight of the polymer. Macromolecules22(2), 765–769 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham D, Mills J, Eichenbaum G. Interactions between poly(2-ethylacrylic acid) and lipid bilayer membranes: effects of cholesterol and grafted poly(ethylene glycol). Faraday Discuss.111(111), 103–110 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufresne MH, Garrec DL, Sant V, Leroux JC, Ranger M. Preparation and characterization of water-soluble pH-sensitive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm.277(1–2), 81–90 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrubý M, Konák C, Ulbrich K. Polymeric micellar pH-sensitive drug delivery system for doxorubicin. J. Control. Release103(1), 137–148 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee ES, Na K, Bae YH. Doxorubicin loaded pH-sensitive polymeric micelles for reversal of resistant MCF-7 tumor. J. Control. Release103(2), 405–418 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice JR, Gerberich JL, Nowotnik DP, Howell SB. Preclinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of AP5346, a novel diaminocyclohexane-platinum tumor-targeting drug delivery system. Clin. Cancer Res.12(7), 2248–2254 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li WJ, Huang ZH, MacKay JA, Grube S, Szoka FC. Low-pH-sensitive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-stabilized plasmid nanlipoparticles: effects of PEG chain length, lipid composition and assembly conditions on gene delivery. J. Gene Med.7(1), 67–79 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W-H, Regen SL. Thermally gated liposomes. J. Am. Chem. Soc.127(18), 6538–6539 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung JE, Yokoyama M, Suzuki K, Aoyagi T, Sakurai Y, Okano T. Reversibly thermo-responsive alkyl-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) core-shell micellar structures. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces9(1–2), 37–48 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SQ, Tong YW, Yang YY. Incorporation and in vitro release of doxorubicin in thermally sensitive micelles made from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-b-poly(d,l-lactide -co-glycolide) with varying compositions. Biomaterials26(24), 5064–5074 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harisinghani MG, Weissleder R. Sensitive, noninvasive detection of lymph node metastases. PLoS Med.1(3), 202–209 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artemov D. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging with targeted contrast agents. J. Cell. Biochem.90(3), 518–524 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter PM, Caruthers SD, Yu X et al. Improved molecular imaging contrast agent for detection of human thrombus. Magn. Reson. Med.50(2), 411–416 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Song SK, Chen JJ et al. High-resolution MRI characterization of human thrombus using a novel fibrin-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticle contrast agent. Magn. Reson. Med.44(6), 867–872 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasongkla N, Bey E, Ren J et al. Multifunctional polymeric micelles as cancer-targeted, mri-ultrasensitive drug delivivery systems. Nano Lett.6(11), 2427–2430 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochepied JF, Pileni MP. Magnetic properties of mixed cobalt – zinc ferrite nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys.87(5), 2472–2478 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morawski AM, Winter PM, Crowder KC et al. Targeted nanoparticles for quantitative imaging of sparse molecular epitopes with MRI. Magn. Reson. Med.51(3), 480–486 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Berry C, Gupta M, Curtis A. Receptor-mediated targeting of magnetic nanoparticles using insulin as a surface ligand to prevent endocytosis. IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience2(4), 255–261 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Huh YM, Jun Y et al. Artificially engineered magnetic nanoparticles for ultra-sensitive molecular imaging. Nat. Med.13(1), 95–99 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke C-Y, Mathias CJ, Green MA. The folate receptor as a molecular target for tumor-selective radionuclide delivery. Nucl. Med. Biol.30(8), 811–817 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias CJ, Lewis MR, Reichert DE et al. Preparation of 66Ga- and 68Ga-labeled Ga(III)-deferoxamine-folate as potential folate-receptor-targeted PET radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl. Med. Biol.30(7), 725–731 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicke BJ, Stephens AW, Gould T et al. Tumor targeting by an aptamer. J. Nucl. Med.47(4), 668–678 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Front D, Israel O. The role of Ga-97 Scintigraphy in evaluating the results of therapy of lymphoma patients. Semin. Nucl. Med.25(1), 60–71 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen-Stok AE, Dräger AM, Schuurhuis GJ, Platier AWJ, Teule GJJ, Huijgens PC. Gallium 67 in the human lymphoid cell line U-715: uptake, cytotoxicity and intracellular localization. Int. J. Radiat. Biol.64(6), 749–759 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vera DR. Gallium-labeled deferoxamine-galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin – a radiopharmaceutical for regional measurement of hepatic receptor biochemistry. J. Nucl. Med.33(6), 1160–1166 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Lee RJ, Mathias CJ, Green MA, Low PS. Synthesis, purification, and tumor cell uptake of 67Ga-deferoxamine–folate, a potential radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging. Bioconjug. Chem.7(1), 56–62 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias CJ, Wang S, Waters DJ, Turek JJ, Low PS, Green MA. Indium-111-DTPA-folate as a potential folate-receptor-targeted radiopharmaceutical. J. Nucl. Med.39(9), 1579–1585 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Zerda A, Zavaleta C, Keren S et al. Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. Nat. Nanotechnol.3(9), 557–562 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao XH, Cui YY, Levenson RM, Chung LWK, Nie SM. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol.22(8), 969–976 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DC, Ferrari M. Nanotechnology and tumor imaging: seizing an opportunity. Mol. Imaging3(4), 364–369 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H. Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat. Mater.4(6), 435–446 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain K. Nanodiagnostics: application of nanotechnology in molecular diagnostics. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn.3(2), 153–161 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubbe AS, Bergemann C, Huhnt W et al. Preclinical experiences with magnetic drug targeting: tolerance and efficacy. Cancer Res.56(20), 4694–4701 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurgons R, Seliger C, Hilpert A, Trahms L, Odenbach S, Alexiou C. Drug loaded magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapy. J. Phys. Condens. Matter.18(38), S2893–S2902 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medarova Z, Pham W, Kim Y, Dai GP, Moore A. In vivo imaging of tumor response to therapy using a dual-modality imaging strategy. Int. J. Cancer118(11), 2796–2802 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra A, Mulholland J, Nan A, McNeill E, Ghandehari H, Line BR. Targeting tumor angiogenic vasculature using polymer-RGD conjugates. J. Control. Release102(1), 191–201 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks PC, Clark RAF, Cheresh DA. Requirement of vascular integrin A(V)B(3) for angiogenesis. Science264(5158), 569–571 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derfus AM, Chen AA, Min DH, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN. Targeted quantum dot conjugates for siRNA delivery. Bioconjug. Chem.18(5), 1391–1396 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen C, Maysinger D, Eisenberg A. Nano-engineering block copolymer aggregates for drug delivery. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces16(1–4), 3–27 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabanov AV, Nazarova IR, Astafieva IV et al. Micelle formation and solubilization of fluorescent-probes in poly(oxyethylene-b-oxypropylene-b-oxyethylene) solutions. Macromolecules28(7), 2303–2314 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakizawa Y, Kataoka K. Block copolymer micelles for delivery of gene and related compounds. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.54(2), 203–222 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosler A, Vandermeulen GWM, Klok HA. Advanced drug delivery devices via self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.53(1), 95–108 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic R, Luo LB, Eisenberg A, Maysinger D. Micellar nanocontainers distribute to defined cytoplasmic organelles. Science300(5619), 615–618 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Prud’homme RK. Thermodynamic limits on drug loading in nanoparticle cores. J. Pharm. Sci.97(11), 4904–4914 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, Shin ILG, Lee YM, Cho CS, Sung YK. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and epsilon-caprolactone amphiphilic block copolymeric micelle containing indomethacin. II. Micelle formation and drug release behaviours. J. Control. Release51(1), 13–22 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La SB, Okano T, Kataoka K. Preparation and characterization of the micelle-forming polymeric drug indomethacin-incorporated poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(b-benzyl l-aspartate) block copolymer micelles. J. Pharm. Sci.85(1), 85–90 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BK, Prud’homme RK. Chemical processing and micromixing in confined impinging jets. AIChE J.49(9), 2264–2282 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BK, Prud’homme RK. Mechanism for rapid self-assembly of block copolymer nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. Lett.91(11), 118302 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon DJ, Johnston KP, Bodmeier RA. Polymeric materials formed by precipitation with a compressed fluid antisolvent. AIChE J.39(1), 127–139 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timothy J. Young KPJ, Mishima K, Tanaka H. Encapsulation of lysozyme in a biodegradable polymer by precipitation with a vapor-over-liquid antisolvent. J. Pharm. Sci.88(6), 640–650 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeben BJ, Burgess DS, McConville JT et al.In vivo efficacy of aerosolized nanostructured itraconazole formulations for prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.50(4), 1552–1554 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteucci ME, Hotze MA, Williams RO, Johnston KP. Drug nanoparticles by antisolvent precipitation: mixing energy versus surfactant stabilization. Langmuir22(21), 8951–8959 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham KN, Puertas AM, Bergenholtz J et al. Multiple glassy states in a simple model system. Science296(5565), 104–106 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Prud’homme RK. Thermodynamic limits on drug loading in nanoparticle cores. J. Pharm. Sci.97(11), 4904–4914 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Cheng C, Liu Y, Prud’homme RK, Fox RO. Mixing in a multi-inlet vortex mixer (MIVM) for flash nano-precipitation. Chem. Eng. Sci.63(11), 2829–2842 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BK, Prud’homme RK. Flash NanoPrecipitation of organic actives and block copolymers using a confined impinging jets mixer. Aust. J. Chem.56(10), 1021–1024 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gindy ME, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Prud’homme RK. Composite block copolymer stabilized nanoparticles: simultaneous encapsulation of organic actives and inorganic nanostructures. Langmuir24(1), 83–90 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbulut M, Ginart P, Gindy ME, Theriault C, Sobojeyo W, Prud’homme RK. Generic method of preparing fluorescent nanoparticles using Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP). Adv. Funct. Mater.19–15, 718–725 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szoka F, Papahadjopoulos D. Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA75(9), 4194–4198 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szoka F, Papahadjopoulos D. Comparative properties and methods of preparation of lipid vesicles (liposomes). Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng.9, 467–508 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israelachvili JN. Intermolecular and Surface Forces. Academic Press, London, UK (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Sofou S, Thomas JL, Lin HY, McDevitt MR, Scheinberg DA, Sgouros G. Engineered liposomes for potential a-particle therapy of metastatic cancer. J. Nucl. Med.45(2), 253–260 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shvedova AA, Castranova V, Kisin ER et al. Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J. Toxicol. Envrion. Health Part A66(20), 1909 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett.4(1), 11–18 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic R, Luo L, Eisenberg A, Maysinger D. Micellar nanocontainers distribute to defined cytoplasmic organelles. Science300(5619), 615–618 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar