Adiposity assessment: explaining the association between obesity, hypertension and stroke

References

• Eckel RH, York DA, Rössner S et al. Prevention Conference VII: Obesity, a worldwide epidemic related to heart disease and stroke: executive summary. Circulation110(18), 2968–2975 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world – a growing challenge. N. Engl. J. Med.356(3), 213–215 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenault BJ, Cartier A, Côté M et al. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and low-grade inflammation in middle-aged men and women. Am. J. Cardiol.104(2), 240–246 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Després J-P et al. International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA). Circulation116(17), 1942–1951 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canoy D, Boekholdt SM, Wareham N et al. Body fat distribution and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk Cohort. Circulation116(25), 2933–2943 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27 000 participants from 52 countries: a case–control study. Lancet366(9497), 1640–1649 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Human Kinetics Publishers, IL, USA (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH. Trends in waist circumference among U.S. adults. Obesity11(10), 1223–1231 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in the U.S. from 1980 through 2002: concealed leveling of mortality rates. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50(22), 2128–2132 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanai H, Tomono Y, Ito K, Furutani N, Yoshida H, Tada N. The underlying mechanisms for development of hypertension in the metabolic syndrome. Nutr. J.7(10), 1–6 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang S-Y, Chou P, Hsu P-F et al. Presence and progression of abdominal obesity are predictors of future high blood pressure and hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens.19(8), 788–795 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Despres J-P, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature444(7121), 881–887 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pischon T, Hu FB, Rexrode KM, Girman CJ, Manson JE, Rimm EB. Inflammation, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of coronary heart disease in women and men. Atherosclerosis197(1), 392–399 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier P, Lemieux I, Mauriege P et al. Impact of waist circumference on the relationship between blood pressure and insulin: the Quebec Health Survey. Hypertension45(3), 363–367 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui X, Lamonte MJ, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of nonfatal cardiovascular disease in women and men with hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens.20(6), 608–615 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankinen T, Church TS, Rice T, Bouchard C, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness, BMI, and risk of hypertension: the HYPGENE study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.39(10), 1687–1692 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnethon MR, Gidding SS, Nehgme R, Sidney S, Jacobs DR, Liu K. Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA290(23), 3092–3100 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow CE, Lamonte MJ, Fitzgerald SJ, Kampert JB, Perrin JL, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of hypertension incidence among initially normotensive healthy women. Am. J. Epidemiol.163(2), 142–150 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile CL, Orr JS, Davy BM, Davy KP. Cardiorespiratory fitness influences the blood pressure response to experimental weight gain. Obesity15(12), 3005–3012 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galassi A, Reynolds K, He J. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Med.119(10), 812–819 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenault BJ, Lachance D, Lemieux I et al. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and features of the metabolic syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med.167(14), 1518–1525 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhéaume C, Arsenault BJ, Bélanger S et al. Low cardiorespiratory fitness levels and elevated blood pressure. Hypertension54(1), 91–97 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouliot MC, Després JP, Lemieux S et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am. J. Cardiol.73(7), 460–468 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez B, Curb J, Burchfiel C et al. Physical activity and 23-year incidence of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among middle-aged men. The Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation89(6), 2540–2544 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G, Jousilahti P, Borodulin K et al. Occupational, commuting and leisure-time physical activity in relation to coronary heart disease among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Atherosclerosis194(2), 490–497 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Manson JE. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N. Engl. J. Med.351(26), 2694–2703 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB. Habitual level of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Can. Med. Assoc. J.96(12), 811–812 (1967).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li TY, Rana JS, Manson JE et al. Obesity as compared with physical activity in predicting risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation113(4), 499–506 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenault BJ, Rana JS, Lemieux I et al. Physical inactivity, abdominal obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in apparently healthy men and women. Int. J. Obes.34(2), 340–347 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure. Ann. Intern. Med.136(7), 493–503 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G, Barengo NC, Tuomilehto J, Lakka TA, Nissinen A, Jousilahti P. Relationship of physical activity and body mass index to the risk of hypertension: a prospective study in Finland. Hypertension43(1), 25–30 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson G, Udden J, Hemmingsson E, Agewall S. Impact of physical activity and body composition on heart function and morphology in middle-aged, abdominally obese women. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging30(5), 354–359 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke42(1), 227–276 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Mortality, summary, list of causes 2006. Catalogue no. 84F0209X (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation113(6), 898–918 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli FH, Sundgaard-Riise K, Reisin E, Dreslinski G, Dunn FG, Frohlich E. Disparate cardiovascular effects of obesity and arterial hypertension. Am. J. Med.74(5), 808–812 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Stokes J, Castelli WP. Incidence and precursors of hypertension in young adults: the Framingham offspring study. Prev. Med.16(2), 235–251 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Berger K et al. Body mass index and the risk of stroke in men. Arch. Intern. Med.162(22), 2557–2562 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein LB, Bushnell CD, Adams RJ et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke42(2), 517–584 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA288(14), 1723–1727 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Lawes CMM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case–fatality in the late 20th Century. Lancet Neurol.2(1), 43–53 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey DK, Rothenberg E, Sundh V, Bosaeus I, Steen B. Waist circumference, body mass index, and risk for stroke in older people: a 15 year longitudinal population study of 70-year-olds. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.50(9), 1510–1518 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price GM, Uauy R, Breeze E, Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE. Weight, shape, and mortality risk in older persons: elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.84(2), 449–460 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Silventoinen K, Sarti C, Mannisto S, Jousilahti P. Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio on the risk of total and type-specific stroke. Arch. Intern. Med.167(13), 1420–1427 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza A, Zamboni S, Tikhonoff V, Schiavon L, Pessina AC, Casiglia E. Body mass index and mortality in elderly men and women from general population. The experience of Cardiovascular Study in the Elderly (CASTEL). Gerontology53(1), 36–45 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rexrode KM, Hennekens CH, Willett WC et al. A prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of stroke in women. JAMA277(19), 1539–1545 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenstrom E, Boysen G, Nyboe J. Lifestyle factors and risk of cerebrovascular disease in women. The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Stroke24(10), 1468–1472 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welin L, Svärdsudd K, Wilhelmsen L, Larsson B, Tibblin G. Analysis of risk factors for stroke in a cohort of men born in 1913. N. Engl. J. Med.317(9), 521–526 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmsen P, Rosengren A, Tsipogianni A, Wilhensen L. Risk factors for stroke in middle-aged men in Götenborg, Sweden. Stroke21(2), 223–229 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker SP, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Body size and fat distribution as predictors of stroke among US men. Am. J. Epidemiol.144(12), 1143–1150 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter Y, Rohrmann S, Linseisen J et al. Contribution of obesity and abdominal fat mass to risk of stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Stroke39(12), 3145–3151 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case–control study. Lancet376(9735), 112–123 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers H, Greenaway J, Davies T, Wood R, Steen N, Thomson R. Risk factors for first-ever stroke in older people in the north east of England: a population-based study. Stroke35(1), 7–11 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu M, Ye W, Adami HO, Weiderpass E. Prospective study of body size and risk for stroke amongst women below age 60. J. Intern. Med.260(5), 442–450 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Rexrode KM et al. Prospective study of body mass index and risk of stroke in apparently healthy women. Circulation111(15), 1992–1998 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funada S, Shimazu T, Kakizaki M et al. Body mass index and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: the Ohsaki study. Prev. Med.47(1), 66–70 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y-M, Sung J, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Body mass index and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. a prospective study in Korean men. Stroke35(4), 831–836 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui R, Iso H, Toyoshima H et al. Body mass index and mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women: the JACC study. Stroke36(7), 1377–1382 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamatsu N, Kadowaki T, Okamura T et al. Different effects of blood pressure on mortality from stroke subtypes depending on BMI levels: a 19-year cohort study in the Japanese general population-NIPPON DATA80. J. Hum. Hyperten.19(4), 285–291 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iso H, Jacobs DR, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention trial. N. Engl. J. Med.320(14), 904–910 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs D, Blackburn H, Higgins M et al. Report of the conference on low blood cholesterol: mortality associations. Circulation86(3), 1046–1060 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Ruotsalainen S, Moilanen L, Lepistö P, Laakso M, Kuusisto J. The metabolic syndrome predicts incident stroke: a 14-year follow-up study in elderly people in Finland. Stroke39(4), 1078–1083 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen I, Mark AE. Elevated body mass index and mortality risk in the elderly. Obes. Rev.8(1), 41–59 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M, Offer A, Yang G et al. Body mass index, blood pressure, and mortality from stroke: a nationally representative prospective study of 212 000 Chinese men. Stroke39(3), 753–759 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Larsson B, Pennert K, Rybo E, Sjöström L. Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. BMJ289(6454), 1257–1261 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmsen P, Wilhelmsen L, Jacobsson A. Stroke incidence and mortality rates 1987 to 2006 related to secular trends of cardiovascular risk factors in Gothenburg, Sweden. Stroke40(8), 2691–2697 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vemmos K, Ntaios G, Spengos K et al. Association between obesity and mortality after acute first-ever stroke. The obesity-stroke paradox. Stroke42(11), 30–36 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curioni C, André C, Veras R. Weight reduction for primary prevention of stroke in adults with overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.4, CD006062 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Guagnano MT, Ballone E, Colagrande V et al. Large waist circumference and risk of hypertension. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)25(9), 1360–1364 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oda E, Kawai R. Body mass index is more strongly associated with hypertension than waist circumference in apparently healthy Japanese men and women. Acta Diabetol.47(4), 309–313 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Hoy WE. Waist circumference, body mass index, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardovascular disease in Aboriginal people. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.58, 888–893 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Shu X-O, Gao Y-T, Yang G, Li H, Zheng W. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of stroke in Chinese women. Stroke40(4), 1098–1104 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurukulasuriya LR, Stas S, Lastra G, Manrique C, Sowers JR. Hypertension in Obesity. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am.37(3), 647–662 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhéaume C, Arsenault BJ, Dumas M-P et al. Contributions of cardiorespiratory fitness and visceral adiposity to six-year changes in cardiometabolic risk markers in apparently healthy men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.96(5), 1462–1468 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Pezza N et al. Hyperviscosity and microproteinuria in central obesity: relevance to cardiovascular risk. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)21(6), 417–423 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davì G, Guagnano MT, Ciabattoni G et al. Platelet activation in obese women: role of inflammation and oxidant stress. JAMA288(16), 2008–2014 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension42(5), 878–884 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Emerging Risk Factors C. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet377(9771), 1085–1095 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornier MA, Després JP, Davis N et al. Assessing adiposity. Circulation124(18), 1996–2019 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar