Bivalirudin: a review of the pharmacology and clinical application

References

• Kushner FG, Hand M, Smith S et al. 2009 focused updates: ACC/AHA guidelines for management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and ACC/AHA/SCAI guidelines on percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54, 2205–2241 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer KA. New anticoagulants. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program450–456 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S et al. RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med.361(12), 1200–1202 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franchini M, Mannucci P. A new era for anticoagulants. Eur. J. Intern. Med.20, 562–568 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eikelboom JW, Weitz JI. Another oral thrombin inhibitor for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation? Thromb. Haemost.103, 481–481 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiggins B, Spinler S, Wittkowsky A, Stinger K. Bivalirudin: a direct thrombin inhibitor for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Pharmacotherapy22(8), 1007–1018 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warkentin T, Greinacher A, Koster A. Bivalirudin. Thromb. Haemost.99, 830–839 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauler J. Clinical pharmacology of antithrombotic drugs in coronary artery disease. Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis.3, 465 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramana R, Lewis B. Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome: focus on bivalirudin. Vasc. Health Risk Manag.4(3) 493–505 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed M, Bell D. Clinical pharmacology of bivalirudin. Pharmacotherapy22(6 Pt 2), 105S–111S (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Medicines Company®. Bivalirudin Prescribing Information (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Shantsila E, Lip G, Chong B. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a contemporary clinical approach to diagnosis and management. Chest135, 1651–1664 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassell K. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: diagnosis and management. Thromb. Res.123, S16–S21 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Koster A, Chew D, Grundel M. An assessment of different filter systems for extracorporeal elimination of bivalirudin: an in vitro study. Anesth. Analg.96, 1316–1319 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittl JA, Strony J, Brinker JA et al. Treatment with bivalirudin (hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinarction angina. Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med.333, 764–769 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoff AM, Kleiman N, Kottke-Merchant K et al. Bivalirudin with planned or provisional abciximab versus low-dose heparin and abxicimab during percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of the Comparison of Abciximab Complications with Hirulog for Ischemic Events Trial (CACHET). Am. Heart J.143, 847–853 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA et al. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc.289, 853–863 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone G, McLaurin B, Cox D et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.355, 2203–2216 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson CM, Ten Y, Murphy SA et al. Association of prerandomization anticoagulation switching with bleeding in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention (a REPLACE-2 analysis). Am. J. Cardiol.99, 1687–1690 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White HD, Chew DP, Hoekstra JW et al. Safety and efficacy of switching from either unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin to bivalirudin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an invasive strategy: results from the ACUITY trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51, 1734–1741 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Mehilli J et al. Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 688–696 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehran R, Lansky A, Witzenbichler B et al. Bivalirudin in patients undergoing priamry angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomized controlled trial. Lancet374, 1149–1159 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavano D, Visconti G, D’Andrea D et al. Comparision of bivalirudin monotherapy versus unfractionated heparin plus tirofiban in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol.104, 1222–1228 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cortese B, Picchi A, Micheli A, Limbruno U. Intracoronary bivalirudin for no reflow reversal: a second chance to treat this disorder? J. Thromb. Thrombolysis28, 74–76 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smedira N, Dyke C. Anticoagulation with bivalirudin for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: the results of the EVOLUTION-OFF study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.131, 686–692 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koster A, Buz S, Krabatsch T, Yeter R, Hetzer R. Bivalirudin anticoagulation during cardiac surgery: a single center experience in 141 patients. Perfusion24, 7–11 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simsir A, Schwarz E, Czer L, Hamburg S. Heart transplantation using bivalirudin as anticoagulant. Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg.10, 150–151 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koster A, Dyke C, Aldea G et al. Bivalirudin during cardioplumonary bypass in patients with previous or acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin antibodies: results of the CHOOSE-ON trial. Ann. Thorac. Surg.83, 572–577 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyke C, Aldea G, Koster A et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass with bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or antiplatelet factor four/heparin antibodies. Ann. Thorac. Surg.84, 836–840 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyke CM, Smedira NG, Koster A et al. A comparison of bivalirudin to heparin with protamine reverasal in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardioplumonary bypass: the EVOLUTION-ON study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.131, 533–539 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler S, Katzen B, Tsoukas A, Baum S, Diehm N. Clinical experience with the use of bivalirudin in a large population undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol.20, 17–21 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avery E, Hilgenberg A, Cambria R, Beckerly R, Donnelly A, Laposata M. Successful use of bivalirudin for combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary revascularization with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with an elevated heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody titer. Anesth. Analg.108, 1113–1115 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koster A, Weng Y, Bottcher W, Gromann T, Kuppe H, Hetzer R. Successful use of bivalirudin as anticoagulant for ECMO in a patient with acute HIT. Ann. Thorac. Surg.83, 1865–1867 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crouch M, Kasirajan V, Cahoon W, Katlaps G, Gunnerson K. Successful use and dosing of bivalirudin after temporary artificial heart implantation: a case series. Pharmacotherapy28(11), 1413–1420 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson J, Adams C, Antman E et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50, e1–e157 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Cambell K, Mahaffey K, Lewis B et al. Bivalirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. J. Invasive Cardiol.12(Suppl. F), 14F–19F (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Mahaffey K, Lewis B, Wildermann N et al. The anticoagulation therapy with bivalirudin to assist in the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J. Invasive Cardiol.15(11), 611–616 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chong B, Isaacs A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: what clinicians need to know. Thromb. Haemost.101, 279–283 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eichler P, Lubenow N, Strobel U, Greinacher A. Antibodies against lepirudin are polyspecific and recognize epitopes on bivalirudin. Blood103, 613–616 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar