252
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Schizophrenia - Review

Neuropsychopharmacology of auditory hallucinations: insights from pharmacological functional MRI and perspectives for future research

, , , &
Pages 23-36 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • David AS. Auditory hallucinations: phenomenology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging update. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 395, 95–104 (1999).
  • Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Nygård M. Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Front. Neurosci. 3(1), 34–45 (2009).
  • Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N. In: Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge University Press, UK (1974).
  • Johns LC, van Os J. The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 21(8), 1125–1141 (2001).
  • Sommer IE, Daalman K, Rietkerk T et al. Healthy individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations; who are they? Psychiatric assessments of a selected sample of 103 subjects. Schizophr. Bull. 36(3), 633–641 (2010).
  • Daalman K, Boks MP, Diederen KM et al. The same or different? A phenomenological comparison of auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy and psychotic individuals. J. Clin. Psychiatry 72(3), 320–325 (2011).
  • Kompus K, Westerhausen R, Hugdahl K. The ‘paradoxical’ engagement of the primary auditory cortex in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 49(12), 3361–3369 (2011).
  • Aleman A, Vercammen A. Functional neuroimaging in hallucinations. In: Hallucinations – Research and Practice. Blom JD, Sommer IEC (Eds). Springer Verlag, NY, USA (2012).
  • Jardri R, Pouchet A, Pins D, Thomas P. Cortical activations during auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry 168(1), 73–81 (2011).
  • Plaze M, Bartrés-Faz D, Martinot JL et al. Left superior temporal gyrus activation during sentence perception negatively correlates with auditory hallucination severity in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr. Res. 87(1–3), 109–115 (2006).
  • McGuire P, Howes OD, Stone J, Fusar-Poli P. Functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia: diagnosis and drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 29(2), 91–98 (2008).
  • Smieskova R, Fusar-Poli P, Allen P et al. The effects of antipsychotics on the brain: what have we learnt from structural imaging of schizophrenia? – a systematic review. Curr. Pharm. Des. 15(22), 2535–2549 (2009).
  • Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Ziebell S, Pierson R, Magnotta V. Long-term antipsychotic treatment and brain volumes: a longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68(2), 128–137 (2011).
  • Honey G, Bullmore E. Human pharmacological MRI. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25(7), 366–374 (2004).
  • Leslie RA, James MF. Pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging: a new application for functional MRI. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21(8), 314–318 (2000).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A et al. The psychosis high risk state: a comprehensive state of the art review. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 19, 1–4 (2012).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Bonoldi I, Yung AR et al. Predicting psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69(3), 220–229 (2012).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Bechdolf A, Taylor M et al. At risk for schizophrenic or affective psychosis? A meta-analysis of ICD/DSM diagnostic outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk Schizophr. Bull. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs060 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Deste G, Smieskova R et al. Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69(6), 562–571 (2012).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Radua J, McGuire P, Borgwardt S. Neuroanatomical maps of psychosis onset: voxel-wise meta-analysis of antipsychotic-naive VBM studies. Schizophr. Bull. 38(6), 1297–1307 (2012).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Crescini A et al. Neuroanatomy of vulnerability to psychosis: a voxel-based meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35(5), 1175–1185 (2011).
  • Smieskova R, Fusar-Poli P, Allen P et al. Neuroimaging predictors of transition to psychosis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 34(8), 1207–1222 (2010).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Perez J, Broome M et al. Neurofunctional correlates of vulnerability to psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 31(4), 465–484 (2007).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Howes OD, Allen P et al. Abnormal frontostriatal interactions in people with prodromal signs of psychosis: a multimodal imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67(7), 683–691 (2010).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Howes OD, Allen P et al. Abnormal prefrontal activation directly related to pre-synaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at clinical high risk for psychosis. Mol. Psychiatry 16(1), 67–75 (2011).
  • Crossley NA, Mechelli A, Fusar-Poli P et al. Superior temporal lobe dysfunction and frontotemporal dysconnectivity in subjects at risk of psychosis and in first-episode psychosis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30(12), 4129–4137 (2009).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Striatal presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia, part II: meta-analysis of [18F]/[11C] DOPA PET studies. Schizophr. Bull. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr180 (2012) (Epub ahed of print).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Stone JM, Broome MR et al. Thalamic glutamate levels as a predictor of cortical response during executive functioning in subjects at high risk for psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68(9), 881–890 (2011).
  • Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin MC et al. Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66(1), 13–20 (2009).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Howes OD, McGuire P. Pseudohallucinations versus true hallucinations in prodromal psychosis: does it really matter? J. Clin. Psychiatry 70(7), 1056–1057 (2009).
  • Strauss JS. Hallucinations and delusions as points on continua function. Rating scale evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 21(5), 581–586 (1969).
  • van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Vollebergh W. Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms: an urban-rural comparison. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58(7), 663–668 (2001).
  • Tien AY. Distributions of hallucinations in the population. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 26(6), 287–292 (1991).
  • Delay J, Deniker P, Harl JM. Therapeutic use in psychiatry of phenothiazine of central elective action (4560 RP). Ann. Med. Psychol. (Paris) 110, 112–117 (1952).
  • López-Muñoz F, Alamo C, Cuenca E, Shen WW, Clervoy P, Rubio G. History of the discovery and clinical introduction of chlorpromazine. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 17(3), 113–135 (2005).
  • Leucht S, Arbter D, Engel RR, Kissling W, Davis JM. How effective are second-generation antipsychotic drugs? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Mol. Psychiatry 14(4), 429–447 (2009).
  • van Os J, Kapur S. Schizophrenia. Lancet 374(9690), 635–645 (2009).
  • Tandon R, Belmaker RH, Gattaz WF. World Psychiatric Association Pharmacopsychiatry Section statement on comparative effectiveness of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 100(1–3), 20–38 (2008).
  • Shen WW. A history of antipsychotic drug development. Compr. Psychiatry 40(6), 407–414 (1999).
  • Carlsson A. Does dopamine have a role in schizophrenia? Biol. Psychiatr. (1978).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Striatal presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia, part I: meta-analysis of Dopamine Active Transporter (DAT) density. Schizophr. Bull. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr111 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Howes OD, Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III – the final common pathway. Schizophr. Bull. 35(3), 549–562 (2009).
  • Howes OD, Bose SK, Turkheimer F et al. Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study. Am. J. Psychiatry 168(12), 1311–1317 (2011).
  • Berridge KC, Robinson TE. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 28(3), 309–369 (1998).
  • Heinz A, Schlagenhauf F. Dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: salience attribution revisited. Schizophr. Bull. 36(3), 472–485 (2010).
  • Kapur S, Mamo D. Half a century of antipsychotics and still a central role for dopamine D2 receptors. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27(7), 1081–1090 (2003).
  • Kapur S, Mizrahi R, Li M. From dopamine to salience to psychosis – linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 79(1), 59–68 (2005).
  • Roth BL, Sheffler DJ, Kroeze WK. Magic shotguns versus magic bullets: selectively non-selective drugs for mood disorders and schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 3(4), 353–359 (2004).
  • Meltzer HY, Massey BW. The role of serotonin receptors in the action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 11(1), 59–67 (2011).
  • Meltzer HY, Matsubara S, Lee JC. Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1, D-2 and serotonin2 pKi values. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251(1), 238–246 (1989).
  • Lewis DA, Sweet RA. Schizophrenia from a neural circuitry perspective: advancing toward rational pharmacological therapies. J. Clin. Invest. 119(4), 706–716 (2009).
  • van Wageningen H, Jørgensen HA, Specht K, Hugdahl K. A 1H-MR spectroscopy study of changes in glutamate and glutamine (Glx) concentrations in frontal spectra after administration of memantine. Cereb. Cortex 20(4), 798–803 (2010).
  • Lewis DA. The chandelier neuron in schizophrenia. Dev. Neurobiol. 71(1), 118–127 (2011).
  • Akil M, Pierri JN, Whitehead RE et al. Lamina-specific alterations in the dopamine innervation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 156(10), 1580–1589 (1999).
  • Kantrowitz JT, Javitt DC. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction or dysregulation: the final common pathway on the road to schizophrenia? Brain Res. Bull. 83(3–4), 108–121 (2010).
  • Tzschentke TM. Glutamatergic mechanisms in different disease states: overview and therapeutical implications – an introduction. Amino Acids 23(1–3), 147–152 (2002).
  • Kalia LV, Kalia SK, Salter MW. NMDA receptors in clinical neurology: excitatory times ahead. Lancet Neurol. 7(8), 742–755 (2008).
  • Miyamoto S, Miyake N, Jarskog LF, Fleischhacker WW, Lieberman JA. Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: a critical review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of current and future therapeutic agents. Mol. Psychiatry 17(12), 1206–1227 (2012).
  • Falkenberg LE, Westerhausen R, Specht K, Hugdahl K. Resting-state glutamate level in the anterior cingulate predicts blood-oxygen level-dependent response to cognitive control. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109(13), 5069–5073 (2012).
  • Hugdahl K, Beyer M, Brix M, Ersland L. Autism spectrum disorder, functional MRI and MR spectroscopy: possibilities and challenges. Microb. Ecol. Health. Dis. (2012) (In Press).
  • Yin DM, Chen YJ, Sathyamurthy A, Xiong WC, Mei L. Synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 970, 493–516 (2012).
  • Adler LE, Hoffer LD, Wiser A, Freedman R. Normalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 150(12), 1856–1861 (1993).
  • Adler LE, Hoffer LJ, Griffith J, Waldo MC, Freedman R. Normalization by nicotine of deficient auditory sensory gating in the relatives of schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiatry 32(7), 607–616 (1992).
  • Pinto T, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N. Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Ageing Res. Rev. 10(4), 404–412 (2011).
  • Zahodne LB, Fernandez HH. Pathophysiology and treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease: a review. Drugs Aging 25(8), 665–682 (2008).
  • Moncrieff J, Leo J. A systematic review of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain volume. Psychol. Med. 40(9), 1409–1422 (2010).
  • Hakak Y, Walker JR, Li C et al. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(8), 4746–4751 (2001).
  • Höistad M, Segal D, Takahashi N, Sakurai T, Buxbaum JD, Hof PR. Linking white and grey matter in schizophrenia: oligodendrocyte and neuron pathology in the prefrontal cortex. Front. Neuroanat. 3, 9 (2009).
  • Takahashi N, Sakurai T, Davis KL, Buxbaum JD. Linking oligodendrocyte and myelin dysfunction to neurocircuitry abnormalities in schizophrenia. Prog. Neurobiol. 93(1), 13–24 (2011).
  • Garver DL, Holcomb JA, Christensen JD. Compromised myelin integrity during psychosis with repair during remission in drug-responding schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11(1), 49–61 (2008).
  • Kimoto S, Okuda A, Toritsuka M et al. Olanzapine stimulates proliferation but inhibits differentiation in rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell cultures. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35(8), 1950–1956 (2011).
  • Xiao L, Xu H, Zhang Y et al. Quetiapine facilitates oligodendrocyte development and prevents mice from myelin breakdown and behavioral changes. Mol. Psychiatry 13(7), 697–708 (2008).
  • Zhang Y, Xu H, Jiang W et al. Quetiapine alleviates the cuprizone-induced white matter pathology in the brain of C57BL/6 mouse. Schizophr. Res. 106(2–3), 182–191 (2008).
  • Whitford TJ, Ford JM, Mathalon DH, Kubicki M, Shenton ME. Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis. Schizophr. Bull. 38(3), 486–494 (2012).
  • Huettel SA, Song AW, Mccarthy G. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Sinauer Associates Sunderland, MA, USA (2004).
  • Iannetti GD, Wise RG. BOLD functional MRI in disease and pharmacological studies: room for improvement? Magn. Reson. Imaging 25(6), 978–988 (2007).
  • Woodward ND, Purdon SE, Meltzer HY, Zald DH. A meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 8(3), 457–472 (2005).
  • Johnsen E, Jørgensen HA, Kroken RA, Løberg EM. Neurocognitive effectiveness of quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone: a pragmatic, randomized trial. Eur. Psychiatry doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.10.003 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Riedel M, Schennach-Wolff R, Musil R et al. Neurocognition and its influencing factors in the treatment of schizophrenia-effects of aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 25(2), 116–125 (2010).
  • Davidson M, Galderisi S, Weiser M et al. Cognitive effects of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: a randomized, open-label clinical trial (EUFEST). Am. J. Psychiatry 166(6), 675–682 (2009).
  • Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Davis SM et al.; CATIE Investigators; Neurocognitive Working Group. Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE Trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64(6), 633–647 (2007).
  • Meltzer HY. Update on typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Annu. Rev. Med. (2012).
  • Brassen S, Tost H, Hoehn F, Weber-Fahr W, Klein S, Braus DF. Haloperidol challenge in healthy male humans: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci. Lett. 340(3), 193–196 (2003).
  • Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Klein S et al. D2 antidopaminergic modulation of frontal lobe function in healthy human subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 60(11), 1196–1205 (2006).
  • Radua J, Borgwardt S, Crescini A et al. Multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional brain changes in first episode psychosis and the effects of antipsychotic medication. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36(10), 2325–2333 (2012).
  • Röder CH, Hoogendam JM, van der Veen FM. FMRI, antipsychotics and schizophrenia. Influence of different antipsychotics on BOLD-signal. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16(18), 2012–2025 (2010).
  • Honey GD, Bullmore ET, Soni W, Varatheesan M, Williams SC, Sharma T. Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96(23), 13432–13437 (1999).
  • Stephan KE, Magnotta VA, White T et al. Effects of olanzapine on cerebellar functional connectivity in schizophrenia measured by fMRI during a simple motor task. Psychol. Med. 31(6), 1065–1078 (2001).
  • Lund A, Kroken R, Thomsen T et al. ‘Normalization’ of brain activation in schizophrenia. An fMRI study. Schizophr. Res. 58(2–3), 333–335 (2002).
  • Braus DF, Ende G, Weber-Fahr W et al. Antipsychotic drug effects on motor activation measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res. 39(1), 19–29 (1999).
  • Maiza O, Mazoyer B, Hervé PY et al. Impact of cognitive performance on the reproducibility of fMRI activation in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 35(6), 378–389 (2010).
  • Fusar-Poli P, Broome MR, Matthiasson P, Williams SCR, Brammer M, Mcguire PK. Effects of acute antipsychotic treatment on brain activation in first episode psychosis: an fMRI study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17(6–7), 492–500 (2007).
  • Ettinger U, Williams SC, Fannon D et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of a parametric working memory task in schizophrenia: relationship with performance and effects of antipsychotic treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 216(1), 17–27 (2011).
  • Liemburg EJ, Knegtering H, Klein HC, Kortekaas R, Aleman A. Antipsychotic medication and prefrontal cortex activation: a review of neuroimaging findings. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 22(6), 387–400 (2012).
  • Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Grefkes C, Wang LE, Zilles K, Fox PT. Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: a random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30(9), 2907–2926 (2009).
  • Kühn S, Gallinat J. Quantitative meta-analysis on state and trait aspects of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Schizoph. Bull. (2011).
  • Seal ML, Aleman A, McGuire PK. Compelling imagery, unanticipated speech and deceptive memory: neurocognitive models of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 9(1–2), 43–72 (2004).
  • Schneider SD, Jelinek L, Lincoln TM, Moritz S. What happened to the voices? A fine-grained analysis of how hallucinations and delusions change under psychiatric treatment. Psychiatry Res. 188(1), 13–17 (2011).
  • Vercammen A, Knegtering H, Bruggeman R, Aleman A. Subjective loudness and reality of auditory verbal hallucinations and activation of the inner speech processing network. Schizophr. Bull. 37(5), 1009–1016 (2011).
  • Dierks T, Linden DE, Jandl M et al. Activation of Heschl’s gyrus during auditory hallucinations. Neuron 22(3), 615–621 (1999).
  • Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57(11), 1033–1038 (2000).
  • Sommer IE, Diederen KM, Blom JD et al. Auditory verbal hallucinations predominantly activate the right inferior frontal area. Brain 131(Pt 12), 3169–3177 (2008).
  • Linden DE, Thornton K, Kuswanto CN, Johnston SJ, van de Ven V, Jackson MC. The brain’s voices: comparing nonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery. Cereb. Cortex 21(2), 330–337 (2011).
  • Barkus E, Stirling J, Hopkins R, McKie S, Lewis S. Cognitive and neural processes in non-clinical auditory hallucinations. Br. J. Psychiatry. Suppl. 51, s76–s81 (2007).
  • Diederen KM, Daalman K, de Weijer AD et al. Auditory hallucinations elicit similar brain activation in psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals. Schizophr. Bull. 38(5), 1074–1082 (2012).
  • Howes OD, Shotbolt P, Bloomfield M et al. dopaminergic function in the psychosis spectrum: an [18F]-DOPA imaging study in healthy individuals with auditory hallucinations. Schizophr. Bull. (2012).
  • Northoff G, Qin P. How can the brain’s resting state activity generate hallucinations? A ‘resting state hypothesis’ of auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophr. Res. 127(1–3), 202–214 (2011).
  • Nygård M, Eichele T, Løberg EM et al. Patients with schizophrenia fail to up-regulate task-positive and down-regulate task-negative brain networks: an fMRI study using an ICA analysis approach. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6, 149 (2012).
  • Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(2), 676–682 (2001).
  • Hunter MD, Eickhoff SB, Miller TW, Farrow TF, Wilkinson ID, Woodruff PW. Neural activity in speech-sensitive auditory cortex during silence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103(1), 189–194 (2006).
  • de Weijer AD, Neggers SF, Diederen KM et al. Aberrations in the arcuate fasciculus are associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in psychotic and in non-psychotic individuals. Hum. Brain Mapp. doi:10.1002/hbm.21463 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Falkenberg LE et al. Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia as aberrant lateralized speech perception: evidence from dichotic listening. Schizophr. Res. 140(1-3), 59–64 (2012).
  • Sommer IE, Slotema CW, Daskalakis ZJ, Derks EM, Blom JD, van der Gaag M. The treatment of hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr. Bull. 38(4), 704–714 (2012).
  • Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 13(2), 261–276 (1987).
  • Biedermann F, Fleischhacker WW. Emerging drugs for schizophrenia. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs 16(2), 271–282 (2011).
  • Fornito A, Bullmore ET. Connectomic intermediate phenotypes for psychiatric disorders. Front. Psychiatry 3, 32 (2012).
  • Pratt J, Winchester C, Dawson N, Morris B. Advancing schizophrenia drug discovery: optimizing rodent models to bridge the translational gap. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 11(7), 560–579 (2012).
  • Gromann PM, Tracy DK, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, Krabbendam L, Shergill SS. Examining frontotemporal connectivity and rTMS in healthy controls: implications for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 26(1), 127–132 (2012).
  • Giesel FL, Mehndiratta A, Hempel A et al. Improvement of auditory hallucinations and reduction of primary auditory area’s activation following TMS. Eur. J. Radiol. 81(6), 1273–1275 (2012).
  • Rosazza C, Minati L. Resting-state brain networks: literature review and clinical applications. Neurol. Sci. 32(5), 773–785 (2011).
  • Biswal BB, Mennes M, Zuo XN et al. Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107(10), 4734–4739 (2010).
  • Behrens TE, Sporns O. Human connectomics. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22(1), 144–153 (2012).
  • Mennes M, Zuo XN, Kelly C et al. Linking inter-individual differences in neural activation and behavior to intrinsic brain dynamics. Neuroimage 54(4), 2950–2959 (2011).
  • Kroken RA, Johnsen E. Is rational antipsychotic polytherapy feasible? A selective review. Curr. Psychiatr. Rep. 14(3), 244–251 (2012).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.