The role of laparoscopy and robotic surgery in the management of small renal masses

References

• Office for National Statistics. Cancer Statistics Registrations: Registrations of Cancer Diagnosed in 2008, England. Series MB1 no.39. National Statistics, London, UK (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Luciani LG, Cestari R, Tallarigo C. Incidental renal cell carcinoma-age and stage characterization and clinical implications: study of 1092 patients (1982–1997). Urology56(1), 58–62 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank I, Blute ML, Cheville JC et al. Solid renal tumors: an analysis of pathological features related to tumor size. J. Urol.170, 2217–2220 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Thompson RH, Kurta JM, Kaag M et al. Tumor size is associated with malignant potential in renal cell carcinoma cases. J. Urol.181, 2033–2036 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chawla SN, Crispen PL, Hanlon AL, Greenberg RE, Chen DY, Uzzo RG. The natural history of observed enhancing renal masses: meta-analysis and review of the world literature. J. Urol.175, 425–431 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe A, Jewett M. The natural history of small renal masses. Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol.2(8), 384–390 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lane BR, Abouassaly R, Gao T et al. Active treatment of localized renal tumors may not impact overall survival in patients aged 75 years or older. Cancer116, 3119–3126 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunkle DA, Crispen PL, Chen DY, Greenberg RE, Uzzo RG. Enhancing renal masses with zero net growth during active surveillance. J. Urol.177(3), 849–853 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smaldone M, Kutikov A, Eglestone B et al. Small renal masses progressing to metastases under active surveillance. Cancer118(4), 997–1006 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remzi M, Ozsoy M, Klinger HC et al. Are small renal tumors harmless? Analysis of histopathological features according to tumors 4cm or less in diameter. J. Urol.176, 896–899 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahernik S, Ziegler S, Roos F, Melchior SW et al. Small renal tumors: correlation of clinical and pathological features with tumor size. J. Urol.178, 414–417 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou Youssif T, Kassouf W, Steinberg J, Aprikian AG, Laplante MP, Tanguay S. Active surveillance for selected patients with renal masses: updated results with long-term follow-up. Cancer110, 1010–1014 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane BR, Samplaski MK, Herts BR, Zhou M, Novick AC, Campbell SC. Renal mass biopsy – a renaissance? J. Urol.179(1), 20–27 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingqung L, Rathmell K. Biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma. Kidney Cancer1, 47–65 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Mcquire B, Fitzpatrick J. Biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma. Curr. Opin. Urol.19(5), 441–446 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kouba E, Smith A, McRackan D et al. Watchful waiting for solid renal masses: insight into the natural history and results of delayed intervention. J. Urol.177, 466–470 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson CJ. Radical nephrectomy for RCC. J. Urol.89, 37–42 (1963).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Malley RL, Godoy G, Kanofsky JA, Taneja SS. The necessity of adrenalectomy at the time of radical nephrectomy: a systematic review. J. Urol.181, 2009–2017 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capitanio U, Becker F, Blute M et al. Lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol.60(6), 1212–1220 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayman RV, Kavoussi LR, Souper NJ et al. Laparoscopic nephrectomy: initial case report. J. Urol.146(2), 278–282 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong W, Rha KH, Kim HH et al. Comparison of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and open radical nephrectomy for pathological stage T1 and T2 renal cell carcinoma with clear cell histological features: a multi-institutional study. Urology77, 819–824 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portis AJ, Yan Y, Landman J et al. Long-term follow-up after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J. Urol.174, 1222–1225 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Permpongkosol S, Chan DY, Link RE et al. Long-term survival analysis after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J. Urol.167, 1257–1262 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DY, Caddedu JA, Jarrett TW, Marshall FF, Kavoussi LR. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy cancer control for renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol.166(6), 2095–2099 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono Y, Kinukawa T, Hattori R et al. The long-term outcome of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for small renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol.165(6 Pt 1), 1867–1870 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saika T, Ono Y, Hattori R et al. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for pathological T1 renal cell carcinoma. Urology62(6), 1018–1023 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassweiler J, Tsivian A, Kumar AV et al. Oncological safety of laparoscopic surgery for urological malignancy: experience with more than 1000 operations. J. Urol.169(6), 2072–2075 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landman J, Clayman RV. Port site tumor recurrence of videolaparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J. Urol.166(2), 629–630 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cicco A, Salomon L, Hoznek A et al. Results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J. Endourol.15(4), 335–339 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Dunn MD, Portis AJ, Shalhav AL et al. Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy: a 9 year experience. J. Urol.164, 1153–1159 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simforoosh N, Basiri A, Pourrezagholi F et al. Laparoscopic versus open live donor nephrectomy: the first randomised clinical trial. Transplant. Proc.35(7), 2553–2554 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nambirajan T, Jeschke S, Al-Zahrani H et al. Prospective, randomised controlled study: transperitoneal laparoscopic versus retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy. Urology64(5), 919–924 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai MM, Strzempkowski B, Martin SF et al. Prospective randomised comparison of transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J. Urol.173(1), 38–41 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lori M, Dulabon DO, Lowrance MD, Russo P, Huang W. Trends in renal tumor surgery delivery within the United States. Cancer116(10), 2316–2321 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ibrahim HN, Foley R, Tan L et al. Long-term consequences of kidney donation. N. Engl. J. Med.360, 459–469 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKiernan J, Simmons R, Katz J et al. Natural history of chronic renal insufficiency after partial and radical nephrectomy. Urology59, 816–820 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang WC, Levy AS, Serio AM et al. Chronic kidney disease after nephrectomy in patients with renal cortical tumors: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol.7, 735–740 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark AT, Breau RH, Morash C et al. Preservation of renal function following partial or radical nephrectomy using 24-hour creatinine clearance. Eur. Urol.54, 143–149 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalisation. N. Engl. J. Med.351, 1296–1305 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Lohse CM et al. Radical nephrectomy for pT1a masses may be associated with decreased overall survival compared with partial nephrectomy. J. Urol.179, 468–471 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weight CJ, Lieser G, Larson BT et al. Partial nephrectomy is associated with improved overall survival compared to radical nephrectomy in patients with unanticipated benign renal tumors. Eur. Urol.58, 293–298 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang WC, Elkin EB, Levey AS et al. Partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy in patients with small renal tumors: is there a difference in mortality and cardiovascular outcomes? J. Urol.181, 55–61 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Poppel H, Da Pozzo L, Albrecht W et al. A prospective randomised EORTC intergroup Phase 3 study comparing the oncological outcome of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol.59, 543–552 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs S, LaRochelle J, Belldegrum A. Partial nephrectomy: a contemporary review regarding outcomes and different techniques. Cancer J.14(5), 302–307 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stifelman MD et al. Hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: a multi-institutional study evaluating oncological control. J. Urol.167, 668–673 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Walther MM, Lyne JC, Libutti SK, Linehan WM. Laparoscopic cytoreductive nephrectomy as preparation for administration of systemic interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Urology19953(3), 496–501 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Shuford MD, McDougall EM, Chang SS et al. Complications of contemporary radical nephrectomy: comparison of open vs laparoscopic approach. Urol. Oncol.22(2), 121–126 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gill IS, Kavoussi LR, Lane BR et al. Comparison of 1800 laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomies for single renal tumors. J. Urol.178, 41 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh R, Weld K, Ames CD et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal masses: effect of tumor location. Urology67, 1169–1174 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramani AP, Desai MM, Steinberg AP et al. Complications of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in 200 cases. J. Urol.173, 42–47 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patard JJ, Pantuck AJ, Crepel M et al. Morbidity and clinical outcome of nephron-sparing surgery in relation to tumor size and indication. Eur. Urol.52, 148–154 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winfield HN, Donovan JF, Lund GO et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: initial experience and comparison to the open surgical approach. J. Urol.153, 1409–1414 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Permpongkosol S, Bagga HS, Romero FR et al. Laparoscopic vs open partial nephrectomy for the treatment of pathological T1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma: a 5 year survival rate. J. Urol.176, 1984–1988 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane BR, Novick AC, Babineau D et al. Comparison of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy for tumor in a solitary kidney. J. Urol.179, 847–851 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marszalek K, Meixl H, Polajnar M et al. Laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy: a matched pair comparison of 200 patients. Eur. Urol.55, 1171–1178 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hongzoo P, Seok-Soo B, Hyeon K et al. Comparison of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomies in T1a renal cell carcinoma: a Korean multicenter experience. Korean J. Urol.51(7), 467–471 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Poppel H, Joniau S. How important are surgical margins in nephron-sparing surgery? Eur. Urol.6(8), 533–539 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Kwon E, Brett S, Carver ME et al. Impact of positive surgical margins in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for renal cortical tumors. BJU Int.99(2), 286–289 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomson RH, Frank I, Lohse CM et al. The impact of ischemic time during open nephron sparing surgery on solitary kidneys: a multi-institutional study. J. Urol.177, 471–476 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmons MN, Schreiber MJ, Gill IS. Surgical renal ischemia: a contemporary review. J. Urol.180(1), 19–30 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker F, Van Poppel H, Hakenberg OW et al. Assessing the impact of ischemia time during partial nephrectomy. Eur. Urol.56, 625–635 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill IS, Colombo JR jr, Frank I et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for hilar tumors. J. Urol.174, 850–853 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen MM, Gill IS. Halving ischemia time during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J. Urol.177, 471–476 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bollens R, Rosenblatt A, Espinoza BP et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with ‘on-demand’ clamping reduces warm ischemic time. Eur. Urol.59, 128–134 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumert H, Ballaro A, Shah N et al. Reducing warm ischemia time during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a prospective comparison of two renal closure techniques. Eur. Urol.52, 1164–1169 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gill IS. 5-year outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J. Urol.177, 70–74 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Gill IS, Abreu SC, Desai MM et al. Laparoscopic ice slush renal hypothermia for partial nephrectomy: the initial experience. J. Urol.170, 52–56 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janetschek G, Abdelmaksoud A, Bagheri F, Al-Zahrani H et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in cold ischemia: renal artery perfusion. J. Urol.171, 68–71 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landman J, Ventkatesh R, Lee D et al. Renal hypothermia achieved by retrograde endoscopic cold saline perfusion: technique and initial clinical application. Urology61, 1023–1025 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren J, da Silva V, Caumartin Y et al. Robotic renal surgery: the future or a passing curiosity? Can. Urol. Assoc. J.3, 231–240 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abaza R. Robotic surgery and minimally invasive management of renal tumors with caval extension. Curr. Opin. Urol.21, 104–109 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel M, Krane L, Bhandari A et al. Robotic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors larger than 4cm. Eur. Urol.57, 310–316 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michli E, Parra R. Robotic assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: initial clinical experience. J. Urol.73, 302–305 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Scoll B, Uzzo R, Chen D et al. Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a large single institution experience. J. Urol.75, 1328–1334 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Gong Y, Du C, Josephson D et al. Four-arm robotic partial nephrectomy for complex renal cell carcinoma. World J. Urol.28, 111–115 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benway B, Bhayani S, Rogers C et al. Robot assisted partial nephrectomy: an international experience. Eur. Urol.57(5), 815–820 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang A, Bhayani S. Robotic partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a single surgeon analysis of > 100 consecutive procedures. J. Urol.73, 306–316 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Jeong W, Park S, Lorenzo E et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy versus robotic assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J. Endourol.23, 1457–1460 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kural A, Atug F, Tufek I et al. Robot assisted partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a comparison of outcomes. J. Endourol.23, 1491–1497 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benway B, Bhayani S, Rogers C et al. Robot assisted partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors: a multi-institutional analysis of peri-operative outcomes. J. Urol.182, 866–873 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovelock JE. The haemolysis of human red blood cells by freezing and thawing. Biochim. Biophys. Acta10, 414–426 (1953).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur P. Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems. Science168, 939–949 (1970).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkle DA, Uzzo MD. Cryoablation or radio-frequency ablation of the small renal mass. Cancer113(10), 2671–2680 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegarty NJ, Kaouk JH, Remer EM et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation: oncological outcomes at 5 years (abstract). J. Endourol.20(Suppl. 1), A12 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davol PE, Fulmer BR, Rukstalis DB. Long-term results of cryoablation for renal cell cancer and complex renal masses. Urology68(Suppl.), 2–6 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aron M, Kamoi K, Haber GP et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation: long-term oncological outcomes with minimum 5-year follow-up (abstract). J. Urol.179(Suppl. 4), 872–873 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Permpongkosol S, Nielsen ME, Solomon SB. Percutaneous renal cryoablation. Urology68, 19–25 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finley DS, Beck S, Box G et al. Percutaneous and laparoscopic cryoablation of small renal masses. J. Urol.180, 492–498 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandi G, Hedican S, Moon T et al. Comparison of post-operative pain, convalescence, and patient satisfaction after laparoscopic and percutaneous ablation of small renal masses. J. Endourol.22, 963–967 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weight CJ, Kaouk JH, Hegarty NJ et al. Correlation of radiographic imaging and histopathology following cryoablation and radio-frequency ablation for renal tumors. J. Urol.179, 1277–1281 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins H, Berger D. RFA: does it really work? Oncologist11(7), 801–808 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick AC, Campbell SC, Belldegrun A et al.Guidelines for the Management of the Clinical Stage 1 Renal Mass. American Urological Association, MN, USA (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Raman JD, Stern JM, Zelster I, Khabbani W, Caddedu J. Absence of viable renal carcinoma in biopsies performed more than 1 year following radio frequency ablation confirms reliability of axial imaging. J. Urol.179(6), 2142–2146 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar