1,818
Views
264
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Smoking and stroke: the more you smoke the more you stroke

&
Pages 917-932 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelsen T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tob. Control8, 156–160 (1999).
  • Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kirmani JF, Divani AA. Cigarette smoking among spouses: another risk factor for stroke in women. Stroke36, e74–e76 (2005).
  • No authors listed. NHMRC report. Effects of passive smoking on health. Med. J. Aust.145, 404–405 (1986).
  • CDC. 1986 Surgeon General’s report: the health consequences of involuntary smoking. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.35, 769–770 (1986).
  • No authors listed. Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. California Environmental Protection Agency. Tob. Control6, 346–353 (1997).
  • You RX, Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Davis SM, Donnan GA. Ischemic stroke risk and passive exposure to spouses’ cigarette smoking. Melbourne Stroke Risk Factor Study (MERFS) Group. Am. J. Public Health89, 572–575 (1999).
  • Wilson N, Thomson G. Still dying from second-hand smoke at work: a brief review of the evidence for smoke-free workplaces in New Zealand. N. Z. Med. J.115, U240 (2002).
  • Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Klatsky AL, Friedman GD. Cohort study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of first ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Neuroepidemiology23, 38–44 (2004).
  • Penn A, Snyder CA. 1,3 butadiene, a vapor phase component of environmental tobacco smoke, accelerates arteriosclerotic plaque development. Circulation93, 552–557 (1996).
  • Howard G, Wagenknecht LE, Burke GL et al. Cigarette smoking and progression of atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. JAMA279, 119–124 (1998).
  • Howard G, Burke GL, Szklo M et al. Active and passive smoking are associated with increased carotid wall thickness. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch. Intern. Med.154, 1277–1282 (1994).
  • Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Comstock GW, Howard G, Szklo M. The relationship of active and passive smoking to carotid atherosclerosis 12–14 years later. Prev. Med.24, 48–55 (1995).
  • Celermajer DS, Adams MR, Clarkson P et al. Passive smoking and impaired endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation in healthy young adults. N. Engl. J. Med.334, 150–154 (1996).
  • Kiechl S, Werner P, Egger G et al. Active and passive smoking, chronic infections, and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis: prospective results from the Bruneck Study. Stroke33, 2170–2176 (2002).
  • Ohira T, Shahar E, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD, Mosley TH Jr, Folsom AR. Risk factors for ischemic stroke subtypes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Stroke37, 2493–2498 (2006).
  • Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Schaeffner ES, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. Smoking and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men. Stroke34, 1151–1155 (2003).
  • Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Buring JE. Smoking and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in women. Stroke34, 2792–2795 (2003).
  • Neaton JD, Wentworth DN, Cutler J, Stamler J, Kuller L. Risk factors for death from different types of stroke. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Ann. Epidemiol.3, 493–499 (1993).
  • Juvela S, Hillbom M, Numminen H, Koskinen P. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke24, 639–646 (1993).
  • Feldmann E, Broderick JP, Kernan WN et al. Major risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the young are modifiable. Stroke36, 1881–1885 (2005).
  • Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Dehlendorff C, Kammersgaard LP. Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes compared: stroke severity, mortality, and risk factors. Stroke40, 2068–2072 (2009).
  • Fogelholm R, Murros K. Cigarette smoking and risk of primary intracerebral haemorrhage. A population-based case–control study. Acta Neurol. Scand.87, 367–370 (1993).
  • Sturgeon JD, Folsom AR, Longstreth WT Jr, Shahar E, Rosamond WD, Cushman M. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in a pooled prospective study. Stroke38, 2718–2725 (2007).
  • Lu M, Ye W, Adami HO, Weiderpass E. Stroke incidence in women under 60 years of age related to alcohol intake and smoking habit. Cerebrovasc. Dis.25, 517–525 (2008).
  • Zia E, Pessah-Rasmussen H, Khan FA et al. Risk factors for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population-based nested case–control study. Cerebrovasc. Dis.21, 18–25 (2006).
  • Lawlor DA, Song YM, Sung J, Ebrahim S, Smith GD. The association of smoking and cardiovascular disease in a population with low cholesterol levels: a study of 648,346 men from the Korean national health system prospective cohort study. Stroke39, 760–767 (2008).
  • Katanoda K, Marugame T, Saika K et al. Population attributable fraction of mortality associated with tobacco smoking in Japan: a pooled analysis of three large-scale cohort studies. J. Epidemiol.18, 251–264 (2008).
  • Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Donnan GA. The risk of intracerebral haemorrhage with smoking. The Melbourne Risk Factor Study Group. Cerebrovasc. Dis.9, 34–39 (1999).
  • Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ et al. Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women. JAMA269, 232–236 (1993).
  • Song YM, Cho HJ. Risk of stroke and myocardial infarction after reduction or cessation of cigarette smoking: a cohort study in Korean men. Stroke39, 2432–2438 (2008).
  • Woodward M, Lam TH, Barzi F et al. Smoking, quitting, and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women and men in the Asia–Pacific region. Int. J. Epidemiol.34, 1036–1045 (2005).
  • Shinton R, Beevers G. Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. Br. Med. J.298, 789–794 (1989).
  • Bhat VM, Cole JW, Sorkin JD et al. Dose–response relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of ischemic stroke in young women. Stroke39, 2439–2443 (2008).
  • Rogers RL, Meyer JS, Shaw TG, Mortel KF, Hardenberg JP, Zaid RR. Cigarette smoking decreases cerebral blood flow suggesting increased risk for stroke. JAMA250, 2796–2800 (1983).
  • Zhang X, Shu XO, Yang G et al. Association of passive smoking by husbands with prevalence of stroke among Chinese women nonsmokers. Am. J. Epidemiol.161, 213–218 (2005).
  • Baldassarre D, Castelnuovo S, Frigerio B et al. Effects of timing and extent of smoking, type of cigarettes, and concomitant risk factors on the association between smoking and subclinical atherosclerosis. Stroke40, 1991–1998 (2009).
  • Girot M. Smoking and stroke. Presse Med.38, 1120–1125 (2009).
  • Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D et al. The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med.6, e1000058 (2009).
  • CDC. Annual smoking attributable mortality, years of potential life lost and economic costs – United States, 1995–1999. JAMA287, 2355–2356 (2002).
  • CDC. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs – United States, 1995–1999. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.51, 300–303 (2002).
  • Ong MK, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular health and economic effects of smoke-free workplaces. Am. J. Med.117, 32–38 (2004).
  • CDC. Federal and state cigarette excise taxes – United States, 1995–2009. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.58, 524–527 (2009).
  • Barclay E. Outlook hazy for smoking rates in the USA. Lancet373, 1415 (2009).
  • Baliunas D, Patra J, Rehm J, Popova S, Taylor B. Smoking-attributable morbidity: acute care hospital diagnoses and days of treatment in Canada, 2002. BMC Public Health7, 247 (2007).
  • Wu P, Wilson K, Dimoulas P et al. Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health6, 300 (2006).
  • Sargent RP, Shepard RM, Glantz SA. Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before and after study. Br. Med. J.328, 977–980 (2004).
  • Khuder SA, Milz S, Jordan T, Price J, Silvestri K, Butler P. The impact of a smoking ban on hospital admissions for coronary heart disease. Prev. Med.45, 3–8 (2007).
  • Juster HR, Loomis BR, Hinman TM et al. Declines in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in New York state after implementation of a comprehensive smoking ban. Am. J. Public Health97, 2035–2039 (2007).
  • Bartecchi C, Alsever RN, Nevin-Woods C et al. Reduction in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction associated with a citywide smoking ordinance. Circulation114, 1490–1496 (2006).
  • Barone-Adesi F, Vizzini L, Merletti F, Richiardi L. Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J.27, 2468–2472 (2006).
  • Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with declines in cigarette consumption and mortality from heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med.343, 1772–1777 (2000).
  • Tauras JA, Chaloupka FJ, Farrelly MC et al. State tobacco control spending and youth smoking. Am. J. Public Health95, 338–344 (2005).
  • Farrelly MC, Pechacek TF, Thomas KY, Nelson D. The impact of tobacco control programs on adult smoking. Am. J. Public Health98, 304–309 (2008).
  • Farrelly MC, Pechacek TF, Chaloupka FJ. The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on aggregate cigarette sales: 1981–2000. J. Health Econ.22, 843–859 (2003).
  • Barnoya J, Glantz S. Association of the California tobacco control program with declines in lung cancer incidence. Cancer Causes Control15, 689–695 (2004).
  • No authors listed. Reducing tobacco use. A report of the Surgeon General. Executive Summary. MMWR Recomm. Rep.49, 1–27 (2000).
  • CDC. Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation. United States, 2008. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.58(44), 1227–1232 (2009).
  • Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation119, 480–486 (2009).
  • Luengo-Fernandez R, Gray AM, Rothwell PM. Costs of stroke using patient-level data: a critical review of the literature. Stroke40, E18–E23 (2009).
  • Asplund K, Karvanen J, Giampaoli S et al. Relative risks for stroke by age, sex, and population based on follow-up of 18 European populations in the MORGAM Project. Stroke40, 2319–2326 (2009).
  • Putaala J, Kurkinen M, Tarvos V, Salonen O, Kaste M, Tatlisumak T. Silent brain infarcts and leukoaraiosis in young adults with first-ever ischemic stroke. Neurology72, 1823–1829 (2009).
  • Myint PK, Sinha S, Luben RN, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Risk factors for first-ever stroke in the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population-based study. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil.15, 663–669 (2008).
  • Zhang Y, Galloway JM, Welty TK et al. Incidence and risk factors for stroke in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation118, 1577–1584 (2008).
  • Assmann G, Schulte H, Cullen P, Seedorf U. Assessing risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: new data from the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Eur. J. Clin. Invest.37, 925–932 (2007).
  • Weikert C, Berger K, Heidemann C et al. Joint effects of risk factors for stroke and transient ischemic attack in a German population: the EPIC Potsdam Study. J. Neurol.254, 315–321 (2007).
  • Harmsen P, Lappas G, Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L. Long-term risk factors for stroke: twenty-eight years of follow-up of 7457 middle-aged men in Goteborg, Sweden. Stroke37, 1663–1667 (2006).
  • Dagenais GR, Yi Q, Lonn E, Sleight P, Ostergren J, Yusuf S. Impact of cigarette smoking in high-risk patients participating in a clinical trial. A substudy from the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil.12, 75–81 (2005).
  • Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke36, 2773–2780 (2005).
  • Li C, Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Janzon L. Risk factors for stroke in subjects with normal blood pressure: a prospective cohort study. Stroke36, 234–238 (2005).
  • Mannami T, Iso H, Baba S et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke and its subtypes among middle-aged Japanese men and women: the JPHC Study Cohort I. Stroke35, 1248–1253 (2004).
  • Yamagishi K, Iso H, Kitamura A et al. Smoking raises the risk of total and ischemic strokes in hypertensive men. Hypertens. Res.26, 209–217 (2003).
  • Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I et al. Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population: the Hisayama study. Stroke31, 2616–2622 (2000).
  • Hart CL, Hole DJ, Smith GD. Comparison of risk factors for stroke incidence and stroke mortality in 20 years of follow-up in men and women in the Renfrew/Paisley Study in Scotland. Stroke31, 1893–1896 (2000).
  • Nakayama T, Yokoyama T, Yoshiike N et al. Population attributable fraction of stroke incidence in middle-aged and elderly people: contributions of hypertension, smoking and atrial fibrillation. Neuroepidemiology19, 217–226 (2000).
  • Jacobs DR Jr, Adachi H, Mulder I et al. Cigarette smoking and mortality risk: twenty-five-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study. Arch. Intern. Med.159, 733–740 (1999).
  • You JS, Park S, Chung SP. Mobile message for a better stroke recognition: the new concept of national campaign. Stroke39, e42 (2008).
  • Whisnant JP, Wiebers DO, O’Fallon WM, Sicks JD, Frye RL. A population-based model of risk factors for ischemic stroke: Rochester, Minnesota. Neurology47, 1420–1428 (1996).
  • Rohr J, Kittner S, Feeser B et al. Traditional risk factors and ischemic stroke in young adults: the Baltimore–Washington Cooperative Young Stroke study. Arch. Neurol.53, 603–607 (1996).
  • You R, McNeil JJ, O’Malley HM, Davis SM, Donnan GA. Risk factors for lacunar infarction syndromes. Neurology45, 1483–1487 (1995).
  • Lindenstrom E, Boysen G, Nyboe J. Lifestyle factors and risk of cerebrovascular disease in women. The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Stroke24, 1468–1472 (1993).
  • Shaper AG, Phillips AN, Pocock SJ, Walker M, Macfarlane PW. Risk factors for stroke in middle aged British men. Br. Med. J.302, 1111–1115 (1991).
  • Boysen G, Nyboe J, Appleyard M et al. Stroke incidence and risk factors for stroke in Copenhagen, Denmark. Stroke19, 1345–1353 (1988).
  • Abbott RD, Yin Y, Reed DM, Yano K. Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. N. Engl. J. Med.315, 717–720 (1986).
  • Chiuve SE, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D, Logroscino G, Manson JE, Rimm EB. Primary prevention of stroke by healthy lifestyle. Circulation118, 947–954 (2008).
  • Kelly TN, Gu D, Chen J et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in the Chinese adult population. Stroke39, 1688–1693 (2008).
  • Ueshima H, Choudhury SR, Okayama A et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke death in Japan: NIPPON DATA80. Stroke35, 1836–1841 (2004).
  • Broderick JP, Viscoli CM, Brott T et al. Major risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the young are modifiable. Stroke34, 1375–1381 (2003).
  • Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, Mak KH, Peto R. Mortality and smoking in Hong Kong: case–control study of all adult deaths in 1998. Br. Med. J.323, 361 (2001).
  • Wang JG, Staessen JA, Fagard R, Gong L, Liu L. Risks of smoking in treated and untreated older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J. Hypertens.19, 187–192 (2001).
  • Tanne D, Yaari, S, Goldbourt U. Risk profile and prediction of long-term ischemic stroke mortality: a 21-year follow-up in the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease (IIHD) Project. Circulation98, 1365–1371 (1998).
  • Prescott E, Osler M, Andersen PK et al. Mortality in women and men in relation to smoking. Int. J. Epidemiol.27, 27–32 (1998).
  • Haheim LL, Holme I, Hjermann I, Leren P. Smoking habits and risk of fatal stroke: 18 years follow-up of the Oslo Study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health50, 621–624 (1996).
  • Lee TK, Huang ZS, Ng SK et al. Impact of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on stroke among the elderly in Taiwan. Stroke26, 790–794 (1995).
  • Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Walker M. Smoking cessation and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men. JAMA274, 155–160 (1995).
  • Robbins AS, Manson JE, Lee IM, Satterfield S, Hennekens CH. Cigarette smoking and stroke in a cohort of U.S. male physicians. Ann. Intern. Med.120, 458–462 (1994).
  • Colditz GA, Bonita R, Stampfer MJ et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in middle-aged women. N. Engl. J. Med.318, 937–941 (1988).
  • Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study. JAMA259, 1025–1029 (1988).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.