References
- Calabrese LH, Molloy ES. Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in the rheumatic diseases: assessing the risks of biological immunosuppressive therapies. Ann. Rheum. Dis.67(Suppl. 3), III64–III65 (2008).
- Schon MP, Zollner TM, Boehncke WH. The molecular basis of lymphocyte recruitment to the skin: clues for pathogenesis and selective therapies of inflammatory disorders. J. Invest. Dermatol.121(5), 951–962 (2003).
- Dubertret L, Sterry W, Bos JD et al. Clinical experience acquired with the efalizumab (Raptiva) (CLEAR) trial in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: results from a Phase III international randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Br. J. Dermatol.155(1), 170–181 (2006).
- Gordon KB, Papp KA, Hamilton TK et al. Efalizumab for patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA290(23), 3073–3080 (2003).
- Lebwohl M, Tyring SK, Hamilton TK et al. A novel targeted T-cell modulator, efalizumab, for plaque psoriasis. N. Engl. J. Med.349(21), 2004–2013 (2003).
- Leonardi CL, Papp KA, Gordon KB et al. Extended efalizumab therapy improves chronic plaque psoriasis: results from a randomized phase III trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.52(3 Pt 1), 425–433 (2005).
- Papp KA, Bressinck R, Fretzin S et al. Safety of efalizumab in adults with chronic moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: a Phase IIIb, randomized, controlled trial. Int. J. Dermatol.45(5), 605–614 (2006).
- Schmitt J, Zhang Z, Wozel G, Meurer M, Kirch W. Efficacy and tolerability of biologic and nonbiologic systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br. J. Dermatol.159(3), 513–526 (2008).
- Gottlieb AB, Gordon KB, Lebwohl MG et al. Extended efalizumab therapy sustains efficacy without increasing toxicity in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. J. Drugs Dermatol.3(6), 614–624 (2004).
- Gottlieb AB, Hamilton T, Caro I, Kwon P, Compton PG, Leonardi CL. Long-term continuous efalizumab therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: updated results from an ongoing trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.54(4 Suppl. 1), S154–S163 (2006).
- Leonardi C, Menter A, Hamilton T, Caro I, Xing B, Gottlieb AB. Efalizumab: results of a 3-year continuous dosing study for the long-term control of psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol.158(5), 1107–1116 (2008).
- Papp KA, Camisa C, Stone SP et al. Safety of efalizumab in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: review of clinical data. part II. J. Cutan. Med. Surg.9(6), 313–323 (2005).
- Higgings JPT, Altman DG. Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of interventions Version 5.0.1. Higgings JPT, Green S (Eds). The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK (2008).
- Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ. What is ‘quality of evidence’ and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ336(7651), 995–998 (2008).
- Dedrick RL, Walicke P, Garovoy M. Anti-adhesion antibodies efalizumab, a humanized anti-CD11a monoclonal antibody. Transpl. Immunol.9(2–4), 181–186 (2002).
- Gauvreau GM, Becker AB, Boulet LP et al. The effects of an anti-CD11a mAb, efalizumab, on allergen-induced airway responses and airway inflammation in subjects with atopic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.112(2), 331–338 (2003).
- Goncalves DP, Laurindo I, Scheinberg MA. The appearance of pustular psoriasis during antitumor necrosis factor therapy. J. Clin. Rheumatol.12(5), 262 (2006).
- Harper EG, Simpson EL, Takiguchi RH et al. Efalizumab therapy for atopic dermatitis causes marked increases in circulating effector memory CD4+ T cells that express cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. J. Invest. Dermatol.128(5), 1173–1181 (2008).
- Jacquemin MG, Machiels JJ, Lebrun PM, Saint-Remy JM. Successful treatment of atopic dermatitis with complexes of allergen and specific antibodies. Lancet335(8703), 1468–1469 (1990).
- Su C, Teitelman M. Anti-TNF therapy: is this our answer to pyoderma gangrenosum. Gastroenterology131, 1347–1349 (2006).
- Callen JP. Immunomodulatory treatment for dermatomyositis. Curr. Allergy AsthmaRep.8(4), 348–353 (2008).
- Chen SL, Yan J, Lui Y, Xu XL, Sun JF, Wu TX. Efalizumab for psoriasis: a systematic review. Chinese J. Evidence-Based Med.6, 267–272 (2006).
- Gottlieb AB. Therapeutic options in the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.53(1 Suppl. 1), S3–S16 (2005).
- Grassi W, Montecucco C. [Approved indications and other possible utilizations of anti-TNF-α biologic drugs.]. Reumatismo57(4 Suppl. 1), 30–33 (2005).
- Graves JE, Nunley K, Heffernan MP. Off-label uses of biologics in dermatology: rituximab, omalizumab, infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, efalizumab, and alefacept (part 2 of 2). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.56(1), E55–E79 (2007).
- Guhl G, Diaz-Ley B, Fernandez-Herrera J. [Off-label use of biologic agents in the treatment of dermatosis, part 2: etanercept, efalizumab, alefacept, rituximab, daclizumab, basiliximab, omalizumab, and cetuximab]. Actas Dermosifiliogr.99(1), 5–33 (2008).
- Heymann WR. Antipsoriatic biologic agents for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.56(5), 854–855 (2007).
- Kerns MJ, Graves JE, Smith DI, Heffernan MP. Off-label uses of biologic agents in dermatology: a (2006) update. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg.25(4), 226–240 (2006).
- O’Neill ID. Off-label use of biologicals in the management of inflammatory oral mucosal disease. J. Oral Pathol. Med.37(10), 575–581 (2008).
- Prens EP. Off-label use and side-effects of biologics. Nederland Tijdschr. Dermatol. Venereol.18, 118–119 (2008).
- Wenzel J, Bieber T, Uerlich M, Tuting T. [Systemic treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus]. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges.1(9), 694–704 (2003).
- Wakkee M, Assen YJ, Thio HB, Neumann HA. Repigmentation of vitiligo during efalizumab. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.59(2 Suppl. 1), S57–S58 (2008).
- Cohen DJ, Scherschun L. Case reports: practical experience with efalizumab in hand and foot psoriasis. J. Drugs Dermatol.6(12), 1224–1230 (2007).
- Colsman A, Carrascosa JM, Ferrandiz C, Simon JC. Successful treatment of recalcitrant palmoplantar psoriasis with efalizumab. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.22(9), 1131–1134 (2008).
- Fretzin S, Crowley J, Jones L, Young M, Sobell J. Successful treatment of hand and foot psoriasis with efalizumab therapy. J. Drugs Dermatol.5(9), 838–846 (2006).
- Stinco G, Piccirillo F, Patrone P. Treatment of palmoplantar pustular psoriasis with efalizumab: a quick response with early recurrence. Eur. J. Dermatol.18(1), 91–92 (2008).
- Varma R, Cafardi JA, Cantrell W, Elmets C. Safety and efficacy of subcutaneously administered efalizumab in adults with moderate-to-severe hand and foot psoriasis: an open-label study. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.9(2), 105–109 (2008).
- Wozel G, Vitez L. Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: successful therapy with efalizumab after non-response to infliximab. Acta Derm. Venereol.88(2), 169–170 (2008).
- Gomez M, Ruelas ME, Welsh O, Arcaute HD, Ocampo-Candiani J. Clinical improvement of pityriasis rubra pilaris with efalizumab in a pediatric patient. J. Drugs Dermatol.6(3), 337–339 (2007).
- Klein A, Szeimies RM, Landthaler M, Karrer S. Exacerbation of pityriasis rubra pilaris under efalizumab therapy. Dermatology215(1), 72–75 (2007).
- Mekkes JR, Bos JD. Long-term efficacy of a single course of infliximab in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br. J. Dermatol.158(2), 370–374 (2008).
- Strober BE, Kim C, Siu K. Efalizumab for the treatment of refractory hidradenitis suppurativa. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.57(6), 1090–1091 (2007).
- Bos JD. Proliferating prevalence of concepts and controversies in atopic eczema. J. Cosmet. Dermatol.3(4), 243–244 (2004).
- Takiguchi R, Tofte S, Simpson B et al. Efalizumab for severe atopic dermatitis: a pilot study in adults. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.56(2), 222–227 (2007).
- Farshidi A, Sadeghi P. Successful treatment of severe refractory atopic dermatitis with efalizumab. J. Drugs Dermatol.5(10), 994–998 (2006).
- Hassan AS, Kaelin U, Braathen LR, Yawalkar N. Clinical and immunopathologic findings during treatment of recalcitrant atopic eczema with efalizumab. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.56(2), 217–221 (2007).
- Kaelin U, Hassan AS, Braathen LR, Yawalkar N. Treatment of alopecia areata partim universalis with efalizumab. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.55(3), 529–532 (2006).
- Siegfried EC. Long-term follow-up of a child treated with efalizumab for atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol.143(8), 1077–1078 (2007).
- Weinberg JM, Siegfried EC. Successful treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in a child and an adult with the T-cell modulator efalizumab. Arch. Dermatol.142(5), 555–558 (2006).
- Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ et al. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med.13(4), 350–365 (2002).
- De Vries HJ, van MJ, Teunissen MB et al. Lichen planus is associated with human herpesvirus type 7 replication and infiltration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Br. J. Dermatol.154(2), 361–364 (2006).
- Bohm M, Luger TA. Lichen planus responding to efalizumab. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.56(Suppl. 5), S92–S93 (2007).
- Cheng A, Mann C. Oral erosive lichen planus treated with efalizumab. Arch. Dermatol.142(6), 680–682 (2006).
- Heffernan MP, Smith DI, Bentley D, Tabacchi M, Graves JE. A single-center, open-label, prospective pilot study of subcutaneous efalizumab for oral erosive lichen planus. J. Drugs Dermatol.6(3), 310–314 (2007).
- Kolde G, Meffert H, Rowe E. Successful treatment of alopecia areata with efalizumab. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.22(12), 1519–1520 (2008).
- Price VH, Hordinsky MK, Olsen EA et al. Subcutaneous efalizumab is not effective in the treatment of alopecia areata. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.58(3), 395–402 (2008).
- Tosti A, Pazzaglia M, Starace M, Bellavista S, Vincenzi C, Tonelli G. Alopecia areata during treatment with biologic agents. Arch. Dermatol.142(12), 1653–1654 (2006).
- Zribi H, Crickx B, Descamps V. Prevention of recurrent aphthous stomatitis by efalizumab (Raptiva). J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.21(9), 1286–1287 (2007).
- Goffe BS. Disseminated granuloma annulare resolved with the T-cell modulator efalizumab. Arch. Dermatol.140(10), 1287–1288 (2004).
- Huber A, Gaffal E, Bieber T, Tuting T, Wenzel J. Treatment of recalcitrant dermatomyositis with efalizumab. Acta Derm. Venereol.86(3), 254–255 (2006).
- Chow S, Rizzo C, Ravitskiy L, Sinha AA. The role of T cells in cutaneous autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity38(4), 303–317 (2005).
- Fernandez-Obregon AC. Clinical management with efalizumab of a patient with psoriasis and comorbid vitiligo. J. Drugs Dermatol.7(7), 679–681 (2008).
- WakkeeM, Thio HB, Neumann FJ. Is efalizumab effective in the treatment of vitiligo? Nederland Tijdschr. Dermatol. Venereol.18, 131–132 (2008).
- Wenzel J, Uerlich M, Worrenkamper E, Freutel S, Bieber T, Tuting T. Scarring skin lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus are characterized by high numbers of skin-homing cytotoxic lymphocytes associated with strong expression of the type I interferon-induced protein MxA. Br. J. Dermatol.153(5), 1011–1015 (2005).
- Wenzel J, Zahn S, Mikus S, Wiechert A, Bieber T, Tuting T. The expression pattern of interferon-inducible proteins reflects the characteristic histological distribution of infiltrating immune cells in different cutaneous lupus erythematosus subsets. Br. J. Dermatol.157(4), 752–757 (2007).
- Clayton TH, Ogden S, Goodfield MD. Treatment of refractory subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with efalizumab. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.54(5), 892–895 (2006).
- Hamprecht A, Tuting T, Bieber T, Wenzel J. Successful treatment of recalcitrant malar rash in a patient with cutaneous lupus erythematosus with efalizumab. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.33(3), 347–348 (2008).
- Usmani N, Goodfield M. Efalizumab in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus. Arch. Dermatol.143(7), 873–877 (2007).
- Bentley DD, Graves JE, Smith DI, Heffernan MP. Efalizumab-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.54(5 Suppl.), S242–S243 (2006).
- Lecluse LL, Naldi L, Stern RS, Spuls PI. National Registries of Systemic Treatment for Psoriasis and the European ‘Psonet’ Initiative. Dermatology218(4), 347–356 (2008).
- Nijsten T, Spuls PI, Naldi L, Stern RS. The misperception that clinical trial data reflect long-term drug safety: lessons learned from Efalizumab’s withdrawal. Arch. Dermatol.145(9), 1037–1039 (2009).