From lead management to implanted patient management: indications to lead extraction in pacemaker and cardioverter–defibrillator systems

References

• Helguera ME, Maloney JD, Pinski SL, Woscoboinik JR, Wilkoff BL, Castle LW. Long-term performance of endocardial pacing leads. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.17, 56–64 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robboy SJ, Harthorne JW, Leinbach RC, Sanders CA, Austen WG. Autopsy findings with permanent pervenous pacemakers. Circulation39, 495–501 (1969).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bongiorni MG, Di Cori A, Soldati E et al. Intracardiac echocardiography in patients with pacing and defibrillating leads: a feasibility study. Echocardiography25, 632–638 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongiorni MG, Zucchelli G, Soldati E et al. Usefulness of mechanical transvenous dilation and location of areas of adherence in patients undergoing coronary sinus lead extraction. Europace9, 69–73 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith HJ, Fearnot NE, Byrd CL. Where does scar tissue form to inhibit extraction of chronic pacemaker leads? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.19, 148A (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Smith MC, Love CJ. Extraction of transvenous pacing and ICD leads. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.31, 736–752 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilkoff BL, Love CJ, Byrd CL et al. Transvenous lead extraction: Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus on facilities, training, indications, and patient management: this document was endorsed by the American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Rhythm6, 1085–1104 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennergren C, Bjurman C, Wiklund R, Gabel J. A single-centre experience of over one thousand lead extractions. Europace11, 612–617 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracke FA, Meijer A, van Gelder LM. Lead extraction for device related infections: a single-centre experience. Europace6, 243–247 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bongiorni MG, Soldati E, Zucchelli G et al. Transvenous removal of pacing and implantable cardiac defibrillating leads using single sheath mechanical dilatation and multiple venous approaches: high success rate and safety in more than 2000 leads. Eur. Heart J.29, 2886–2893 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuzil P, Taborsky M, Rezek Z et al. Pacemaker and ICD lead extraction with electrosurgical dissection sheaths and standard transvenous extraction systems: results of a randomized trial. Europace9, 98–104 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkoff BL, Byrd CL, Love CJ et al. Pacemaker lead extraction with the laser sheath: results of the Pacing Lead Extraction with the Excimer Sheath (PLEXES) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.33, 1671–1676 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennergren C, Bucknall CA, Butter C et al. Laser-assisted lead extraction: the European experience. Europace9, 651–656 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracke FA. Yes we can! But should we? Lead extraction for superfluous pacemaker and implanted cardioverter–defibrillator leads. Europace11, 546–547 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Califf RM, Fowler V Jr, Cabell CH, Corey GR. Novel approaches to clinical trials: device-related infections. Am. Heart J.147, 599–604 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahimtoola SH. The next generation of prosthetic heart valves needs a proven track record of patient outcomes at > or =15 to 20 years. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.42, 1720–1721 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaff H, Carrel T, Steckelberg JM, Grunkemeier GL, Holubkov R. Artificial Valve Endocarditis Reduction Trial (AVERT): protocol of a multicenter randomized trial. J. Heart Valve Dis.8, 131–139 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klug D, Lacroix D, Savoye C et al. Systemic infection related to endocarditis on pacemaker leads: clinical presentation and management. Circulation95, 2098–2107 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin EF, Giannelli S Jr, Ayres SM, Mueller HS, Grace WJ. Prevention of pacemaker infections. NY State J. Med.73, 2675–2677 (1973).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bluhm G. Pacemaker infections. A clinical study with special reference to prophylactic use of some isoxazolyl penicillins. Acta Med. Scand.699, 1–62 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Aggarwal RK, Connelly DT, Ray SG, Ball J, Charles RG. Early complications of permanent pacemaker implantation: no difference between dual and single chamber systems. Br. Heart J.73, 571–575 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catanchin A, Murdock CJ, Athan E. Pacemaker infections: a 10-year experience. Heart Lung Circ.16, 434–439 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiviniemi MS, Pirnes MA, Eranen HJ, Kettunen RV, Hartikainen JE. Complications related to permanent pacemaker therapy. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.22, 711–720 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arber N, Pras E, Copperman Y et al. Pacemaker endocarditis. Report of 44 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore)73, 299–305 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N. Engl. J. Med.346, 877–883 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mela T, McGovern BA, Garan H et al. Long-term infection rates associated with the pectoral versus abdominal approach to cardioverter- defibrillator implants. Am. J. Cardiol.88, 750–753 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Rio A, Anguera I, Miro JM et al. Surgical treatment of pacemaker and defibrillator lead endocarditis: the impact of electrode lead extraction on outcome. Chest124, 1451–1459 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval X, Selton-Suty C, Alla F et al. Endocarditis in patients with a permanent pacemaker: a 1-year epidemiological survey on infective endocarditis due to valvular and/or pacemaker infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.39, 68–74 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klug D, Wallet F, Lacroix D et al. Local symptoms at the site of pacemaker implantation indicate latent systemic infection. Heart90, 882–886 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anselmino M, Vinci M, Comoglio C et al. Bacteriology of infected extracted pacemaker and ICD leads. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown)10, 693–698 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voigt A, Shalaby A, Saba S. Rising rates of cardiac rhythm management device infections in the United States: 1996 through 2003. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.48, 590–591 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabell CH, Heidenreich PA, Chu VH et al. Increasing rates of cardiac device infections among Medicare beneficiaries: 1990–1999. Am. Heart J.147, 582–586 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boriani G, Rapezzi C, Diemberger I et al. Trial-generated profiles for implantation of electrical devices in outpatients with heart failure: real-world prevalence and 1-year outcome. J. Eval. Clin. Pract.16, 82–91 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uslan DZ, Sohail MR, St Sauver JL et al. Permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator infection: a population-based study. Arch. Intern. Med.167, 669–675 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisel WH. Pacemaker and ICD generator reliability: meta-analysis of device registries. JAMA295, 1929–1934 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisel WH, Moynahan M, Zuckerman BD et al. Pacemaker and ICD generator malfunctions: analysis of Food and Drug Administration annual reports. JAMA295, 1901–1906 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisel WH, Sweeney MO, Stevenson WG, Ellison KE, Epstein LM. Recalls and safety alerts involving pacemakers and implantable cardioverter–defibrillator generators. JAMA286, 793–799 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boriani G, Biffi M, Branzi A, Mininno A, Sigliano R. Benefits in projected pacemaker longevity and in pacing related costs conferred by automatic threshold tracking. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.23, 1783–1787 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biffi M, Bertini M, Saporito D et al. Actual pacemaker longevity: the benefit of stimulation by automatic capture verification. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.33(7), 873–881 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das MK, Dandamudi G, Steiner HA. Modern pacemakers: hope or hype? Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.32, 1207–1221 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gould PA, Krahn AD. Complications associated with implantable cardioverter–defibrillator replacement in response to device advisories. JAMA295, 1907–1911 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser R, Hayes D, Parsonnet V et al. Feasibility and initial results of an Internet-based pacemaker and ICD pulse generator and lead registry. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.24, 82–87 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauser RG. The growing mismatch between patient longevity and the service life of implantable cardioverter–defibrillators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.45, 2022–2025 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser RG, Hayes DL, Epstein AE et al. Multicenter experience with failed and recalled implantable cardioverter–defibrillator pulse generators. Heart Rhythm3, 640–644 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parsonnet V, Driller J, Cook D, Rizvi SA. Thirty-one years of clinical experience with ‘nuclear-powered’ pacemakers. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.29, 195–200 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knops P, Theuns DA, Res JC, Jordaens L. Analysis of implantable defibrillator longevity under clinical circumstances: implications for device selection. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.32, 1276–1285 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunner M, Olschewski M, Geibel A, Bode C, Zehender M. Long-term survival after pacemaker implantation. Prognostic importance of gender and baseline patient characteristics. Eur. Heart J.25, 88–95 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kindermann M, Schwaab B, Berg M, Frohlig G. Longevity of dual chamber pacemakers: device and patient related determinants. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.24, 810–815 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Love CJ, Wilkoff BL, Byrd CL et al. Recommendations for extraction of chronically implanted transvenous pacing and defibrillator leads: indications, facilities, training. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Lead Extraction Conference Faculty. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.23, 544–551 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klug D, Balde M, Pavin D et al. Risk factors related to infections of implanted pacemakers and cardioverter–defibrillators: results of a large prospective study. Circulation116, 1349–1355 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uslan DZ, Baddour LM. Cardiac device infections: getting to the heart of the matter. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.19, 345–348 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua JD, Wilkoff BL, Lee I, Juratli N, Longworth DL, Gordon SM. Diagnosis and management of infections involving implantable electrophysiologic cardiac devices. Ann. Intern. Med.133, 604–608 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers ST. Diagnosis and management of staphylococcal infections of pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators. Intern. Med. J.35(Suppl. 2), S63–S71 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baman TS, Gupta SK, Valle JA, Yamada E. Risk factors for mortality in patients with cardiac device-related infection. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol.2, 129–134 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohail MR, Uslan DZ, Khan AH et al. Management and outcome of permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter–defibrillator infections. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49, 1851–1859 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohail MR, Khan AH, Holmes DR Jr, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Baddour LM. Infectious complications of percutaneous vascular closure devices. Mayo Clin. Proc.80, 1011–1015 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC et al. Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation121, 458–477 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karchmer AW, Longworth DL. Infections of intracardiac devices. Cardiol. Clin.21, 253–271, vii (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Field ME, Jones SO, Epstein LM. How to select patients for lead extraction. Heart Rhythm4, 978–985 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey GR, Lalani T. Risk of intravascular cardiac device infections in patients with bacteraemia: impact on device removal. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents32(Suppl. 1), S26–S29 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Chamis AL, Peterson GE, Cabell CH et al.Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter–defibrillators. Circulation104, 1029–1033 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uslan DZ, Sohail MR, Friedman PA et al. Frequency of permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter–defibrillator infection in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia. Clin. Infect. Dis.43, 731–736 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sopena B, Crespo M, Beiras X et al. Individualized management of bacteraemia in patients with a permanent endocardial pacemaker. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.16, 274–280 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baddour LM, Bettmann MA, Bolger AF et al. Nonvalvular cardiovascular device-related infections. Clin. Infect. Dis.38, 1128–1130 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tascini C, Bongiorni MG, Leonildi A et al. Pacemaker endocarditis with pulmonary cavitary lesion due to Scedosporium prolificans. J. Chemother.18, 667–669 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klug D, Wallet F, Kacet S, Courcol RJ. Detailed bacteriologic tests to identify the origin of transvenous pacing system infections indicate a high prevalence of multiple organisms. Am. Heart J.149, 322–328 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karchmer AW, Longworth DL. Infections of intracardiac devices. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am16, 477–505, xii (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis AB, Hayes DL, Holmes DR Jr, Vlietstra RE, Pluth JR, Osborn MJ. Update on infections involving permanent pacemakers. Characterization and management. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.89, 758–763 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Costa A, Kirkorian G, Cucherat M et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for permanent pacemaker implantation: a meta-analysis. Circulation97, 1796–1801 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, Nishioka SA et al. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter–defibrillators: results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol.2, 29–34 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Costa A, Lelievre H, Kirkorian G et al. Role of the preaxillary flora in pacemaker infections: a prospective study. Circulation97, 1791–1795 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soongswang J, Nana A, Laohaprasittiporn D et al. Permanent cardiac pacing in pediatrics: experience in Thailand. J. Med. Assoc. Thai.88(Suppl. 8), S106–S114 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report, data summary from January 1990-May 1999, issued June 1999. Am. J. Infect. Control27, 520–532 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin – United States, 2002. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.51, 565–567 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fridkin SK, Hageman J, McDougal LK et al. Epidemiological and microbiological characterization of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, United States, 1997–2001. Clin. Infect. Dis.36, 429–439 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.40, 135–136 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuya EY, Lowy FD. Antimicrobial strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular infections. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.3, 464–469 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drew RH, Perfect JR, Srinath L, Kurkimilis E, Dowzicky M, Talbot GH. Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections with quinupristin–dalfopristin in patients intolerant of or failing prior therapy. For the Synercid Emergency-Use Study Group. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.46, 775–784 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babcock HM, Ritchie DJ, Christiansen E, Starlin R, Little R, Stanley S. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus endocarditis with oral linezolid. Clin. Infect. Dis.32, 1373–1375 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao N, White GJ. Successful treatment of Enterococcus faecalis prosthetic valve endocarditis with linezolid. Clin. Infect. Dis.35, 902–904 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birmingham MC, Rayner CR, Meagher AK, Flavin SM, Batts DH, Schentag JJ. Linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant, Gram-positive infections: experience from a compassionate-use program. Clin. Infect. Dis.36, 159–168 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utili R, Durante-Mangoni E, Tripodi MF. Infection of intravascular prostheses: how to treat other than surgery. Int. J. Antimicrob Agents30(Suppl. 1), S42–S50 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Donlan RM. Biofilms and device-associated infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis.7, 277–281 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I. Intravascular-catheter-related infections. Lancet351, 893–898 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinefield H, Black S, Fattom A et al. Use of a Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med.346, 491–496 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu WS, Nguyen D. Pacemaker lead extraction in pacemaker endocarditis with lead vegetation: usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography. Can. J. Cardiol.14, 87–89 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phibbs B, Marriott HJ. Complications of permanent transvenous pacing. N. Engl. J. Med.312, 1428–1432 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molina JE. Undertreatment and overtreatment of patients with infected antiarrhythmic implantable devices. Ann. Thorac. Surg.63, 504–509 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundstrom H, Kennergren C, Andersson R, Alestig K, Hogevik H. Pacemaker endocarditis during 18 years in Goteborg. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.36, 674–679 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Geha AS, Rattehalli NM et al. Salvage of infected ICDs: management without removal. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.19, 437–442 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurst LN, Evans HB, Windle B, Klein GJ. The salvage of infected cardiac pacemaker pockets using a closed irrigation system. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.9, 785–792 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia-Rinaldi R, Revuelta JM, Bonnington L, Soltero-Harrington L. The exposed cardiac pacemaker. Treatment by subfascial pocket relocation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.89, 136–141 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rettig G, Doenecke P, Sen S, Volkmer I, Bette L. Complications with retained transvenous pacemaker electrodes. Am. Heart J.98, 587–594 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt PR, Sagdic K, Lachat M, Candinas R, von Segesser LK, Turina MI. Surgical management of infected permanent transvenous pacemaker systems: ten year experience. J. Card. Surg.11, 180–186 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry G, Goudevenos J, Jameson S, Adams PC, Gold RG. Complications associated with retained pacemaker leads. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.14, 1251–1257 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M, Takeuchi S, Shiojiri Y et al. Surgical lead-preserving procedures for pacemaker pocket infection. Ann. Thorac. Surg.74, 1494–1499; discussion 1499 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolker AR, Redstone JS, Tutela JP. Salvage of exposed implantable cardiac electrical devices and lead systems with pocket change and local flap coverage. Ann. Plast. Surg.59, 26–29; discussion 30 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels LE, Samuels FL, Kaufman MS, Morris RJ, Brockman SK. Management of infected implantable cardiac defibrillators. Ann. Thorac. Surg.64, 1702–1706 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffith MJ, Mounsey JP, Bexton RS, Holden MP. Mechanical, but not infective, pacemaker erosion may be successfully managed by re-implantation of pacemakers. Br. Heart J.71, 202–205 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jara FM, Toledo-Pereyra L, Lewis JW Jr, Magilligan DJ Jr. The infected pacemaker pocket. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.78, 298–300 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor RL, Cohen DJ, Widman LE, Chilton RJ, O’Rourke RA. Infection of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: management without removal of the device in selected cases. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.13, 1352–1355 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dy Chua J, Abdul-Karim A, Mawhorter S et al. The role of swab and tissue culture in the diagnosis of implantable cardiac device infection. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.28, 1276–1281 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracke FA, Meijer A, van Gelder LM. Pacemaker lead complications: when is extraction appropriate and what can we learn from published data? Heart85, 254–259 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm A, Banyai F, Preda I, Zamolyi K. The treatment of septicemia in pacemaker patients. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.19, 1105–1111 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cacoub P, Leprince P, Nataf P et al. Pacemaker infective endocarditis. Am. J. Cardiol.82, 480–484 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB. Infective endocarditis in adults. N. Engl. J. Med.345, 1318–1330 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darouiche RO. Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants. N. Engl. J. Med.350, 1422–1429 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddour LM, Bettmann MA, Bolger AF et al. Nonvalvular cardiovascular device-related infections. Circulation108, 2015–2031 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massoure PL, Reuter S, Lafitte S et al. Pacemaker endocarditis: clinical features and management of 60 consecutive cases. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.30, 12–19 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrikson CA, Brinker JA. How to prevent, recognize, and manage complications of lead extraction. Part I: avoiding lead extraction – infectious issues. Heart Rhythm5, 1083–1087 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henrikson CA, Brinker JA. How to prevent, recognize, and manage complications of lead extraction. Part II: avoiding lead extraction – noninfectious issues. Heart Rhythm5, 1221–1223 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golzio PG, Vinci M, Anselmino M et al. Accuracy of swabs, tissue specimens, and lead samples in diagnosis of cardiac rhythm management device infections. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.32(Suppl. 1), S76–S80 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bensimhon L, Lavergne T, Hugonnet F et al. Whole-body 18F-FDG PET imaging for the diagnosis of pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator infection. A preliminary prospective study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03312.x (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Marijon E, De Guillebon M, Bordachar P et al. Safety of deferring the reimplantation of pacing systems after their removal for infectious complications in selected patients: a 1-year follow-up study. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol.21, 540–544 (2010)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinelli M, Costa R, Nishioka S et al. Criteria for pacemaker explant in patients without a precise indication for pacemaker implantation. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.25, 272–277 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am. J. Med.96, 200–209 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis.30, 633–638 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor F, De Place C, Camus C et al. Pacemaker lead infection: echocardiographic features, management, and outcome. Heart81, 82–87 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauck G, Hagendorff A, Omran H. Sessile structures on implanted leads of cardiac pacemaker. Eur. Heart J.15, 58 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lo R, D’Anca M, Cohen T, Kerwin T. Incidence and prognosis of pacemaker lead-associated masses: a study of 1,569 transesophageal echocardiograms. J. Invasive Cardiol.18, 599–601 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumont E, Camus C, Victor F et al. Suspected pacemaker or defibrillator transvenous lead infection. Prospective assessment of a TEE-guided therapeutic strategy. Eur. Heart J.24, 1779–1787 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalman JM, Olgin JE, Karch MR, Lesh MD. Use of intracardiac echocardiography in interventional electrophysiology. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.20, 2248–2262 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren JF, Marchlinski FE. Utility of intracardiac echocardiography in left heart ablation for tachyarrhythmias. Echocardiography24, 533–540 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nanda NC, Miller AP. Principles of intracardiac echocardiography. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol.13(Suppl. 1), 7–10 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalal A, Asirvatham SJ, Chandrasekaran K, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Intracardiac echocardiography in the detection of pacemaker lead endocarditis. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.15, 1027–1028 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodner DQ, Shimbo D, Magnano AR. Intracardiac echocardiography in the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Heart93, 1120 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grammes JA, Schulze CM, Al-Bataineh M et al. Percutaneous pacemaker and implantable cardioverter–defibrillator lead extraction in 100 patients with intracardiac vegetations defined by transesophageal echocardiogram. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.55, 886–894 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier-Ewert HK, Gray ME, John RM. Endocardial pacemaker or defibrillator leads with infected vegetations: a single-center experience and consequences of transvenous extraction. Am. Heart J.146, 339–344 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verma A, Wilkoff BL. Intravascular pacemaker and defibrillator lead extraction: a state-of-the-art review. Heart Rhythm1, 739–745 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruttmann E, Hangler HB, Kilo J et al. Transvenous pacemaker lead removal is safe and effective even in large vegetations: an analysis of 53 cases of pacemaker lead endocarditis. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.29, 231–236 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugge A, Daniel WG, Frank G, Lichtlen PR. Echocardiography in infective endocarditis: reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size determined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.14, 631–638 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins MJ, Frater RW, Soeiro R, Frishman WH, Strom JA. Influence of vegetation size on clinical outcome of right-sided infective endocarditis. Am. J. Med.80, 165–171 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen KT, Neese P, Kessler DJ. Successful laser-assisted percutaneous extraction of four pacemaker leads associated with large vegetations. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.23, 1260–1262 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calton R, Cameron D, Cusimano RJ, Merchant N, Chauhan V. Successful laser-assisted removal of an infected ICD lead with a large vegetation. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.29, 910–913 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maloney JD, Maloney JD 3rd. Vegetation size marker for extraction technique? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.55, 895–897 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Erven L, Morgan JM. Attitude towards redundant leads and the practice of lead extractions: a European survey. Europace12, 275–276 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henrikson CA, Zhang K, Brinker JA. A survey of the practice of lead extraction in the United States. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.33, 721–726 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Moore HJ, Karasik PE, Franz MR, Singh SN, Fletcher RD. Management strategies when implanted cardioverter defibrillator leads fail: survey findings. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.32, 1130–1141 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suga C, Hayes DL, Hyberger LK, Lloyd MA. Is there an adverse outcome from abandoned pacing leads? J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol.4, 493–499 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byrd CL, Wilkoff BL, Love CJ, Sellers TD, Reiser C. Clinical study of the laser sheath for lead extraction: the total experience in the United States. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.25, 804–808 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux JF, Page P, Dubuc M et al. Laser lead extraction: predictors of success and complications. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.30, 214–220 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirbys P. Removable or nonremovable endocardial electrodes: do not accept erroneous conclusions. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.14, 858–859 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibson TC, Davidson RC, DeSilvey DL. Presumptive tricuspid valve malfunction induced by a pacemaker lead: a case report and review of the literature. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.3, 88–95 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wazni O, Epstein LM, Carrillo RG et al. Lead extraction in the contemporary setting: the LExICon study: an observational retrospective study of consecutive laser lead extractions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.55, 579–586 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marijon E, Boveda S, De Guillebon M et al. Contributions of advanced techniques to the success and safety of transvenous leads extraction. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.32(Suppl. 1), S38–S41 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Parkash R, Crystal E, Bashir J et al. Complications associated with revision of Sprint Fidelis leads: report from the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society Device Advisory Committee. Circulation121, 2384–2387 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bordachar P, Defaye P, Peyrouse E et al. Extraction of old pacemaker or cardioverter–defibrillator leads by laser sheath versus femoral approach. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol.3, 319–323 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Cock CC, Vinkers M, Van Campe LC, Verhorst PM, Visser CA. Long-term outcome of patients with multiple (> or = 3) noninfected transvenous leads: a clinical and echocardiographic study. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.23, 423–426 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glikson M, Suleiman M, Luria DM et al. Do abandoned leads pose risk to implantable cardioverter–defibrillator patients? Heart Rhythm6, 65–68 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zerbe F, Ponizynski A, Dyszkiewicz W, Ziemianski A, Dziegielewski T, Krug H. Functionless retained pacing leads in the cardiovascular system. A complication of pacemaker treatment. Br. Heart J.54, 76–79 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blair TP, Seibel J Jr, Goodreau J, Groves R, Ashworth HE, Baker WP. Surgical relief of thrombotic superior vena cava obstruction caused by endocardial pacing catheter. Ann. Thorac. Surg.33, 511–515 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices): developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation117, e350–e408 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckstein J, Koller MT, Zabel M et al. Necessity for surgical revision of defibrillator leads implanted long-term: causes and management. Circulation117, 2727–2733 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SO 4th, Eckart RE, Albert CM, Epstein LM. Large, single-center, single-operator experience with transvenous lead extraction: outcomes and changing indications. Heart Rhythm5, 520–525 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borek PP, Wilkoff BL. Pacemaker and ICD leads: strategies for long-term management. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol.23, 59–72 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haqqani HM, Mond HG. The implantable cardioverter–defibrillator lead: principles, progress, and promises. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.32, 1336–1353 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goette A, Cantu F, van Erven L et al. Performance and survival of transvenous defibrillation leads: need for a European data registry. Europace11, 31–34 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunderson BD, Patel AS, Bounds CA, Shepard RK, Wood MA, Ellenbogen KA. An algorithm to predict implantable cardioverter–defibrillator lead failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.44, 1898–1902 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vollmann D, Erdogan A, Himmrich E et al. Patient Alert to detect ICD lead failure: efficacy, limitations, and implications for future algorithms. Europace8, 371–376 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maisel WH, Hauser RG, Hammill SC et al. Recommendations from the Heart Rhythm Society Task Force on Lead Performance Policies and Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Rhythm6, 869–885 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maisel WH, Kramer DB. Implantable cardioverter–defibrillator lead performance. Circulation117, 2721–2723 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradaus R, Breithardt G, Bocker D. ICD leads: design and chronic dysfunctions. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.26, 649–657 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleemann T, Becker T, Doenges K et al. Annual rate of transvenous defibrillation lead defects in implantable cardioverter–defibrillators over a period of >10 years. Circulation115, 2474–2480 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunkemeier GL, Anderson RP, Miller DC, Starr A. Time-related analysis of nonfatal heart valve complications: cumulative incidence (actual) versus Kaplan–Meier (actuarial). Circulation96, II-70–74; discussion II-74–75 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Duray GZ, Schmitt J, Cicek-Hartvig S, Hohnloser SH, Israel CW. Complications leading to surgical revision in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: comparison of patients with single-chamber, dual-chamber, and biventricular devices. Europace11, 297–302 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cygankiewicz I, Gillespie J, Zareba W et al. Predictors of long-term mortality in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT II) patients with implantable cardioverter–defibrillators. Heart Rhythm6, 468–473 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation121, e46–e215 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation119, 480–486 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N. Engl. J. Med.361, 1329–1338 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke MC. Percutaneous extraction of coronary sinus vein and branch leads. Heart Rhythm5, 491–495 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Martino G, Orazi S, Bisignani G et al. Safety and feasibility of coronary sinus left ventricular leads extraction: a preliminary report. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol.13, 35–38 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawanishi DT, Brinker JA, Reeves R et al. Kaplan–Meier analysis of freedom from extraction or death in patients with an Accufix J retention wire atrial permanent pacemaker lead: a potential management tool. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.21, 2318–2321 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maytin M, Love CJ, Fischer A et al. Multicenter experience with extraction of the Sprint Fidelis implantable cardioverter–defibrillator lead. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.56, 646–650 (2010)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Khatib SM, Sanders GD, Mark DB et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: randomized trial evidence through 2004. Am. Heart J.149, 1020–1034 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer DL, Prutkin JM, Hellkamp AS et al. Impact of implantable cardioverter–defibrillator, amiodarone, and placebo on the mode of death in stable patients with heart failure: analysis from the sudden cardiac death in heart failure trial. Circulation120, 2170–2176 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur G, Stables RH, Heaven D et al. Cardiac pacemaker lead extraction using conventional techniques: a single centre experience. Int. J. Cardiol.91, 215–219 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauser RG. A better method for preventing adverse clinical events caused by implantable cardioverter–defibrillator lead fractures? Circulation118, 2117–2119 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spiezia L, Simioni P. Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. Intern. Emerg. Med.5, 103–109 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozmus G, Daubert JP, Huang DT, Rosero S, Hall B, Francis C. Venous thrombosis and stenosis after implantation of pacemakers and defibrillators. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol.13, 9–19 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracke F, Meijer A, Van Gelder B. Venous occlusion of the access vein in patients referred for lead extraction: influence of patient and lead characteristics. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.26, 1649–1652 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli D, Turgeman Y, Kaveh Z, Artoul S, Rosenfeld T. Short-term thrombosis after transvenous permanent pacemaker insertion. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.12, 280–282 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto Y, Abe T, Sekine S, Sakurada T. Long-term thrombosis after transvenous permanent pacemaker implantation. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.21, 1192–1195 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx E, Schulte HD, Balau J, Buysch KA. Phlebographic and clinical early and late findings in transvenously implanted pacemaker electrodes. Z. Kreislaufforsch.61, 115–123 (1972).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitrovic V, Thormann J, Schlepper M, Neuss H. Thrombotic complications with pacemakers. Int. J. Cardiol.2, 363–374 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pauletti M, Di Ricco G, Solfanelli S, Marini C, Contini C, Giuntini C. Venous obstruction in permanent pacemaker patients: an isotopic study. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.4, 36–42 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sticherling C, Chough SP, Baker RL et al. Prevalence of central venous occlusion in patients with chronic defibrillator leads. Am. Heart J.141, 813–816 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lickfett L, Bitzen A, Arepally A et al. Incidence of venous obstruction following insertion of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. A study of systematic contrast venography on patients presenting for their first elective ICD generator replacement. Europace6, 25–31 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuber M, Huber P, Fricker U, Buser P, Jager K. Assessment of the subclavian vein in patients with transvenous pacemaker leads. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.21, 2621–2630 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracke FA, Meijer A, Van Gelder LM. Symptomatic occlusion of the access vein after pacemaker or ICD lead extraction. Heart89, 1348–1349 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Da Costa SS, Scalabrini Neto A, Costa R, Caldas JG, Martinelli Filho M. Incidence and risk factors of upper extremity deep vein lesions after permanent transvenous pacemaker implant: a 6-month follow-up prospective study. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.25, 1301–1306 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd CL. Safe introducer technique for pacemaker lead implantation. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.15, 262–267 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myers MR, Parsonnet V, Bernstein AD. Extraction of implanted transvenous pacing leads: a review of a persistent clinical problem. Am. Heart J.121, 881–888 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oginosawa Y, Abe H, Nakashima Y. The incidence and risk factors for venous obstruction after implantation of transvenous pacing leads. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.25, 1605–1611 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Cohen Y, Berul CI, Alexander ME et al. Age, size, and lead factors alone do not predict venous obstruction in children and young adults with transvenous lead systems. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol.17, 754–759 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkeila PJ, Saraste MK, Nyman KM, Koistinen J, Lund J, Juhani Airaksinen KE. Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of thrombosis associated with permanent transvenous pacemaker electrodes. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.29, 1245–1250 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haghjoo M, Nikoo MH, Fazelifar AF, Alizadeh A, Emkanjoo Z, Sadr-Ameli MA. Predictors of venous obstruction following pacemaker or implantable cardioverter–defibrillator implantation: a contrast venographic study on 100 patients admitted for generator change, lead revision, or device upgrade. Europace9, 328–332 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa R, Da Silva KR, Rached R et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis by warfarin after permanent transvenous leads implantation in high-risk patients. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.32(Suppl. 1), S247–S251 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Marrie TJ, Costerton JW. Morphology of bacterial attachment to cardiac pacemaker leads and power packs. J. Clin. Microbiol.19, 911–914 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie TJ, Nelligan J, Costerton JW. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of an infected endocardial pacemaker lead. Circulation66, 1339–1341 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar