Post-traumatic stress disorder as a comorbidity: impact on disease outcomes

References

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders (4th Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2, 161–197 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52(12), 1048–1060 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherin JE, Nemeroff CB. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the neurobiological impact of psychological trauma. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 13(3), 263–278 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yehuda R. Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and their therapeutic implications. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1071, 137–166 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohar J, Juven-Wetzler A, Sonnino R, Cwikel-Hamzany S, Balaban E, Cohen H. New insights into secondary prevention in post-traumatic stress disorder. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 13(3), 301–309 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yehuda R, Southwick SM, Nussbaum G, Wahby V, Giller EL Jr, Mason JW. Low urinary cortisol excretion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 178(6), 366–369 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Känel R, Hepp U, Kraemer B et al. Evidence for low-grade systemic proinflammatory activity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 41(9), 744–752 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boscarino JA, Chang J. Electrocardiogram abnormalities among men with stress-related psychiatric disorders: implications for coronary heart disease and clinical research. Ann. Behav. Med. 21(3), 227–234 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedi US, Arora R. Cardiovascular manifestations of posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Natl Med. Assoc. 99(6), 642–649 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62(6), 593–602 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zayfert C, Becker CB, Unger DL, Shearer DK. Comorbid anxiety disorders in civilians seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Trauma. Stress 15(1), 31–38 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory AM, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Koenen K, Eley TC, Poulton R. Juvenile mental health histories of adults with anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 164(2), 301–308 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenen KC, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Gregory A, Harrington H, Poulton R. The developmental mental-disorder histories of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a prospective longitudinal birth cohort study. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 117(2), 460–466 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver E, Arseneault L, Langley J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE. Mental disorder and violent victimization in a total birth cohort. Am. J. Public Health 95(11), 2015–2021 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alastalo H, Raikkonen K, Pesonen AK et al. Cardiovascular health of Finnish war evacuees 60 years later. Ann. Med. 41(1), 66–72 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cwikel J, Abdelgani A, Goldsmith JR, Quastel M, Yevelson II. Two-year follow up study of stress-related disorders among immigrants to Israel from the Chernobyl area. Environ. Health Perspect. 105(Suppl. 6), 1545–1550 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glaesmer H, Brähler E, Gündel H, Riedel-Heller SG. The association of traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder with physical morbidity in old age: a German population-based study. Psychosom. Med. 73(5), 401–406 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koupil I, Shestov DB, Sparén P, Plavinskaja S, Parfenova N, Vågerö D. Blood pressure, hypertension and mortality from circulatory disease in men and women who survived the siege of Leningrad. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 22(4), 223–234 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg RB, Bruce SE, Machan JT, Kessler RC, Culpepper L, Keller MB. Nonpsychiatric illness among primary care patients with trauma histories and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr. Serv. 53(7), 848–854 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Toole BI, Catts SV. Trauma, PTSD, and physical health: an epidemiological study of Australian Vietnam veterans. J. Psychosom. Res. 64(1), 33–40 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen SS, Middel B, Larsen ML. Posttraumatic stress disorder in first-time myocardial infarction patients. Heart Lung 32(5), 300–307 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guler E, Schmid JP, Wiedemar L, Saner H, Schnyder U, von Känel R. Clinical diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder after myocardial infarction. Clin. Cardiol. 32(3), 125–129 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead DL, Perkins-Porras L, Strike PC, Steptoe A. Post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with cardiac disease: predicting vulnerability from emotional responses during admission for acute coronary syndromes. Heart 92(9), 1225–1229 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seng JS, Clark MK, McCarthy AM, Ronis DL. PTSD and physical comorbidity among women receiving Medicaid: results from service-use data. J. Trauma. Stress 19(1), 45–56 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villano CL, Rosenblum A, Magura S, Fong C, Cleland C, Betzler TF. Prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic severe pain in psychiatric outpatients. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 44(2), 167–178 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain 106(1–2), 127–133 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson GJ, Coons MJ, Taylor S, Katz J. PTSD and the experience of pain: research and clinical implications of shared vulnerability and mutual maintenance models. Can. J. Psychiatry. 47(10), 930–937 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otis JD, Keane TM, Kerns RD. An examination of the relationship between chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 40(5), 397–405 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth RS, Geisser ME, Bates R. The relation of post-traumatic stress symptoms to depression and pain in patients with accident-related chronic pain. J. Pain 9(7), 588–596 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisser ME, Roth RS, Bachman JE, Eckert TA. The relationship between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and pain, affective disturbance and disability among patients with accident and non-accident related pain. Pain 66(2–3), 207–214 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Marosszeky JE, Crooks J, Baguley IJ, Gurka JA. Interaction of posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain following traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 14(6), 588–594 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leeuw R, Bertoli E, Schmidt JE, Carlson CR. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in orofacial pain patients. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 99(5), 558–568 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braš M, Milunovic V, Boban M et al. Quality of life in Croatian Homeland war (1991–1995) veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 9, 56 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boscarino JA. Diseases among men 20 years after exposure to severe stress: implications for clinical research and medical care. Psychosom. Med. 59(6), 605–614 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang HK, Bullman TA, Taylor JW. Risk of selected cardiovascular diseases and posttraumatic stress disorder among former World War II prisoners of war. Ann. Epidemiol. 16(5), 381–386 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubzansky LD, Koenen KC, Spiro A 3rd, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D. Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and coronary heart disease in the Normative Aging Study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64(1), 109–116 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley TC, Mozley SL, Bedard MA, Dewulf AC, Greif J. Preventive health behaviors, health-risk behaviors, physical morbidity, and health-related role functioning impairment in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil. Med. 169(7), 536–540 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen BE, Marmar CR, Neylan TC, Schiller NB, Ali S, Whooley MA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in patients with coronary heart disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66(11), 1214–1220 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falger PR, Op den Velde W, Hovens JE, Schouten EG, De Groen JH, Van Duijn H. Current posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Dutch Resistance veterans from World War II. Psychother. Psychosom. 57(4), 164–171 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmadi N, Hajsadeghi F, Mirshkarlo HB, Budoff M, Yehuda R, Ebrahimi R. Post-traumatic stress disorder, coronary atherosclerosis, and mortality. Am. J. Cardiol. 108(1), 29–33 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner D, Heinrichs M, Ehlert U. Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. Am. J. Psychiatry 155(12), 1727–1732 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung MC, Berger Z, Rudd H. Coping with posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity after myocardial infarction. Compr. Psychiatry 49(1), 55–64 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginzburg K, Solomon Z, Dekel R, Bleich A. Longitudinal study of acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation following myocardial infarction. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 194(12), 945–950 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RC, Chung MC, Berger Z, Campbell JL. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with previous myocardial infarction consulting in general practice. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 57(543), 808–810 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shemesh E, Rudnick A, Kaluski E et al. A prospective study of posttraumatic stress symptoms and nonadherence in survivors of a myocardial infarction (MI). Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 23(4), 215–222 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shemesh E, Yehuda R, Milo O et al. Posttraumatic stress, nonadherence, and adverse outcome in survivors of a myocardial infarction. Psychosom. Med. 66(4), 521–526 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shemesh E, Koren-Michowitz M, Yehuda R et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients who have had a myocardial infarction. Psychosomatics 47(3), 231–239 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerfler LA, Paraskos JA, Piniarski L. Relationship of quality of life and perceived control with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms 3 to 6 months after myocardial infarction. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 25(3), 166–172 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Känel R, Hari R, Schmid JP et al. Non-fatal cardiovascular outcome in patients with posttraumatic stress symptoms caused by myocardial infarction. J. Cardiol. 58(1), 61–68 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin RD, Fischer ME, Goldberg J. A twin study of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176(10), 983–987 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin RD, Pagura J, Cox B, Sareen J. Asthma and mental disorders in Canada: impact on functional impairment and mental health service use. J. Psychosom. Res. 68(2), 165–173 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscarino JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and physical illness: results from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1032, 141–153 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Southwick S, Giller EL, Ma X, Mason JW. Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 180(5), 321–325 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayatbakhsh MR, Najman JM, Clavarino A, Bor W, Williams GM, O’Callaghan MJ. Association of psychiatric disorders, asthma and lung function in early adulthood. J. Asthma 47(7), 786–791 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan J, Galea S, Ahern J, Bonner S, Vlahov D. Relationship of self-reported asthma severity and urgent health care utilization to psychological sequelae of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center among New York City area residents. Psychosom. Med. 65(6), 993–996 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuber ML, Meeske KA, Krull KR et al. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatrics 125(5), e1124–e1134 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz DC, Besier T, Debatin KM et al. Posttraumatic stress, depression and anxiety among adult long-term survivors of cancer in adolescence. Eur. J. Cancer 46(9), 1596–1606 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves V, Jayson G, Tarrier N. A longitudinal investigation of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with ovarian cancer. J. Psychosom. Res. 70(5), 422–431 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKeyser Ganz F, Raz H, Gothelf D, Yaniv I, Buchval I. Post-traumatic stress disorder in Israeli survivors of childhood cancer. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 37(2), 160–167 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Priscilla D, Hamidin A, Azhar MZ, Noorjan KO, Salmiah MS, Bahariah K. Assessment of depression and anxiety in haematological cancer patients and their relationship with quality of life. East Asian Arch. Psychiatry 21(3), 108–114 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geffen DB, Blaustein A, Amir MC, Cohen Y. Post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life in long-term survivors of Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Israel. Leuk. Lymphoma 44(11), 1925–1929 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeske KA, Ruccione K, Globe DR, Stuber ML. Posttraumatic stress, quality of life, and psychological distress in young adult survivors of childhood cancer. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 28(3), 481–489 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shelby RA, Golden-Kreutz DM, Andersen BL. PTSD diagnoses, subsyndromal symptoms, and comorbidities contribute to impairments for breast cancer survivors. J. Trauma. Stress 21(2), 165–172 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mystakidou K, Parpa E, Tsilika E, Gennatas C, Galanos A, Vlahos L. How is sleep quality affected by the psychological and symptom distress of advanced cancer patients? Palliat. Med. 23(1), 46–53 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobsen PB, Widows MR, Hann DM, Andrykowski MA, Kronish LE, Fields KK. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer. Psychosom. Med. 60(3), 366–371 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desaive P, Ronson A. Stress spectrum disorders in oncology. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 20(4), 378–385 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thaker PH, Lutgendorf SK, Sood AK. The neuroendocrine impact of chronic stress on cancer. Cell Cycle 6(4), 430–433 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoni MH, Lutgendorf SK, Cole SW et al. The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6(3), 240–248 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palesh O, Butler LD, Koopman C, Giese-Davis J, Carlson R, Spiegel D. Stress history and breast cancer recurrence. J. Psychosom. Res. 63(3), 233–239 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dew MA, Kormos RL, Roth LH, Murali S, DiMartini A, Griffith BP. Early post-transplant medical compliance and mental health predict physical morbidity and mortality one to three years after heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 18(6), 549–562 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaro A, Gerosa G, Caforio AL et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in heart transplantation recipients: the relationship with outcome and adherence to medical treatment. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 33(1), 1–7 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köllner V, Schade I, Maulhardt T, Maercker A, Joraschky P, Gulielmos V. Posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life after heart or lung transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 34(6), 2192–2193 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shemesh E, Lurie S, Stuber ML et al. A pilot study of posttraumatic stress and nonadherence in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatrics 105(2), E29 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haustein SV, McGuire BM, Eckhoff DE et al. Impact of noncompliance and donor/recipient race matching on chronic liver rejection. Transplant. Proc. 34(5), 1497–1498 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molmenti E, Mazariegos G, Bueno J et al. Noncompliance after pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 31(1–2), 408 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothenhäusler HB, Ehrentraut S, Kapfhammer HP et al. Psychiatric and psychosocial outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation. Psychother. Psychosom. 71(5), 285–297 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneiderman AI, Braver ER, Kang HK. Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Epidemiol. 167(12), 1446–1452 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in US Soldiers returning from Iraq. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(5), 453–463 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy JE, Jaffee MS, Leskin GA, Stokes JW, Leal FO, Fitzpatrick PJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 44(7), 895–920 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasai K, Yamasue H, Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Rauch SL, Pitman RK. Evidence for acquired pregenual anterior cingulate gray matter loss from a twin study of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 63(6), 550–556 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch SL, Shin LM, Phelps EA. Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research – past, present, and future. Biol. Psychiatry 60(4), 376–382 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons AN, Paulus MP, Thorp SR, Matthews SC, Norman SB, Stein MB. Functional activation and neural networks in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to intimate partner violence. Biol. Psychiatry 64(8), 681–690 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparetto EL, Rueda Lopes FC, Domingues RC, Domingues RC. Diffusion imaging in traumatic brain injury. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 21(1), 115–25, viii (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbertson MW, Paulus LA, Williston SK et al. Neurocognitive function in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure: relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 115(3), 484–495 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx BP, Doron-Lamarca S, Proctor SP, Vasterling JJ. The influence of pre-deployment neurocognitive functioning on post-deployment PTSD symptom outcomes among Iraq-deployed Army soldiers. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 15(6), 840–852 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aupperle RL, Melrose AJ, Stein MB, Paulus MP. Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology 62(2), 686–694 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson CW, Pagulayan KF, Petrie EC et al. High prevalence of chronic pituitary and target-organ hormone abnormalities after blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. Front. Neurol. 3, 11 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boscarino JA. A prospective study of PTSD and early-age heart disease mortality among Vietnam veterans: implications for surveillance and prevention. Psychosom. Med. 70(6), 668–676 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasterling JJ, Schumm J, Proctor SP, Gentry E, King DW, King LA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and health functioning in a non-treatment-seeking sample of Iraq war veterans: a prospective analysis. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 45(3), 347–358 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA. Disentangling mild traumatic brain injury and stress reactions. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(5), 525–527 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder GA, Mitsis EM, Ahlers ST, Cristian A. Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 33(4), 757–781 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasterling JJ, Verfaellie M, Sullivan KD. Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in returning veterans: perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 29(8), 674–684 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx BP, Brailey K, Proctor SP et al. Association of time since deployment, combat intensity, and posttraumatic stress symptoms with neuropsychological outcomes following Iraq war deployment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66(9), 996–1004 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N. Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can. J. Psychiatry. 47(10), 923–929 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica RF, McInnes K, Sarajlic N, Lavelle J, Sarajlic I, Massagli MP. Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. JAMA 282(5), 433–439 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher L. The concept of post-traumatic mood disorder. Med. Hypotheses 65(2), 205–210 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman MP, Freeman SA, McElroy SL. The comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: prevalence, psychobiology, and treatment issues. J. Affect. Disord. 68(1), 1–23 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilsaver SC, Benazzi F, Akiskal HS, Akiskal KK. Post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents with bipolar disorder and its relationship to suicidality. Bipolar Disord. 9(6), 649–655 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev AY, Freedman S, Peri T et al. Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Am. J. Psychiatry 155(5), 630–637 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozaric-Kovacic D, Hercigonja DK, Grubisic-Ilic M. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in soldiers with combat experiences. Croat. Med. J. 42(2), 165–170 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein MB, Kennedy C. Major depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity in female victims of intimate partner violence. J Affect Disord. 66(2–3), 133–138 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundquist K, Johansson LM, DeMarinis V, Johansson SE, Sundquist J. Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity: symptoms in a random sample of female Bosnian refugees. Eur. Psychiatry 20(2), 158–164 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady KT, Clary CM. Affective and anxiety comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder treatment trials of sertraline. Compr. Psychiatry 44(5), 360–369 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane AC, Papay P. Multiple diagnoses in posttraumatic stress disorder in the victims of a natural disaster. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 180(8), 498–504 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson JR, Hughes D, Blazer DG, George LK. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychol. Med. 21(3), 713–721 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto MW, Perlman CA, Wernicke R, Reese HE, Bauer MS, Pollack MH. Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with bipolar disorder: a review of prevalence, correlates, and treatment strategies. Bipolar Disord. 6(6), 470–479 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarantini LC, Miranda-Scippa A, Nery-Fernandes F et al. The impact of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder on bipolar disorder patients. J. Affect. Disord. 123(1–3), 71–76 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simon NM, Otto MW, Wisniewski SR et al. Anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder patients: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Am. J. Psychiatry 161(12), 2222–2229 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire C, McCusker CG, Meenagh C, Mulholland C, Shannon C. Effects of trauma on bipolar disorder: the mediational role of interpersonal difficulties and alcohol dependence. Bipolar Disord. 10(2), 293–302 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momartin S, Silove D, Manicavasagar V, Steel Z. Comorbidity of PTSD and depression: associations with trauma exposure, symptom severity and functional impairment in Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. J. Affect. Disord. 80(2–3), 231–238 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon RD, Resick PA, Nishith P. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 82(2), 315–320 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell DG, Felker BL, Liu CF et al. Prevalence of depression-PTSD comorbidity: implications for clinical practice guidelines and primary care-based interventions. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 22(6), 711–718 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oquendo M, Brent DA, Birmaher B et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depression: factors mediating the association with suicidal behavior. Am. J. Psychiatry 162(3), 560–566 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floen SK, Elklit A. Psychiatric diagnoses, trauma, and suicidiality. Ann. Gen. Psychiatry 6, 12 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oquendo MA, Friend JM, Halberstam B et al. Association of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression with greater risk for suicidal behavior. Am. J. Psychiatry 160(3), 580–582 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson HG, Slimack MJ. Gender differences in clinical correlates of suicidality among young adults. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 187(1), 23–31 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. Psychotic subtyping of major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 60(5), 311–314 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudiano BA, Zimmerman M. Does comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder affect the severity and course of psychotic major depressive disorder? J. Clin. Psychiatry 71(4), 442–450 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker DG, Nievergelt CM, Risbrough VB. Post-traumatic stress disorder: emerging concepts of pharmacotherapy. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs 14(2), 251–272 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpaz-Rotem I, Rosenheck RA, Mohamed S, Desai RA. Pharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder among privately insured Americans. Psychiatr. Serv. 59(10), 1184–1190 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Roth T, Burduvali E, Kapke A, Schultz L, Roehrs T. Sleep in lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder: a community-based polysomnographic study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61(5), 508–516 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward SH, Friedman MJ, Bliwise DL. Sleep and depression in combat-related PTSD inpatients. Biol. Psychiatry 39(3), 182–192 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow BM, Kelsoe JR Jr, Gillin JC. Sleep and dreams in Vietnam PTSD and depression. Biol. Psychiatry 39(1), 42–50 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarantini LC, Netto LR, Andrade-Nascimento M et al. Comorbid mood and anxiety disorders in victims of violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 31(Suppl. 2), S66–S76 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Ginzburg K, Ein-Dor T, Solomon Z. Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression: a 20-year longitudinal study of war veterans. J. Affect. Disord. 123(1–3), 249–257 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard EB, Buckley TC, Hickling EJ, Taylor AE. Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid major depression: is the correlation an illusion? J. Anxiety Disord. 12(1), 21–37 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neria Y, Olfson M, Gameroff MJ et al. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among primary care patients with bipolar spectrum disorder. Bipolar Disord. 10(4), 503–510 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal D, Fortney JC, Pyne JM, Edlund MJ, Wetherell JL. Impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on health-related quality of life among patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatr. Serv. 57(12), 1731–1737 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch SA, Favorite T, Giardino N, Porcari C, Defever E, Liberzon I. Relationship between anxiety, depression, and health satisfaction among veterans with PTSD. J. Affect. Disord. 121(1–2), 165–168 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IsHak WW, Greenberg JM, Balayan K et al. Quality of life: the ultimate outcome measure of interventions in major depressive disorder. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 19(5), 229–239 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green BL, Lindy JD, Grace MC, Leonard AC. Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and diagnostic comorbidity in a disaster sample. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 180(12), 760–766 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huppert JD, Moser JS, Gershuny BS et al. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples. J. Anxiety Disord. 19(1), 127–136 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowson JJ Jr, Frueh BC, Beidel DC, Turner SM. Self-reported symptoms of social anxiety in a sample of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Anxiety Disord. 12(6), 605–612 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershuny BS, Baer L, Jenike MA, Minichiello WE, Wilhelm S. Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: impact on treatment outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 159(5), 852–854 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shavitt RG, Valério C, Fossaluza V et al. The impact of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder on the treatment response of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 260(2), 91–99 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cougle JR, Feldner MT, Keough ME, Hawkins KA, Fitch KE. Comorbid panic attacks among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: associations with traumatic event exposure history, symptoms, and impairment. J. Anxiety Disord. 24(2), 183–188 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss GP, Duke LA, Ross SA, Allen DN. Posttraumatic stress disorder and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 37(3), 603–610 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calhoun PS, Stechuchak KM, Strauss J, Bosworth HB, Marx CE, Butterfield MI. Interpersonal trauma, war zone exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 91(1–3), 210–216 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun PS, Bosworth HB, Stechuchak KA, Strauss J, Butterfield MI. The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on quality of life and health service utilization among veterans who have schizophrenia. J. Trauma. Stress 19(3), 393–397 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan X, Henderson DC, Nguyen DD et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder, cognitive function and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 159(1–2), 140–146 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga RJ, Mendlowicz MV, Marrocos RP, Figueira IL. Anxiety disorders in outpatients with schizophrenia: prevalence and impact on the subjective quality of life. J. Psychiatr. Res. 39(4), 409–414 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss JL, Calhoun PS, Marx CE et al. Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with suicidality in male veterans with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr. Res. 84(1), 165–169 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu S, Niles JK, Webber MP et al. Evaluating risk factors and possible mediation effects in posttraumatic depression and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Public Health Rep. 126(2), 201–209 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48(3), 216–222 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gros DF, Price M, Magruder KM, Frueh BC. Symptom overlap in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Psychiatry Res. 196(2–3), 267–270 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson SL, Cuellar AK, Cueller AK et al. Life events as predictors of mania and depression in bipolar I disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 117(2), 268–277 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Lucia VC, Davis GC. Partial PTSD versus full PTSD: an empirical examination of associated impairment. Psychol. Med. 34(7), 1205–1214 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre M. Effective psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review and critique. CNS Spectr. 14(1 Suppl. 1), 32–43 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre M, Stovall-McClough KC, Miranda R, Chemtob CM. Therapeutic alliance, negative mood regulation, and treatment outcome in child abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 72(3), 411–416 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donker T, Griffiths KM, Cuijpers P, Christensen H. Psychoeducation for depression, anxiety and psychological distress: a meta-analysis. BMC Med. 7, 79 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar