Diltiazem in the treatment of hypertension and ischemic heart disease

References

• Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Eur. Heart. J.28(19), 2375–2414 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Ruilope LM et al. Hypertension magnitude and management in the elderly population of Spain. J. Hypertens.20(11), 2157–2164 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999–2004. Hypertension49(1), 69–75 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein A, Alcocer L, Chagas A. High blood pressure in Latin America: a call to action. Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis.3(4), 259–285 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP et al. Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation115(21), 2761–2788 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment. JAMA275(20), 1571–1576 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet360(9602), 1903–1913 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, de la Cruz Troca JJ, Guallar-Castillón P, del Rey Calero J. Blood pressure in Spain: distribution, awareness, control, and benefits of a reduction in average pressure. Hypertension32(6), 998–1002 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrios V, Escobar C, Calderón A, Echarri R, González-Pedel V, Ruilope LM; CONTROLRISK Investigators. Cardiovascular risk profile and risk stratification of the hypertensive population attended by general practitioners and specialists in Spain. The CONTROLRISK study. J. Hum. Hypertens.21(6), 479–485 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrios V, Escobar C, Calderón A et al. Blood pressure and lipid goal attainment in the hypertensive population in the primary care setting in Spain. J. Clin. Hypertens.9(5), 324–329 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Velasco JA, Cosín J, López-Sendón JL, De Teresa E, De Oya M, Sellers G. [New data on secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in Spain. Results of the PREVESE II study]. Rev. Esp. Cardiol.55(8), 801–809 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Gustin W IV, Wong ND et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. Circulation96(1), 308–315 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palatini P, Thijs L, Staessen JA et al. Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Predictive value of clinic and ambulatory heart rate for mortality in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med.162(20), 2313–2321 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin M-C, Tardif J-C. Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart. J.26(10), 967–974 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R; BEAUTIFUL investigators. Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Lancet372(9641), 817–821 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ et al. Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50(9), 823–830 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK. Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science226(4671), 180–182 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidland UE, Strauer BE. Left ventricular muscle mass and elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption. Circulation104, 1477–1482 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oparil S, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA. Pathogenesis of hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med.139(9), 761–776 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleckenstein-Grün G, Thimm F, Czirfuzs A, Matyas S, Frey M. Experimental vasoprotection by calcium antagonists against calcium-mediated arteriosclerotic alterations. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.24(Suppl. 2), S75–S84 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Calcium-antagonist drugs. N. Engl. J. Med.341(19), 1447–1457 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson TW, Quest DW. Comparative pharmacology of calcium antagonists. Can. J. Cardiol.11(3), 243–249 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC et al. Single drug therapy for hypertension in men: a comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. N. Engl. J. Med.328(13), 914–921 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al.; for the NORDIL Study Group.Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and βblockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet356(9227), 359–365 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasser SP, Neutel JM, Gana TJ, Albert KS. Efficacy and safety of a once daily graded-release diltiazem formulation in essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens.16(1), 51–58 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JT Jr, Sica DA, Gana TJ, Bohannon K, Pascual LG, Albert KS. Antihypertensive efficacy of night-time graded-release diltiazem versus morning amlodipine in African Americans. Am. J. Hypertens.17(9), 734–742 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White WB, Lacourciere Y, Gana T, Pascual MG, Smith DH, Albert KS. Effects of graded-release diltiazem versus ramipril, dosed at bedtime, on early morning blood pressure, heart rate, and the rate-pressure product. Am. Heart J.148(4), 628–634 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitchett DH, Casanova A, Jaffer S et al. Bedtime administration of graded-release diltiazem in patients with inadequate BP control: a tolerability and efficacy study. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs6(6), 393–400 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Glasser SP. Antihypertensive safety and efficacy and physician and patient satisfaction: results from a Phase 4 practice-based clinical experience trial with diltiazem LA. Adv. Ther.23(2), 284–294 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Wagniart P, Ferguson RJ, Chaitman BR et al. Increased exercise tolerance and reduced electrocardiographic ischemia with diltiazem in patients with stable angina pectoris. Circulation66(1), 23–28 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Chaitman BR, Wagniart P, Pasternac A et al. Improved exercise tolerance after propranolol, diltiazem or nifedipine in angina pectoris: comparison at 1, 3 and 8 hours and correlation with plasma drug concentration. Am. J. Cardiol.53(1), 1–9 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Khurmi NS, Bowles MJ, O’Hara MJ, Bala Subramanian V, Raftery EB. Long-term efficacy of diltiazem assessed with multistage graded exercise tests in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol.54(7), 738–743 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Lindenberg BS, Weiner DA, McCabe CH, Cutler SS, Ryan TJ, Klein MD. Efficacy and safety of incremental doses of diltiazem for the treatment of stable angina pectoris. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.2(6), 1129–1133 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Humen DP, O’Brien P, Purves P, Johnson D, Kostuk WJ. Effort angina with adequate β-receptor blockade: comparison with diltiazem alone and in combination. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.7(2), 329–335 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Hung J, Lamb IH, Connolly SJ, Jutzy KR, Goris ML, Schroeder JS. The effect of diltiazem and propranolol, alone and in combination, on exercise performance and left ventricular function in patients with stable effort angina: a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled study. Circulation68(3), 560–567 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston DL, Lesoway R, Humen DP, Kostuk WJ. Clinical and hemodynamic evaluation of propranolol in combination with verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem in exertional angina pectoris: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Am. J. Cardiol.55(6), 680–687 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasser SP, Gana TJ, Pascual LG, Albert KS. Efficacy and safety of a once-daily graded-release diltiazem formulation dosed at bedtime compared to placebo and to morning dosing in chronic stable angina pectoris. Am. Heart J.149(2), e1–e9 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claas SA, Glasser SP. Long-acting diltiazem HCl for the chronotherapeutic treatment of hypertension and chronic stable angina pectoris. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.6(5), 765–776 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deedwania PC, Pool PE, Thadani U, Eff J; Dilacor XR Ambulatory Ischemia Study Group. Effect of morning versus evening dosing of diltiazem on myocardial ischemia detected by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in chronic stable angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol.80(4), 421–425 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savard D, Lenis J, Juneau M, Jacob C, Boulet AP. Clinical efficacy and safety of once-daily diltiazem in patients with stable angina pectoris switched from twice-daily diltiazem. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.26(1), 85–89 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Heller GV, Sridharan M, Morse J, Glasser S, Beach CL. Antianginal response to once-daily diltiazem CD in patients receiving concomitant β-blockers, long-acting nitrates, or both. Diltiazem CD Study Group. Pharmacotherapy17(4), 760–766 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.319(7), 385–392 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden WE, van Gilst WH, Scheldewaert RG et al. Diltiazem in acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Incomplete Infarction Trial of European Research Collaborators Evaluating Prognosis Post-Thrombolysis (INTERCEPT) Lancet355(9217), 1751–1756 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Yoo SY, Kim JY. Recent insights into the mechanisms of vasospastic angina. Korean Circ. J.39(12), 505–511 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Higuma T, Oikawa K, Kato T et al. Comparison of the effects of long-acting nifedipine CR and diltiazem R in patients with vasospastic angina: aomori coronary spastic angina study. J. Cardiol.56(3), 354–360 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Baek SH. Class differences in calcium-channel blockers in vasospastic angina. Circ. J.74(9), 1806–1807 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D et al. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: the Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart. J.27(11), 1341–1381 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J. Hypertens.25(6), 1105–1187 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J. Hypertens.27(11), 2121–2158 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackam DG, Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR et al. The 2010 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 2 – therapy. Can. J. Cardiol.26(5), 249–258 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Bryson CL, Spertus JA, McDonell MB, Fihn SD. Anginal symptoms consistently predict total mortality among outpatients with coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J.146(6), 1015–1022 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Barrios V, Escobar C, Echarri R. Importance of medication adherence from the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND points of view. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol.23(2), 259–260 (2009).
   Google Scholar