93
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Bladder Cancer - Review

Developments in intravesical therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

&
Pages 1903-1916 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Wu X, Ros MM, Gu J, Kiemeney L. Epidemiology and genetic susceptibility to bladder cancer. BJU Int.102(9 Pt B), 1207–1215 (2008).
  • Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin.55(2), 74–108 (2005).
  • Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Dorant E, van Den Brandt PA. The impact of characteristics of cigarette smoking on urinary tract cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Cancer89(3), 630–639 (2000).
  • Pelucchi C, Bosetti C, Negri E, Malvezzi M, La Vecchia C. Mechanisms of disease: the epidemiology of bladder cancer. Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol.3(6), 327–340 (2006).
  • Messing EM. Urothelial tumors of the bladder. In: Campbell-Walsh Urology (9th Edition).Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA (Eds). Saunders Elsevier, PA, USA 2419–2431 (2007).
  • Bastacky S, Ibrahim S, Wilczynski SP, Murphy WM. The accuracy of urinary cytology in daily practice. Cancer87(3), 118–128 (1999).
  • Têtu B. Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma from urine. Mod. Pathol.22(Suppl. 2), S53–S59 (2009).
  • van Rhijn BW, van der Poel HG, van der Kwast TH. Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance: a systematic review. Eur. Urol.47(6), 736–748 (2005).
  • Lokeshwar VB, Habuchi T, Grossman HB et al. Bladder tumor markers beyond cytology: International Consensus Panel on bladder tumor markers. Urology66(6 Suppl. 1), 35–63 (2005).
  • Bryan RT, Zeegers MP, James ND, Wallace DM, Cheng KK. Biomarkers in bladder cancer. BJU Int.105(5), 608–613 (2010).
  • Epstein JI, Amin MB, Reuter VR, Mostofi FK. The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Bladder Consensus Conference Committee. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.22(12), 1435–1448 (1998).
  • Sauter G, Algaba F, Amin MB et al. Tumours of the urinary system: non-invasive urothelial neoplasias. In: WHO Classification of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs.Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA (Eds). IARC Press, Lyon, France, 29–34 (2004).
  • Babjuk M, Oosterlinck W, Sylvester R, Kaasinen E, Bohle A, Palou-Redorta J. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur. Urol.54(2), 303–314 (2008).
  • Hall MC, Chang SS, Dalbagni G et al. Guideline for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1, and Tis): 2007 update. J. Urol.178(6), 2314–2330 (2007).
  • Histological typing of urinary bladder tumours. In: International Classification of Tumors No. 10. Mostofi FK, Sobin LH, Torloni H (Eds). WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 21–22 (1973).
  • Greene FL, Page DL, Flemming ID. Bladder cancer. In: American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual.Greene FL, Page DL, Flemming ID (Eds). Springer, NY, USA 335–340 (2002).
  • Sobin LH, Gospodariwicz M, Wittekind C. Urinary Bladder. In: TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. UICC Union International Contre le Cancer.Sobin LH, Gospodariwicz M, Wittekind C (Eds). Wiley-Blackwell, NJ, USA 262–265 (2009).
  • Kirkali Z, Chan T, Manoharan M et al. Bladder cancer: epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis. Urology66(6 Suppl. 1), 4–34 (2005).
  • Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur. Urol.49(3), 466–465 (2006).
  • Fernandez-Gomez J, Solsona E, Unda M et al. Prognostic factors in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette–Guérin: multivariate analysis of data from four randomized CUETO trials. Eur. Urol.53(5), 992–1001 (2008).
  • Fernandez-Gomez J, Madero R, Solsona E et al. Predicting nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer recurrence and progression in patients treated with bacillus Calmette–Guérin: the CUETO scoring model. J. Urol.182(5), 2195–2203 (2009).
  • Brausi M, Collette L, Kurth K et al. Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after TUR in stage Ta T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a combined analysis of seven EORTC studies. Eur. Urol.41(5), 523–531 (2002).
  • Schwaibold HE, Sivalingam S, May F, Hartung R. The value of a second transurethral resection for T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int.97(6), 1199–1201 (2006).
  • Schulze M, Stotz N, Rassweiler J. Retrospective analysis of transurethral resection, second-look resection, and long-term chemo-metaphylaxis for superficial bladder cancer: indications and efficacy of a differentiated approach. J. Endourol.21(12), 1533–1541 (2007).
  • Guevara A, Salomon L, Allory Y et al. The role of tumor-free status in repeat resection before intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin for high grade Ta, T1 and CIS bladder cancer. J. Urol.183(6), 2161–2164 (2010).
  • Shaw GL, Bunce CJ. Fluorescence cystoscopy – how to do it. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther.5(4), 267–270 (2008).
  • Witjes JA, Redorta JP, Jacqmin D et al. Hexaminolevulinate-guided fluorescence cystoscopy in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: review of the evidence and recommendations. Eur. Urol.57(4), 607–614 (2010).
  • Sievert KD, Kruck S. Hexyl aminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in bladder cancer. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther.9(8), 1055–1063 (2009).
  • Filbeck T, Pichlmeier U, Knuechel R, Wieland WF, Roessler W. Do patients profit from 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence diagnosis in transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma? Urology60(6), 1025–1028 (2002).
  • Grossman HB, Gomella L, Fradet Y et al. A Phase III, multicenter comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of superficial papillary lesions in patients with bladder cancer. J. Urol.178(1), 62–67 (2007).
  • Fradet Y, Grossman HB, Gomella L et al. A comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situin patients with bladder cancer: a Phase III, multicenter study. J. Urol.178(1), 68–73 (2007).
  • Kausch I, Sommerauer M, Montorsi F et al. Fluorescence diagnosis in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: results of a metaanalysis. Aktuelle Urol.41(3), 171–177 (2010).
  • Babjuk M, Soukup V, Petrik R, Jirsa M, Dvoracek J. 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cystoscopy during transurethral resection reduces the risk of recurrence in stage Ta/T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int.96(6), 798–802 (2005).
  • Mostafid H, Bunce C. Improved detection and reduced early recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer using hexaminolaevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy: results of a multicentre prospective randomized study (PC B305). BJU Int.104(7), 889–890 (2009).
  • Stenzl A, Cowan NC, De Santis M et al. The updated EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Eur. Urol.55(4), 815–825 (2009).
  • Bryan RT, Billingham LJ, Wallace DM. Narrow-band imaging flexible cystoscopy in the detection of recurrent urothelial cancer of the bladder. BJU Int.101(6), 702–705 (2008).
  • Herr HW, Donat SM. A comparison of white-light cystoscopy and narrow-band imaging cystoscopy to detect bladder tumour recurrences. BJU Int.102(9), 1111–1114 (2008).
  • Cauberg EC, Kloen S, Visser M et al. Narrow band imaging cystoscopy improves the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urology76(3), 658–663 (2010).
  • Jakse G, Algaba F, Malmstrom PU, Oosterlinck W. A second-look TUR in T1 transitional cell carcinoma: why? Eur. Urol.45(5), 539–546 (2004).
  • Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, van der Meijden AP. A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J. Urol.171(6 Pt 1), 2186–2190 (2004).
  • Oddens JR, van der Meijden AP, Sylvester R. One immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy in low risk Ta, T1 bladder cancer patients. Is it always safe? Eur. Urol.46(3), 336–338 (2004).
  • Kaasinen E, Rintala E, Hellstrom P et al. Factors explaining recurrence in patients undergoing chemoimmunotherapy regimens for frequently recurring superficial bladder carcinoma. Eur. Urol.42(2), 167–174 (2002).
  • Berrum-Svennung I, Granfors T, Jahnson S, Boman H, Holmang S. A single instillation of epirubicin after transurethral resection of bladder tumors prevents only small recurrences. J. Urol.179(1), 101–105 (2008).
  • Cai T, Nesi G, Tinacci G et al. Can early single dose instillation of epirubicin improve bacillus Calmette–Guérin efficacy in patients with nonmuscle invasive high risk bladder cancer? Results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study. J. Urol.180(1), 110–115 (2008).
  • Hendricksen K, Witjes WP, Idema JG et al. Comparison of three schedules of intravesical epirubicin in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur. Urol.53(5), 984–991 (2008).
  • Gudjonsson S, Adell L, Merdasa F et al. Should all patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer receive early intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection? The results of a prospective randomised multicentre study. Eur. Urol.55(4), 773–780 (2009).
  • Koga H, Kuroiwa K, Yamaguchi A, Osada Y, Tsuneyoshi M, Naito S. A randomized controlled trial of short-term versus long-term prophylactic intravesical instillation chemotherapy for recurrence after transurethral resection of Ta/T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J. Urol.171(1), 153–157 (2004).
  • Serretta V, Morgia G, Altieri V et al. A 1-year maintenance after early adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy has a limited efficacy in preventing recurrence of intermediate risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int.106(2), 212–217 (2010).
  • Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA. The schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published results of randomized clinical trials. Eur. Urol.53(4), 709–719 (2008).
  • Böhle A, Brandau S. Immune mechanisms in bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. J. Urol.170(3), 964–969 (2003).
  • Gontero P, Bohle A, Malmstrom PU et al. The role of bacillus Calmette–Guérin in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur. Urol.57(3), 410–429 (2010).
  • van der Meijden AP, Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, Hoeltl W, Bono AV. Maintenance bacillus Calmette–Guérin for Ta T1 bladder tumors is not associated with increased toxicity: results from a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group Phase III Trial. Eur. Urol.44(4), 429–434 (2003).
  • Shelley MD, Court JB, Kynaston H, Wilt TJ, Fish R, Mason MD. Intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin in Ta and T1 bladder cancer (review). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.4, CD001986 (2010).
  • Shelley MD, Mason MD, Kynaston H. Intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer: a systematic review of randomised trials and meta-analyses. Cancer Treat. Rev.36(3), 195–205 (2010).
  • Sylvester RJ, Brausi MA, Kirkels WJ et al. Long-term efficacy results of EORTC Genito-Urinary Group randomized Phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, bacillus Calmette–Guérin, and bacillus Calmette–Guérin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate- and high-risk stage Ta T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur. Urol.57(5), 766–773 (2009).
  • Malmström PU, Sylvester RJ, Crawford DE et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette–Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur. Urol.56(2), 247–256 (2009).
  • Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy for recurrent Ta, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J. Urol.163(4), 1124–1129 (2000).
  • Mack D, Holtl W, Bassi P et al. The ablative effect of quarter dose bacillus Calmette–Guérin on a papillary marker lesion of the bladder. J. Urol.165(2), 401–403 (2001).
  • Martinez-Pineiro JA, Flores N, Isorna S et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized prospective trial comparing a standard 81 mg dose of intravesical bacille Calmette–Guérin with a reduced dose of 27 mg in superficial bladder cancer. BJU Int.89(7), 671–680 (2002).
  • Yoneyama T, Ohyama C, Imai A et al. Low-dose instillation therapy with bacille Calmette–Guérin Tokyo 172 strain after transurethral resection: historical cohort study. Urology71(6), 1161–1165 (2008).
  • Ojea A, Nogueira JL, Solsona E et al. A multicentre, randomised prospective trial comparing three intravesical adjuvant therapies for intermediate-risk superficial bladder cancer: low-dose bacillus Calmette–Guérin (27 mg) versus very low-dose bacillus Calmette–Guérin (13.5 mg) versus mitomycin C. Eur. Urol.52(5), 1398–1406 (2007).
  • Colombel M, Saint F, Chopin D, Malavaud B, Nicolas L, Rischmann P. The effect of ofloxacin on bacillus Calmette–Guérin induced toxicity in patients with superficial bladder cancer: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter study. J. Urol.176(3), 935–939 (2006).
  • Durek C, Rusch-Gerdes S, Jocham D, Bohle A. Sensitivity of BCG to modern antibiotics. Eur. Urol.37(Suppl. 1), 21–25 (2000).
  • Laufer M, Ramalingam S, Schoenberg MP et al. Intravesical gemcitabine therapy for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a Phase I and pharmacokinetic study. J. Clin. Oncol.21(4), 697–703 (2003).
  • Mattioli F, Curotto A, Manfredi V et al. Intravesical gemcitabine in superficial bladder cancer: a Phase II safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic study. Anticancer Res.25(3c), 2493–2496 (2005).
  • Serretta V, Galuffo A, Pavone C, Allegro R, Pavone-Macaluso M. Gemcitabine in intravesical treatment of Ta–T1 transitional cell carcinoma of bladder: Phase I–II study on marker lesions. Urology65(1), 65–69 (2005).
  • Witjes JA, van der Heijden AG, Vriesema JL, Peters GJ, Laan A, Schalken JA. Intravesical gemcitabine: a Phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study. Eur. Urol.45(2), 182–186 (2004).
  • Gontero P, Marini L, Frea B. Intravesical gemcitabine for superficial bladder cancer: rationale for a new treatment option. BJU Int.96(7), 970–976 (2005).
  • Hendricksen K, Witjes JA. Intravesical gemcitabine: an update of clinical results. Curr. Opin. Urol.16(5), 361–366 (2006).
  • Porena M, Del Zingaro M, Lazzeri M et al. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin versus gemcitabine for intravesical therapy in high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a randomised prospective study. Urol. Int.84(1), 23–27 (2010).
  • Addeo R, Caraglia M, Bellini S et al. Randomized Phase III trial on gemcitabine versus mytomicin in recurrent superficial bladder cancer: evaluation of efficacy and tolerance. J. Clin. Oncol.28(4), 543–548 (2010).
  • Walton MI, Smith PJ, Workman P. The role of NAD(P)H: quinone reductase (EC 1.6.99.2, DT-diaphorase) in the reductive bioactivation of the novel indoloquinone antitumor agent EO9. Cancer Commun.3(7), 199–206 (1991).
  • Jain A, Phillips RM, Scally AJ, Lenaz G, Beer M, Puri R. Response of multiple recurrent TaT1 bladder cancer to intravesical apaziquone (EO9): comparative analysis of tumor recurrence rates. Urology73(5), 1083–1086 (2009).
  • Hendricksen K, van der Heijden AG, Cornel EB et al. Two-year follow-up of the Phase II marker lesion study of intravesical apaziquone for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J. Urol.27(3), 337–342 (2009).
  • van der Heijden AG, Moonen PM, Cornel EB et al. Phase II marker lesion study with intravesical instillation of apaziquone for superficial bladder cancer: toxicity and marker response. J. Urol.176(4 Pt 1), 1349–1353 (2006).
  • Puri R, Palit V, Loadman PM et al. Phase I/II pilot study of intravesical apaziquone (EO9) for superficial bladder cancer. J. Urol.176(4 Pt 1), 1344–1348 (2006).
  • Schiff PB, Horwitz SB. Taxol stabilizes microtubules in mouse fibroblast cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA77(3), 1561–1565 (1980).
  • McKiernan JM, Masson P, Murphy AM et al. Phase I trial of intravesical docetaxel in the management of superficial bladder cancer refractory to standard intravesical therapy. J. Clin. Oncol.24(19), 3075–3080 (2006).
  • Barlow L, McKiernan J, Sawczuk I, Benson M. A single-institution experience with induction and maintenance intravesical docetaxel in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer refractory to bacille Calmette–Guérin therapy. BJU Int.104(8), 1098–1102 (2009).
  • Laudano MA, Barlow LJ, Murphy AM et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of a Phase I trial of intravesical docetaxel in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer refractory to standard intravesical therapy. Urology75(1), 134–137 (2010).
  • Knemeyer I, Wientjes MG, Au JL. Cremophor reduces paclitaxel penetration into bladder wall during intravesical treatment. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.44(3), 241–248 (1999).
  • Rosato A, Banzato A, De Luca G et al. HYTAD1-p20: a new paclitaxel–hyaluronic acid hydrosoluble bioconjugate for treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol.24(3), 207–215 (2006).
  • Le Visage C, Rioux-Leclercq N, Haller M, Breton P, Malavaud B, Leong K. Efficacy of paclitaxel released from bio-adhesive polymer microspheres on model superficial bladder cancer. J. Urol.171(3), 1324–1329 (2004).
  • Lu Z, Yeh TK, Tsai M, Au JL, Wientjes MG. Paclitaxel-loaded gelatin nanoparticles for intravesical bladder cancer therapy. Clin. Cancer Res.10(22), 7677–7684 (2004).
  • Mugabe C, Hadaschik BA, Kainthan RK et al. Paclitaxel incorporated in hydrophobically derivatized hyperbranched polyglycerols for intravesical bladder cancer therapy. BJU Int.103(7), 978–986 (2009).
  • Jimenez-Cruz JF, Vera-Donoso CD, Leiva O et al. Intravesical immunoprophylaxis in recurrent superficial bladder cancer (stage T1): multicenter trial comparing bacille Calmette–Guérin and interferon-a. Urology50(4), 529–535 (1997).
  • Joudi FN, Smith BJ, O’Donnell MA. Final results from a national multicenter Phase II trial of combination bacillus Calmette–Guérin plus interferon α-2B for reducing recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol.24(4), 344–348 (2006).
  • Harris JR, Markl J. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH): a biomedical review. Micron30(6), 597–623 (1999).
  • Jurincic CD, Engelmann U, Gasch J, Klippel KF. Immunotherapy in bladder cancer with keyhole-limpet hemocyanin: a randomized study. J. Urol.139(4), 723–726 (1988).
  • Jurincic-Winkler CD, Metz KA, Beuth J, Klippel KF. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin for carcinoma in situof the bladder: a long-term follow-up study. Eur. Urol.37(Suppl. 3), 45–49 (2000).
  • Lamm DL, Dehaven JI, Riggs DR. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunotherapy of bladder cancer: laboratory and clinical studies. Eur. Urol.37(Suppl. 3), 41–44 (2000).
  • Colombo R, Da Pozzo LF, Lev A, Freschi M, Gallus G, Rigatti P. Neoadjuvant combined microwave induced local hyperthermia and topical chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for superficial bladder cancer. J. Urol.155(4), 1227–1232 (1996).
  • Colombo R, Da Pozzo LF, Lev A et al. Local microwave hyperthermia and intravesical chemotherapy as bladder sparing treatment for select multifocal and unresectable superficial bladder tumors. J. Urol.159(3), 783–787 (1998).
  • Colombo R, Da Pozzo LF, Salonia A et al. Multicentric study comparing intravesical chemotherapy alone and with local microwave hyperthermia for prophylaxis of recurrence of superficial transitional cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.21(23), 4270–4276 (2003).
  • Gofrit ON, Shapiro A, Pode D et al. Combined local bladder hyperthermia and intravesical chemotherapy for the treatment of high-grade superficial bladder cancer. Urology63(3), 466–471 (2004).
  • van der Heijden AG, Kiemeney LA, Gofrit ON et al. Preliminary European results of local microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy treatment in intermediate or high risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur. Urol.46(1), 65–71 (2004).
  • Brausi M, Campo B, Pizzocaro G et al. Intravesical electromotive administration of drugs for treatment of superficial bladder cancer: a comparative Phase II study. Urology51(3), 506–509 (1998).
  • Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL et al. Intravesical electromotive mitomycin C versus passive transport mitomycin C for high risk superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized study. J. Urol.170(3), 777–782 (2003).
  • Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Giurioli A et al. Sequential BCG and electromotive mitomycin versus BCG alone for high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol.7(1), 43–51 (2006).
  • Di Stasi SM, Storti L, Giurioli A. Single immediate preoperative instillation of electromotive mitomycin-C plus transurethral resection versus transurethral resection alone versus transurethral resection plus immediate mitomycin-C for pTa bladder tumors: long-term results of a prospective randomized trial. J. Urol.179(Suppl. 4), 585 (2008).
  • Schrier BP, Hollander MP, van Rhijn BW, Kiemeney LA, Witjes JA. Prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: difference between primary and progressive tumours and implications for therapy. Eur. Urol.45(3), 292–296 (2004).
  • Guzzo TJ, Magheli A, Bivalacqua TJ et al. Pathological upstaging during radical cystectomy is associated with worse recurrence-free survival in patients with bacillus Calmette–Guérin-refractory bladder cancer. Urology74(6), 1276–1280 (2009).
  • Nieder AM, Brausi M, Lamm D et al. Management of stage T1 tumors of the bladder: International Consensus Panel. Urology66(6 Suppl. 1), 108–125 (2005).
  • Witjes JA. Management of BCG failures in superficial bladder cancer: a review. Eur. Urol.49(5), 790–797 (2006).
  • Lamm DL, Colombel M, Persad R. Clinical practice recommendations for the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. Suppl.7(10), 651–666 (2008).
  • Steinberg G, Bahnson R, Brosman S, Middleton R, Wajsman Z, Wehle M. Efficacy and safety of valrubicin for the treatment of bacillus Calmette–Guérin refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The Valrubicin Study Group. J. Urol.163(3), 761–767 (2000).
  • Dalbagni G, Russo P, Bochner B et al. Phase II trial of intravesical gemcitabine in bacille Calmette–Guérin-refractory transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J. Clin. Oncol.24(18), 2729–2734 (2006).
  • Mohanty NK, Nayak RL, Vasudeva P, Arora RP. Intravesical gemcitabine in management of BCG refractory superficial TCC of urinary bladder – our experience. Urol. Oncol.26(6), 616–619 (2008).
  • Breyer BN, Whitson JM, Carroll PR, Konety BR. Sequential intravesical gemcitabine and mitomycin C chemotherapy regimen in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol.28(5), 510–514 (2009).
  • Di Lorenzo G, Perdona S, Damiano R et al. Gemcitabine versus bacille Calmette–Guérin after initial bacille Calmette–Guérin failure in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a multicenter prospective randomized trial. Cancer116(8), 1893–1900 (2010).
  • Barlow LJ, McKiernan JM, Benson MC. The novel use of intravesical docetaxel for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer refractory to BCG therapy: a single institution experience. World J. Urol.27(3), 331–335 (2009).
  • O’Donnell MA, Krohn J, DeWolf WC. Salvage intravesical therapy with interferon-a 2b plus low dose bacillus Calmette–Guérin is effective in patients with superficial bladder cancer in whom bacillus Calmette–Guérin alone previously failed. J. Urol.166(4), 1300–1304 (2001).
  • O’Donnell MA, Lilli K, Leopold C. Interim results from a national multicenter Phase II trial of combination bacillus Calmette–Guérin plus interferon α-2b for superficial bladder cancer. J. Urol.172(3), 888–893 (2004).
  • Witjes JA, Hendricksen K, Gofrit ON, Risi O, Nativ O. Intravesical hyperthermia and mitomycin-C for (BCG-refractory) carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Eur. Urol.(Suppl. 6), 60 (2007).
  • Nativ O, Witjes JA, Hendricksen K et al. Combined thermo-chemotherapy for recurrent bladder cancer after bacillus Calmette–Guérin. J. Urol.182(4), 1313–1317 (2009).
  • Berger AP, Steiner H, Stenzl A, Akkad T, Bartsch G, Holtl L. Photodynamic therapy with intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid for patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer: a single-center study. Urology61(2), 338–341 (2003).
  • Pan H, Ma X, Chen J, Jiang H. PDT combined with intravesical BCG instillation would form an autovaccine for bladder cancer? Med. Hypotheses73(4), 559–560 (2009).
  • Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J. Clin. Oncol.19(3), 666–675 (2001).
  • Huguet J, Crego M, Sabate S, Salvador J, Palou J, Villavicencio H. Cystectomy in patients with high risk superficial bladder tumors who fail intravesical BCG therapy: pre-cystectomy prostate involvement as a prognostic factor. Eur. Urol.48(1), 53–59 (2005).
  • Denzinger S, Fritsche HM, Otto W, Blana A, Wieland WF, Burger M. Early versus deferred cystectomy for initial high-risk pT1G3 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: do risk factors define feasibility of bladder-sparing approach? Eur. Urol.53(1), 146–152 (2008).
  • Di Stasi SM, Riedl C. Updates in intravesical electromotive drug administration of mitomycin-C for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J. Urol.27(3), 325–330 (2009).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.