Hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea: risk and therapy

References

• Parish JM, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin. Proc.79, 1036–1046 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet365, 1046–1053 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie P, Yosef B, Rubin A. Prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome among patients with essential hypertension. Am. Heart J.108, 373–376 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales A, Bixler E, Cadieux Ret al. Sleep apnea in a hypertensive population. Lancet2(8410), 1005–1008 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher E, Debehnke R, Lovoi Met al. Undiagnosed sleep apnea in patients with essential hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med.103, 190–195 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AJ, Houston D, Finberg S, Lam C, Kinney JL, Santiago S. Sleep apnea syndrome and essential hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol.55, 1019–1022 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoohs RA, Gingold J, Cohrs S, Harter R, Finlayson E, Guilleminault C. Sleep-disordered breathing and systemic hypertension in the older male. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.44(11), 1295–1300 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg DS, Oksenberg A, Iaina A. Sleep-related breathing disorders as a major cause of essential hypertension: fact or fiction? Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens.7, 353–357 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan SF. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specification (1st Edition). American Academy of Sleep Medicine, IL, USA, 45–46 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Somers VK, Mark AL, Zavala DC, Abboud FM. Influence of ventilation and hypocapnia on sympathetic nerve responses to hypoxia in normal humans. J. Appl. Physiol.67, 2095–2100 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katragadda S, Xie A, Puleo D, Skatrud JB, Morgan BJ. Neural mechanism of the pressor response to obstructive and nonobstructive apnea. J. Appl. Physiol.83(6), 2048–2054 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhakar NR, Lkine DD. Ventilatory changes during intermittent hypoxia: importance of pattern and duration. High Alt. Med. Biol.3(2), 195–204 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler MJ, Swift NM, Keller DM, Wasmund WL, Burk JR, Smith ML. Periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea can alter chemoreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.287(5), H2054–H2060 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Lesske J, Fletcher EC, Bao G, Unger T. Hypertension caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia-influence of chemoreceptors and sympathetic nervous system. J. Hypertens.15(12 Pt 2), 1593–1603 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Brooks D, Horner RL, Kozar LFet al. Obstructive sleep apnea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine model. J. Clin. Invest.99(1), 106–109 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garpestad E, Katayama H, Parker JAet al. Stroke volume and cardiac output decrease at termination of obstructive apneas. J. Appl. Physiol.73(5), 1743–1748 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwillich C, Devlin T, White Det al. Bradycardia during sleep apnea: characteristics and mechanism. J. Clin. Invest.69, 1286–1292 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer H, Hasper E, Ewig Set al. Pulmonary haemodynamics in obstructive sleep apnoea: time course and associated factors. Eur. Respir. J.12(3), 679–684 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto F, Young T, Palta Met al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea and hypertension in a large community based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA283, 1829–1836 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppard P, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 1378–1384 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan AG, Perlikowski SM, Mente Aet al. High prevalence of unrecognized sleep apnoea in drug-resistant hypertension. J. Hypertens.19(12), 2271–2277 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie P, Hoffstein V. Sleep apnea syndrome: a possible contributing factor to resistant hypertenion. Sleep24(6), 721–725 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-García MA, Gómez-Aldaraví R, Martínez TG, Soler-Cataluña JJ, Bernácer-Alpera B, Román-Sánchez P. Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with difficult-to-control hypertension. Arch. Broncopneumol.42(1), 14–20 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esler M, Jennings G, Biviano B, Lambert G, Hasking G. Mechanism of elevated plasma noradrenaline in the course of essential hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.8(Suppl. 5), S39–S43 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumantir MS, Jennings GL, Lambert GW, Kaye DM, Seals DR, Esler MD. The ‘adrenaline hypothesis’ of hypertension revisited: evidence for adrenaline release from the heart of patients with essential hypertension. J. Hypertens.18(6), 675–677 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, Abboud FM. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J. Clin. Invest.96(4), 1897–1904 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan BJ, Crabtree DC, Palta M, Skatrud JB. Combined hypoxia and hypercapnia evokes long-lasting sympathetic activation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol.76, 205–213 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Xie A, Skatrud JB, Puleo DS, Morgan BJ. Exposure to hypoxia produces long-lasting sympathetic activaion in humans. J. Appl. Physiol.91(4), 1555–1562 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler MJ, Swift NM, Keller DM, Wasmund WL, Smith ML. Hypoxia-mediated prolonged elevation of sympathetic nerve activity after periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea. J. Appl. Physiol.96, 754–761 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuenberger UA, Brubaker D, Quraishi S, Hogeman CS, Imadojemu VA, Gray KS. Effects of intermittent hypoxia on sympathetic activity and blood pressure in humans. Auton. Neurosci.121, 87–93 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan BJ, Denahan T, Ebert TJ. Neurocirculatory concsequences of negative itnrathoracic pressure vs. asphyxia during voluntary apnea. J. Appl. Physiol.74(6), 2969–2975 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khayat RN, Przybylowski T, Meyer KC, Skatrud JB, Morgan BJ. Role of sensory input from the lungs in control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during and after apnea in humans. J. Appl. Physiol.97(2), 635–640 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss JW, Liu MD, Huang J. Physiological basis for a causal relationship of obstructive sleep apnoea to hypertension. Exp. Physiol.96, 809–813 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Chen J, He L, Dinger B, Stnsaas LJ, Fidone S. Role of endothelin and endothelin A-type receptor in adaptation of the carotid body to chronic hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol.282, L1314–L1323 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Phillips BG, Narkiewicz K, Pesek CA, Haynes WG, Dyken ME, Somers VK. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on endothelin-1 and blood pressure. J. Hypertens.17(1), 61–66 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanagy NL, Walker BR, Nelin LD. Role of endothelin in intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Hypertension37(2 Part 2), 511–515 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allahdadi KJ, Walker BR, Kanagy NL. Augmented endothelin vasoconstriction in intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Hypertension45(4), 705–709 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esler M, Julius S, Randall O, DeQuattro V, Zweifler A. High-renin essential hypertension: adrenergic cardiovascular correlates. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med.3(Suppl.), S181–S184 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Katholi RE, Winternitz SR, Oparil S. Role of the renal nerves in the pathogenesis of one-kidney renal hypertension in the rat. Hypertension3(4), 404–409 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farsang C, Juhász I, Kapocsi J, Vajda L, Székács B. Effect of prazosin and oxprenolol on plasma renin activity and blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Cardiology67(3), 164–171 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Harding SM. Aldosterone excretion among subjects with resistant hypertension and symptoms of sleep apnea. Chest125(1), 112–117 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Abboud FM, Chapleau MW. A novel effect of angiotensin on renal sympathetic nerve activity in mice. J. Hypertens.19(3 Pt 2), 609–618 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao G, Metreveli N, Li R, Taylor A, Fletcher EC. Blood pressure response to chronic episodic hypoxia: role of the sympathetic nervous system. J. Appl. Physiol.83(1), 95–101 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher EC, Bao G, Li R. Renin activity and blood pressure in response to chronic episodic hypoxia. Hypertension34(2), 309–314 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller DS, Lind P, Strunge B, Pedersen EB. Abnormal vasoactive hormones and 24-h blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Hypertens.16(4), 274–280 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley TD, Tkacova R, Hall MJ, Ando S, Floras JS. Augmented sympathetic neural response to simulated obstructive apnoea in human heart failure. Clin. Sci. (Lond.)104(3), 231–238 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks D, Horner RL, Floras JS, Kozar LF, Render-Teixeira CL, Phillipson EA. Baroreflex control of heart rate in a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.159(4 Pt 1), 1293–1297 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJ, Montano N, Dyken ME, Phillips BG, Somers VK. Contribution of tonic chemoreflex activation to sympathetic activity and blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation97(10), 943–945 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng YJ, Overholt JL, Kline D, Kumar GK, Prabhakar NR. Induction of sensory long-term facilitation in the carotid body by intermittent hypoxia: implications for recurrent apneas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(17), 10073–10078 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher EC, Lesske J, Culman J, Miller CC, Unger T. Sympathetic denervation blocks blood pressure elevation in episodic hypoxia. Hypertension20(5), 612–619 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey S, Del Rio R, Iturriaga R. Contribution of endothelin-1 and endothelin A and B receptors to the enhanced carotid body chemosensory responses induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.605, 228–232 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey S, Del Rio R, Iturriaga R. Contribution of endothelin-1 to the enhanced carotid body chemosensory responses induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. Brain Res.1086(1), 152–159 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Mao HZ, Abboud FM, Chapleau MW. Oxygen-derived free radicals contribute to baroreceptor dysfunction in atherosclerotic rabbits. Circ. Res.79(4), 802–811 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelic S, Padeletti M, Kawut SMet al. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and repair capacity of the vascular endothelium in obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation117(17), 2270–2278 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung KC, Suh JY, Kim BSet al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent risk factor for essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens.16(6), 429–433 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamsuzzaman AS, Winnicki M, Lanfranchi Pet al. Elevated C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation105, 2462–2464 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokturk O, Ciftci TU, Mollarecep E, Ciftci B. Elevated C-reactive protein levels and increased cardiovascular risk in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Int. Heart J.46, 801–809 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohga E, Nagase T, Tomita Tet al. Increased levels of circulating ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and L-selectin in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J. Appl. Physiol.87, 10–14 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vgontzas AN, Biler EO, Chrousos GP. Metabolic disturbances in obesity versus sleep apnoea: the importance of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. J. Intern. Med.254, 32–44 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohga E, Tomita T, Wada H, Yamamoto H, Nagase T, Ouchi Y. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on circulating ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1. J. Appl. Physiol.94, 179–184 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoe T, Minoguchi K, Matsuo Het al. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Circulation107, 1129–1134 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz R, Mahmoudi S, Hattar K et al. Enhanced release of superoxide from polymorphonuclear neutrophils in obstructive sleep apnea. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.165(7), 934–939 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L. Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.165(7), 934–939 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox CS. Reactive oxygen species: roles in blood pressure and kidney function. Curr. Hypertens. Rep.4(2), 160–166 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassègue B, Griendling KK. Reactive oxygen species in hypertension; an update. Am. J. Hypertens.17(9), 852–860 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brindeiro TCM, da Silva AQ, Allahdadi KJ, Youngblood V, Kanagy NL. Reactive oxygen species contribute to sleep apnea-induced hypertension in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.293(5), H2971–H2976 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Lavie L. Oxidative stress – a unifying paradigm in obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis.51(4), 303–312 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie L, Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P. Sleep apnea related intermittent hypoxia and atherogenesis: adhesion molecules and monocytes/endothelial cells interactions. Atherosclerosis183, 183–184 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller A, Huang A. Impaired nitric oxide-mediated flow-induced dilation in arterioles of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ. Res.74(3), 416–421 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato M, Roberts-Thomson P, Phillips BGet al. Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance vessels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation102(21), 2607–2610 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trzepizur W, Gagnadoux F, Abraham Pet al. Microvascular endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea: impact of continuous positive airway pressure and mandibular advancement. Sleep Med. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.06.013 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ip MS, Lam B, Chan LYet al. Circulating nitric oxide is suppressed in obstructive sleep apnea and is reversed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162(6), 2166–2171 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles TL, Lasserson TJ, Smith BH, White J, Wright J, Cates CJ. Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.3, CD001106 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Barnes M, Houston D, Worsnop CJet al. A randomized controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in mild obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.165, 773–780 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip MS, Tse HF, Lam B, Tsang KW, Lam WK. Endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea and response to treatment. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.169, 348–353 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko Y, Floras JS, Usui Ket al. Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1233–1241 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfield DR, Gollogly NC, Kaye DM, Richardson M, Bergin P, Naughton MT. Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.169, 361–366 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills PJ, Kennedy BP, Loredo JS, Dimsdale JE, Ziegler MG. Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure and oxygen supplementation on norepinephrine kinetics and cardiovascular responses in obstructive sleep apnea. J. Appl. Physiol.100, 343–348 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monasterio C, Vidal S, Duran Jet al. Effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure in mild sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164, 939–943 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes M, McEvoy RD, Banks Set al. Efficacy of positive airway pressure and oral appliance in mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.170, 656–664 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimsdale JE, Loredo JS, Profant J. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure: a placebo trial. Hypertension35, 144–147 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faccenda JF, Mackay TW, Boon NA, Douglas NJ. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.163, 344–348 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepperell JC, Ramdassingh-Dow S, Crosthwaite Net al. Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomized parallel trial. Lancet359, 204–210 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker HF, Jerrentrup A, Ploch Tet al. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation107, 68–73 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos-Rodriguez F, Grilo-Reina A, Perez-Ronchel Jet al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on ambulatory BP in patients with sleep apnea and hypertension: a placebo-controlled trial. Chest129, 1459–1467 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman D, Loredo JS, Nelesen RAet al. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure versus supplemental oxygen on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension47, 840–845 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montserrat JM, Garcia-Rio F, Barbe F. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to nonsleepy apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.176(1), 6–9 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson GV, Smith DM, Langford BA, Davies RJ, Stradling JR. Continuous positive airway pressure does not reduce blood pressure in nonsleepy hypertensive OSA patients. Eur. Respir. J.27, 1229–1235 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbé F, Mayoralas LR, Duran Jet al. Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure is not effective in patients with sleep apnea but no daytime sleepiness. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med.134(11), 1015–1023 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzano LA, Khan Z, Reynolds K, Jiang H. Effect of nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension50, 417–423 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haentjens P, Van Meerhaeghe A, Moscariello Aet al. The impact of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med.167, 757–765(2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alajmi M, Mulgrew AT, Fox Jet al. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lung185, 67–72 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan AG, Tkacova R, Perlikowski SMet al. Refractory hypertension and sleep apnoea: effect of CPAP on blood pressure and baroreflex. Eur. Respir. J.21, 241–247 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-García MA, Gómez-Aldaraví R, Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez TG, Bernácer-Alpera B, Roman-Sánchez P. Positive effect of CPAP treatment on the control of difficult-to-treat hypertension. Eur. Respir. J.29, 951–957 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraiczi H, Hedner J, Peke Y, Grote L. Comparison of atenolol, amlodipine, enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan for antihypertensive treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161, 1423–1428 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos-Rodriguez F, Peña-Griñan N, Reyes-Nuñez N et al. Mortality in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea patients treated with positive airway pressure. Chest128(2), 624–633 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyarfas I. Lessons from worldwide experience with hypertension control. J. Hum. Hypertens.10(Suppl. 1), S21–S25 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajak A. Myocardial infarction and complications. Longitudinal observation of a population of 280,000 women and men: Project POL-MONICA Krakow. I. Genesis and objectives of the WHO MONICA Project. Prz. Lek.53(10), 703–706 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar