104
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Assessing reverse remodeling in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy and its impact on prognosis

, &
Pages 1437-1448 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Bertoldi EG, Polanczyk CA, Cunha V, Ziegelmann PK, Beck-da-Silva L, Rohde LE. Mortality reduction of cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in heart failure: an updated meta-analysis. Does recent evidence change the standard of care? J. Card. Fail. 17(10), 860–866 (2011).
  • Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Pelargonio G et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with mild heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol. 32(2), 125–135 (2011).
  • Solomon SD, Foster E, Bourgoun M et al .; MADIT-CRT Investigators. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on reverse remodeling and relation to outcome: multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial: cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 122(10), 985–992 (2010).
  • Singh JP, Gras D. Biventricular pacing: current trends and future strategies. Eur. Heart J. 33(3), 305–313 (2012).
  • Eicher JC, Laurent G, Mathé A et al. Atrial dyssynchrony syndrome: an overlooked phenomenon and a potential cause of ‘diastolic’ heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 14(3), 248–258 (2012).
  • Galderisi M, Cattaneo F, Mondillo S. Doppler echocardiography and myocardial dyssynchrony: a practical update of old and new ultrasound technologies. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound 5, 28 (2007).
  • Rihal CS, Nishimura RA, Hatle LK, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ. Systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients with clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Relation to symptoms and prognosis. Circulation 90(6), 2772–2779 (1994).
  • Matsumoto K, Tanaka H, Okajima K et al. Reverse remodelling induces progressive ventricular resynchronization after cardiac resynchronization therapy ‘from vicious to virtuous cycle’. Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 12(10), 782–789 (2011).
  • Leclercq C, Hare JM. Ventricular resynchronization: current state of the art. Circulation 109(3), 296–299 (2004).
  • Ypenburg C, Schalij MJ, Bleeker GB et al. Impact of viability and scar tissue on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischaemic heart failure patients. Eur. Heart J. 28(1), 33–41 (2007).
  • Gorcsan J 3rd, Abraham T, Agler DA et al .; American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group; American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group; Heart Rhythm Society. Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting–a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 21(3), 191–213 (2008).
  • Bax JJ, Bleeker GB, Marwick TH et al. Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44(9), 1834–1840 (2004).
  • Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy tailored by echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular asynchrony. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40(9), 1615–1622 (2002).
  • Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L et al. Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) trial. Circulation 117(20), 2608–2616 (2008).
  • León AR, Abraham WT, Brozena S et al .; InSync III Clinical Study Investigators. Cardiac resynchronization with sequential biventricular pacing for the treatment of moderate-to-severe heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(12), 2298–2304 (2005).
  • Rao RK, Kumar UN, Schafer J, Viloria E, De Lurgio D, Foster E. Reduced ventricular volumes and improved systolic function with cardiac resynchronization therapy: a randomized trial comparing simultaneous biventricular pacing, sequential biventricular pacing, and left ventricular pacing. Circulation 115(16), 2136–2144 (2007).
  • Boriani G, Biffi M, Müller CP et al .; Resynchronization for Hemodynamic Treatment for Heart Failure Management II (RHYTHM II) Investigators. A prospective randomized evaluation of VV delay optimization in CRT-D recipients: echocardiographic observations from the RHYTHM II ICD study. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 32(Suppl. 1), S120–S125 (2009).
  • Ypenburg C, Van De Veire N, Westenberg JJ et al. Noninvasive imaging in cardiac resynchronization therapy – part 2: follow-up and optimization of settings. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 31(12), 1628–1639 (2008).
  • Ypenburg C, Roes SD, Bleeker GB et al. Effect of total scar burden on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am. J. Cardiol. 99(5), 657–660 (2007).
  • Keida T, Ohira H, Fujita M et al. Quantitative assessment of dyssynchrony using ECG-gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging prior to and following cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circ. J. 73(8), 1550–1553 (2009).
  • Neri G, Zanco P, Zanon F, Buchberger R. Effect of biventricular pacing on metabolism and perfusion in patients affected by dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle branch block: evaluation by positron emission tomography. Europace 5(1), 111–115 (2003).
  • Nielsen JC, Bøttcher M, Jensen HK, Nielsen TT, Pedersen AK, Mortensen PT. Regional myocardial perfusion during chronic biventricular pacing and after acute change of the pacing mode in patients with congestive heart failure and bundle branch block treated with an atrioventricular sequential biventricular pacemaker. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 5(2), 179–186 (2003).
  • Sundell J, Engblom E, Koistinen J et al. The effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular function, myocardial energetics, and metabolic reserve in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43(6), 1027–1033 (2004).
  • Braunschweig F, Sörensen J, von Bibra H et al. Effects of biventricular pacing on myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption using carbon-11 acetate positron emission tomography in patients with heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 92(1), 95–99 (2003).
  • Nowak B, Stellbrink C, Sinha AM et al. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on myocardial blood flow measured by oxygen-15 water positron emission tomography in idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle branch block. Am. J. Cardiol. 93(4), 496–499 (2004).
  • Knaapen P, van Campen LM, de Cock CC et al. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on myocardial perfusion reserve. Circulation 110(6), 646–651 (2004).
  • Lindner O, Vogt J, Kammeier A et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on global and regional oxygen consumption and myocardial blood flow in patients with non-ischaemic and ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur. Heart J. 26(1), 70–76 (2005).
  • St John Sutton M, Ghio S, Plappert T et al .; REsynchronization reVErses Remodeling in Systolic left vEntricular dysfunction (REVERSE) Study Group. Cardiac resynchronization induces major structural and functional reverse remodeling in patients with New York Heart Association class I/II heart failure. Circulation 120(19), 1858–1865 (2009).
  • Linde C, Leclercq C, Rex S et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the multisite stimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40(1), 111–118 (2002).
  • Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL et al .; MIRACLE Study Group. Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 346(24), 1845–1853 (2002).
  • Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E et al .; Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(15), 1539–1549 (2005).
  • Linde C, Abraham WT, Gold MR, St John Sutton M, Ghio S, Daubert C; REVERSE (resynchronization reverses remodeling in systolic left ventricular dysfunction) Study Group. Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52(23), 1834–1843 (2008).
  • Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al .; MADIT-CRT Trial Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(14), 1329–1338 (2009).
  • Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M et al .; Resynchronization-Defibrillation for Ambulatory Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 363(25), 2385–2395 (2010).
  • Prinzen FW, Auricchio A. The “missing” link between acute hemodynamic effect and clinical response. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 5(2), 188–195 (2012).
  • Yu CM, Chau E, Sanderson JE et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of reverse remodeling and improved synchronicity by simultaneously delaying regional contraction after biventricular pacing therapy in heart failure. Circulation 105(4), 438–445 (2002).
  • Pouleur AC, Knappe D, Shah AM et al. Relationship between improvement in left ventricular dyssynchrony and contractile function and clinical outcome with cardiac resynchronization therapy: the MADIT-CRT trial. Eur. Heart J. 32, 1720–1729 (2011).
  • Barsheshet A, Wang PJ, Moss AJ et al. Reverse remodeling and the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 57(24), 2416–2423 (2011).
  • Tolosana JM, Arnau AM, Madrid AH et al .; SPARE II investigators (Spanish Atrial Resynchronization Study II). Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Is it mandatory to ablate the atrioventricular junction to obtain a good response? Eur. J. Heart Fail. 14(6), 635–641 (2012).
  • Ashraf M, Youssef FM. Role of real time three-dimensional echocardiography in heart failure. Echocardiography 25, 983–992 (2008).
  • Mor-Avi V, Jenkins C, Kühl HP et al. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular volumes: multicenter study for validation with magnetic resonance imaging and investigation of sources of error. JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging 1(4), 413–423 (2008).
  • Greupner J, Zimmermann E, Grohmann A et al. Head-to-head comparison of left ventricular function assessment with 64-row computed tomography, biplane left cineventriculography, and both 2- and 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging as the reference standard. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 59(21), 1897–1907 (2012).
  • Marsan NA, Bleeker GB, Ypenburg C et al. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography as a novel approach to assess left ventricular and left atrium reverse remodeling and to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 5(9), 1257–1264 (2008).
  • Hotta VT, Martinelli Filho M, Mady C, Mathias W Jr, Vieira ML. Comparison between 2D and 3D echocardiography in the evaluation of reverse remodeling after CRT. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 97(2), 111–121 (2011).
  • Lin X, Xu H, Zhao X et al. Repeatability of left ventricular dyssynchrony and function parameters in serial gated myocardial perfusion SPECT studies. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 17(5), 811–816 (2010).
  • Celikyurt U, Vural A, Sahin T, Kilic T, Agacdiken A, Ural D. Relationship between left ventricular dyssynchrony and reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Clin. Cardiol. 34(10), 645–648 (2011).
  • Bleeker GB, Mollema SA, Holman ER et al. Left ventricular resynchronization is mandatory for response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: analysis in patients with echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dyssynchrony at baseline. Circulation 116(13), 1440–1448 (2007).
  • Auger D, van Bommel RJ, Bertini M et al. Prevalence and characteristics of patients with clinical improvement but not significant left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am. Heart J. 160(4), 737–743 (2010).
  • Sutton MG, Plappert T, Hilpisch KE, Abraham WT, Hayes DL, Chinchoy E. Sustained reverse left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one year is a function of etiology: quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence from the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Circulation 113(2), 266–272 (2006).
  • Yu CM, Bleeker GB, Fung JW et al. Left ventricular reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 112(11), 1580–1586 (2005).
  • Faber L, Vlachojannis M, Oldenburg O et al. Long-term follow-up of cardiac resynchronization therapy: mechanical resynchronization and reverse left ventricular remodeling are predictive for long-term transplant-free survival. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 28(6), 1341–1350 (2012).
  • Ypenburg C, van Bommel RJ, Borleffs CJ et al. Long-term prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy is related to the extent of left ventricular reverse remodeling at midterm follow-up. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 53(6), 483–490 (2009).
  • Vidal B, Sitges M, Marigliano A et al. Relation of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy to left ventricular reverse remodeling. Am. J. Cardiol. 97(6), 876–881 (2006).
  • Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Nkomo VT et al. Heart failure and death after myocardial infarction in the community: the emerging role of mitral regurgitation. Circulation 111(3), 295–301 (2005).
  • Ypenburg C, Lancellotti P, Tops LF et al. Acute effects of initiation and withdrawal of cardiac resynchronization therapy on papillary muscle dyssynchrony and mitral regurgitation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50(21), 2071–2077 (2007).
  • Ypenburg C, Lancellotti P, Tops LF et al. Mechanism of improvement in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur. Heart J. 29(6), 757–765 (2008).
  • Verhaert D, Popovic ZB, De S et al. Impact of mitral regurgitation on reverse remodeling and outcome in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 5(1), 21–26 (2012).
  • Breithardt OA, Sinha AM, Schwammenthal E et al. Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41(5), 765–770 (2003).
  • Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D, Dohi K, Sade LE, Gorcsan J 3rd. A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: insights from mechanical activation strain mapping. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44(8), 1619–1625 (2004).
  • Sitges M, Vidal B, Delgado V et al. Long-term effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral valve regurgitation. Am. J. Cardiol. 104(3), 383–388 (2009).
  • Solis J, McCarty D, Levine RA et al. Mechanism of decrease in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: optimization of the force–balance relationship. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2(6), 444–450 (2009).
  • Biner S, Rafique A, Rafii F et al. Reproducibility of proximal isovelocity surface area, vena contracta, and regurgitant jet area for assessment of mitral regurgitation severity. JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging 3(3), 235–243 (2010).
  • Lancellotti P, Moura L, Pierard LA et al .; European Association of Echocardiography. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 11(4), 307–332 (2010).
  • Aksoy H, Okutucu S, Kaya EB et al. Clinical and echocardiographic correlates of improvement in left ventricular diastolic function after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace 12(9), 1256–1261 (2010).
  • Waggoner AD, Faddis MN, Gleva MJ, de las Fuentes L, Dávila-Román VG. Improvements in left ventricular diastolic function after cardiac resynchronization therapy are coupled to response in systolic performance. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(12), 2244–2249 (2005).
  • Shanks M, Antoni ML, Hoke U et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular diastolic function assessed with speckle-tracking echocardiography. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 13(10), 1133–1139 (2011).
  • Lavalle C, Ricci RP, Santini M. Atrial tachyarrhythmias and cardiac resynchronisation therapy: clinical and therapeutic implications. Heart 96(15), 1174–1178 (2010).
  • Malagoli A, Rossi L, Franchi F et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left atrial reverse remodeling: role of echocardiographic AV delay optimization. Int. J. Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.046 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Brenyo A, Link MS, Barsheshet A et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces left atrial volume and the risk of atrial tachyarrhythmias in MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58(16), 1682–1689 (2011).
  • Kiès P, Leclercq C, Bleeker GB et al. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in chronic atrial fibrillation: impact on left atrial size and reversal to sinus rhythm. Heart 92(4), 490–494 (2006).
  • Gasparini M, Steinberg JS, Arshad A et al. Resumption of sinus rhythm in patients with heart failure and permanent atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy: a longitudinal observational study. Eur. Heart J. 31(8), 976–983 (2010).
  • Turco P, D’Onofrio A, Stabile G et al. Feasibility and effecacy of electrical cardioversion after cardiac resynchronization implantation in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1007/s10840-012-9713-2 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • D’Andrea A, Caso P, Romano S et al. Different effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left atrial function in patients with either idiopathic or ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a two-dimensional speckle strain study. Eur. Heart J. 28(22), 2738–2748 (2007).
  • Capasso F, Giunta A, De Simone A et al. Acute left ventricular dyssynchrony improvement predicts long-term benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 30(Suppl. 1), S62–S65 (2007).
  • Pires LA, Ghio S, Chung ES, Tavazzi L, Abraham WT, Gerritse B. Relationship between acute improvement in left ventricular function to 6-month outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. Congest. Heart Fail. 17(2), 65–70 (2011).
  • Marsan NA, Bleeker GB, Ypenburg C et al. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography permits quantification of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony and predicts acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 19(4), 392–399 (2008).
  • Parsai C, Baltabaeva A, Anderson L, Chaparro M, Bijnens B, Sutherland GR. Low-dose dobutamine stress echo to quantify the degree of remodelling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur. Heart J. 30(8), 950–958 (2009).
  • Duckett SG, Ginks M, Shetty AK et al. Invasive acute hemodynamic response to guide left ventricular lead implantation predicts chronic remodeling in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58(11), 1128–1136 (2011).
  • Tournoux FB, Alabiad C, Fan D et al. Echocardiographic measures of acute haemodynamic response after cardiac resynchronization therapy predict long-term clinical outcome. Eur. Heart J. 28(9), 1143–1148 (2007).
  • Bleeker GB, Schalij MJ, Nihoyannopoulos P et al. Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts right ventricular remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(12), 2264–2269 (2005).
  • D’Andrea A, Salerno G, Scarafile R et al. Right ventricular myocardial function in patients with either idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy without clinical sign of right heart failure: effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 32(8), 1017–1029 (2009).
  • Aksoy H, Okutucu S, Aytemir K et al. Improvement in right ventricular systolic function after cardiac resynchronization therapy correlates with left ventricular reverse remodeling. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 34(2), 200–207 (2011).
  • Knuuti J, Sundell J, Naum A et al. Assessment of right ventricular oxidative metabolism by PET in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 31(12), 1592–1598 (2004).
  • Castellant P, Fatemi M, Bertault-Valls V, Etienne Y, Blanc JJ. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: “nonresponders” and “hyperresponders”. Heart Rhythm 5(2), 193–197 (2008).
  • Zaroui A, Réant P, Donal E et al. Identification and characterization of super-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: an echocardiographic study. Circulation (Suppl.), (2008) (Abstract 2819).
  • Stefan L, Sedlacek K, Cerna D et al. Small left atrium and mild mitral regurgitation predicts super-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Steffel J, Milosevic G, Hürlimann A et al. Characteristics and long-term outcome of echocardiographic super-responders to cardiac resynchronisation therapy: ‘real world’ experience from a single tertiary care centre. Heart 97(20), 1668–1674 (2011).
  • Renlund DG, Kfoury AG. When the failing, end-stage heart is not end-stage. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(18), 1922–1925 (2006).
  • Binkley PF, Lesinski A, Ferguson JP et al. Recovery of normal ventricular function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: predictors of an increasingly prevalent clinical event. Am. Heart J. 155(1), 69–74 (2008).
  • Delgado V, van Bommel RJ, Bertini M et al. Relative merits of left ventricular dyssynchrony, left ventricular lead position, and myocardial scar to predict long-term survival of ischemic heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 123(1), 70–78 (2011).
  • Wang CL, Powell BD, Redfield MM et al. Left ventricular discoordination index measured by speckle tracking strain rate imaging predicts reverse remodelling and survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 14(5), 517–525 (2012).
  • Shanks M, Delgado V, Ng AC et al. Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of nonresponse to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am. Heart J. 161(3), 552–557 (2011).
  • Parsai C, Bijnens B, Sutherland GR et al. Toward understanding response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: left ventricular dyssynchrony is only one of multiple mechanisms. Eur. Heart J. 30(8), 940–949 (2009).
  • Gasparini M, Muto C, Iacopino S et al. Low-dose dobutamine test associated with interventricular dyssynchrony: a useful tool to identify cardiac resynchronization therapy responders: data from the low dose dobutamine stress-echo test in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (LODO-CRT) phase 2 study. Am. Heart J. 163(3), 422–429 (2012).
  • Edner M, Ring M, Henriksson P. Pre-implant right ventricular function might be an important predictor of the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound 9, 28 (2011).
  • Aksoy H, Okutucu S, Aytemir K et al. Baseline aortic pre-ejection interval predicts reverse remodeling and clinical improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Cardiol. J. 18(6), 639–647 (2011).
  • Auger D, Bertini M, Marsan NA et al. Prediction of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy combining two different three-dimensional analyses of left ventricular dyssynchrony. Am. J. Cardiol. 108(5), 711–717 (2011).
  • Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Palmer CR et al. Targeted left ventricular lead placement to guide cardiac resynchronization therapy: the TARGET study: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 59(17), 1509–1518 (2012).
  • Ansalone G, Giannantoni P, Ricci R, Trambaiolo P, Fedele F, Santini M. Doppler myocardial imaging to evaluate the effectiveness of pacing sites in patients receiving biventricular pacing. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(3), 489–499 (2002).
  • Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ et al. Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 113(7), 969–976 (2006).
  • Vidal B, Delgado V, Mont L et al. Decreased likelihood of response to cardiac resynchronization in patients with severe heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 12(3), 283–287 (2010).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.