References
- Esteban A, Anzueto A, Alia I et al. How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit?. An international utilization review. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161, 1450–1458 (2000).
- Epstein SK. Size of the problem, what constitutes prolonged mechanical ventilation, natural history, epidemiology. In: Ventilatory Support in Chronic Respiratory Failure. Ambrosino N, Goldstein RS (Eds). Informa Healthcare, NY, USA, 39–57 (2008).
- Ambrosino N, Vagheggini G. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the acute care setting: where are we?. Eur. Respir. J.31, 874–886 (2008).
- Nava S, Hill N. Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Lancet374, 250–259 (2009).
- Nelson JE, Cox CE, Hope AA, Carson SS. Concise clinical review: chronic critical illness. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.182(4), 446–454 (2010).
- Cox CE, Carson SS, Govert A, Chelluri L, Sanders GD. An economic evaluation of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit. Care Med.35, 1918–1927 (2007).
- Lloyd-Owen SJ, Farre R, Ambrosino N et al. Patterns of home mechanical ventilation use in Europe-results from the EUROVENT survey. Eur. Respir. J.25, 1025–1031 (2005).
- MacIntyre NR, Epstein SK, Carson S, Scheinhorn D, Christopher K, Muldoon S. Management of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: report of a NAMDRC consensus conference. Chest128, 3937–3954 (2005).
- Vitacca M, Vianello A, Colombo D et al. Comparison of two methods for weaning patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 15 days. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164, 225–230 (2001).
- Scheinhorn DJ, Chao DC, Hassenpflug MS, LaBree LD, Heltsley DJ. Post-ICU mechanical ventilation: treatment of 1,123 patients at a regional weaning center. Chest111, 1654–1659 (1997).
- Pilcher DV, Bailey MJ, Treacher DF, Hamid S, Williams AJ, Davidson AC. Outcomes, cost and long term survival of patients referred to a regional weaning centre. Thorax60, 187–192 (2005).
- Gracey DR, Viggiano RW, Naessens JM, Hubmayr RD, Silverstein MD, Koenig GE. Outcomes of patients admitted to a chronic ventilator-dependent unit in an acute-care hospital. Mayo Clin. Proc.67, 131–136 (1992).
- Boles JM, Bion J, Connors A et al. Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eur. Respir. J.29, 1033–1056 (2007).
- Funk GC, Anders S, Breyer MK et al. Incidence and outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation according to new categories. Eur. Respir. J.35, 88–94 (2010).
- Lemaire F, Teboul JL, Cinotti L et al. Acute left ventricular dysfunction during unsuccessful weaning from mechanical ventilation. Anesthesiology 69, 171–179 (1988).
- Srivastava S, Chatila W, Amoateng-Adjepong Y et al. Myocardial ischemia and weaning failure in patients with coronary artery disease: an update. Crit. Care Med.27, 2109–2112 (1999).
- Adamopoulos C, Tsagourias M, Arvaniti K, Veroniki F, Matamis D. Weaning failure from mechanical ventilation due to hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Intensive Care Med.31, 734–737 (2005).
- Ambrosino N, Clini E. Long term mechanical ventilation and nutrition. Respir. Med.98, 413–420 (2004).
- Hollander JM, Mechanick JI. Nutrition support and the chronic critical illness syndrome. Nutr. Clin. Pract.21, 587–604 (2006).
- Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Veldhuis JD et al. The somatotropic axis in critical illness: effect of continuous growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide infusion. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab.82, 590–599 (1997).
- Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Veldhuis JD et al. Thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness: dynamics of spontaneous secretion and effects of growth hormone-secretagogues. Clin. Endocrinol.47, 599–612 (1997).
- Kalb TH, Lorin S. Infection in the chronically critically ill: unique risk profile in a newly defined population. Crit. Care Clin.18, 529–552 (2002).
- Nelson JE, Tandon N, Mercado AF, Camhi SL, Ely EW, Morrison RS. Brain dysfunction: another burden for the chronically critically ill. Arch. Intern. Med.166, 1993–1999 (2006).
- Carasa M, Polycarpe M. Caring for the chronically critically ill patient: establishing a wound-healing program in a respiratory care unit. Am. J. Surg.188, 18–21 (2004).
- Prentice CE, Paratz JD, Bersten AD. Differences in the degree of respiratory and peripheral muscle impairment are evident on clinical, electrophysiological and biopsy testing in critically ill adults: a qualitative systematic review. Crit. Care Resusc.12(2), 111–120 (2010).
- Jubran A, Lawm G, Kelly J et al. Depressive disorders during weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med.36, 828–835 (2010).
- Simonds AK. Streamlining weaning: protocols and weaning units. Thorax60, 175–182 (2005).
- Thomsen GE, Snow GL, Rodriguez LAS, Hopkins RO. Patients with respiratory failure increase ambulation after transfer to an intensive care unit where early activity is a priority. Crit. Care Med.36, 1119–1124 (2008).
- Corrado A, Roussos C, Ambrosino N et al. Respiratory intermediate care units: a European survey. Eur. Respir. J.20, 1343–1350 (2002).
- Confalonieri M, Gorini M, Ambrosino N, Mollica C, Corrado A; Scientific Group on Respiratory Intensive Care of the Italian Association of Hospital Pneumonologists. Respiratory intensive care units in Italy: a national census and prospective cohort study. Thorax56, 373–378 (2001).
- Scheinhorn DJ, Hassenpflug MS, Votto JJ et al. Post-ICU mechanical ventilation at 23 long-term care hospitals. A multicenter outcomes study. Chest131, 85–93 (2007).
- Carpenè N, Vagheggini G, Panait E, Gabbrielli L, Ambrosino N. A proposal of a new model for long-term weaning: respiratory intensive care unit and weaning center. Respir. Med.104(10), 1505–1511 (2010).
- Polverino E, Nava S, Ferrer M et al. Patients’ characterization, hospital course and clinical outcomes in five Italian respiratory intensive care units. Intensive Care Med.36, 137–142 (2010).
- Brochard L, Rauss A, Benito S et al. Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.150, 896–903 (1994).
- Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin M et al. A comparison of four methods of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N. Engl. J. Med.332, 345–350 (1995).
- Tobin MJ. Remembrance of weaning past: the seminar papers. Intensive Care Med.32, 1485–1493 (2006).
- Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP et al. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N. Engl. J. Med.335, 1864–1869 (1996).
- Blackwood B, Alderdice F, Burns KE, Cardwell CR, Lavery G, O’Halloran P. Protocolized versus non-protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.5, CD006904 (2010).
- Nava S, Ambrosino N, Clini E et al. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in the weaning of patients with respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Intern. Med.128, 721–728 (1998).
- Ali NA, O’Brien JM Jr, Hoffmann SP et al. Acquired weakness, handgrip strength, and mortality in critically ill patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.178, 261–268 (2008).
- Gosselink R, Bott J, Johnson M et al. Physiotherapy for adult patients with critical illness: recommendations of the European Respiratory Society and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Task Force on Physiotherapy for Critically Ill Patients. Intensive Care Med.34, 1188–1199 (2008).
- Morris PE, Goad A, Thompson C et al. Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Crit. Care Med.36, 2238–2243 (2008).
- Hodgin KE, Nordon-Craft A, McFann KK, Mealer ML, Moss M. Physical therapy utilization in intensive care units: results from a national survey. Crit. Care Med.37, 561–568 (2009).
- Burtin C, Clerckx B, Robbeets C et al. Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances short-term functional recovery. Crit. Care Med.37, 2499–2505 (2009).
- Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 373, 1874–1882 (2009).
- Clini E, Ambrosino N. Early physiotherapy in the respiratory intensive care unit. Respir. Med.99, 1096–1104 (2005).
- De Jonghe B, Bastuji-Garin S, Durand MC et al. Respiratory weakness is associated with limb weakness and delayed weaning in critical illness. Crit. Care Med.35, 2007–2015 (2007).
- Routsi C, Gerovasili V, Vasileiadis I et al. Electrical muscle stimulation prevents critical illness polyneuromyopathy: a randomized parallel intervention trial. Crit. Care 14, R74(2010).
- Nava S, Ambrosino N. Rehabilitation in the ICU: the European phoenix. Intensive Care Med.26, 841–844 (2000).
- Thomsen GE, Snow GL, Rodriguez LAS, Hopkins RO. Patients with respiratory failure increase ambulation after transfer to an intensive care unit where early activity is a priority. Crit. Care Med.36, 1119–1124 (2008).
- Vitacca M, Callegari G, Sarvà M et al. Physiological effects of meal in difficult-to-wean tracheotomised patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intensive Care Med.31, 236–242 (2005).
- Carson SS, Garrett J, Hanson LC et al. A prognostic model for one-year mortality in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit. Care Med.36, 2061–2069 (2008).
- Kahn JM, Carson SS, Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Iwashyna T. Development and validation of an algorithm for identifying prolonged mechanical ventilation in administrative data. Health. Serv. Outcomes Res. Methodol.9, 117–132 (2009).
- MacIntyre NR, Cook DJ, Ely EW Jr et al. Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: a collective task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians; the American Association for Respiratory Care; and the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 120, 375S–395S (2001).
- Bigatello LM, Stelfox HT, Berra L, Schmidt U, Gettings EM. Outcome of patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation after critical illness. Crit. Care Med.35, 2491–2497 (2007).
- Vianello A, Ambrosino N. Clinical settings for ventilator-assisted individuals – when and why – LTAC-SNF-CAVC. In: Ventilatory Support in Chronic Respiratory Failure. Ambrosino N, Goldstein RS (Eds). Informa Healthcare, NY, USA, 181–188 (2008).
- Rudy EB, Daly BJ, Douglas S, Montenegro HD, Song R, Dyer MA. Patient outcome for the chronically critically ill: special care unit versus intensive care unit. Nurs. Res.44, 324–331 (1995).
- Seneff MG, Wagner D, Thompson D, Honeycutt C, Silver MR. The impact of long-term acute-care facilities on the outcome and cost of care for patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit. Care Med.28, 342–350 (2000).
- Nasraway SA, Button GJ, Rand WM, Hudson-Jinks T, Gustafson M. Survivors of catastrophic illness: outcome after direct transfer from intensive care to extended care facilities. Crit. Care Med.28, 19–25 (2000).
- Cox CE, Carson SS, Lindquist JH, Olsen MK, Govert JA, Chelluri L. Differences in one year health outcomes and resource utilization by definition of prolonged mechanical ventilation: a prospective cohort study. Crit. Care 11, R9 (2007).
- Nava S, Rubini F, Zanotti E et al. Survival and prediction of successful ventilator weaning in COPD patients requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 21 days. Eur. Respir. J.6, 1645–1652 (1994).
- Gracey DR, Hardy DC, Naessens JM, Silverstein MD, Hubmayr RD. The Mayo ventilator-dependent rehabilitation unit: a 5-year experience. Mayo Clin. Proc.72, 13–19 (1997).
- Wu YK, Kao KC, Hsu KH, Hsieh MJ, Tsai YH. Predictors of successful weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation in Taiwan. Respir. Med.103, 1189–1195 (2009).
- Bagley PH, Cooney E. A community-based regional ventilator weaning unit: development and outcomes. Chest111, 1024–1029 (1997).
- Schonhofer B, Guo JJ, Suchi S, Kohler D, Lefering R. The use of APACHE II prognostic system in difficult-to-wean patients after long-term mechanical ventilation. Eur. J. Anesthesiol.21, 558–565 (2004).
- Nelson JE, Mercado AF, Camhi SL et al. Communication about chronic critical illness. Arch. Intern. Med.167, 2509–2515 (2007).
- Engoren M, Arslanian-Engoren C. Hospital and long-term outcome of trauma patients with tracheostomy for respiratory failure. Am. Surg.71, 123–127 (2005).
- Estenssoro E, Reina R, Canales HS et al. The distinct clinical profile of chronically critically ill patients: a cohort study. Crit. Care 10, R89 (2006).
- Cox CE, Carson SS, Holmes GM et al. Increase in tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation in North-Carolina, 1993–2002. Crit. Care Med.32, 2219–2226 (2004).
- Clec ’h C, Alberti C, Vincent F et al. Tracheostomy does not improve the outcome of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: a propensity analysis. Crit. Care Med.35, 132–138 (2007).
- Scales DC, Thiruchelvam D, Kiss A, Redelmeier DA. The effect of tracheostomy timing during critical illness on long-term survival. Crit. Care Med.36, 2547–2557 (2008).
- Combes A, Luyt CE, Nieszkowska A, Trouillet LL, Gibert C, Chastre J. Is tracheostomy associated with better outcomes for patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation?. Crit. Care Med.35, 802–807 (2007).
- Terragni PP, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R et al. Early vs late tracheotomy for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA303, 1483–1489 (2010).
- Freeman BD, Kennedy C, Robertson TE et al. Tracheostomy protocol: experience with development and potential utility. Crit. Care Med.36, 1742–1748 (2008).
- Ceriana P, Bertoli G, Nava S. Tracheostomy cuff inflation and tube displacement. Intensive Care Med.36, 1093–1094 (2010).
- Schmidt U, Hess D, Kwo J et al. Tracheostomy tube malposition in patients admitted to a respiratory acute care unit following prolonged ventilation. Chest134, 288–294 (2008).
- Marchese S, Corrado A, Scala R, Corrao S, Ambrosino N. Tracheostomy in patients with long-term mechanical ventilation: a survey. Respir. Med.104, 749–753 (2010).
- Martinez GH, Fernandez R, Casado MS et al. Tracheostomy tube in place at intensive care unit discharge is associated with increased ward mortality. Respir. Care54, 1644–1652 (2009).
- Cox C, Martinu T, Sathy S J et al. Expectations and outcomes of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit. Care Med.37, 2888–2894 (2009).
- Vitacca M, Grassi M, Barbano L et al. Last 3 months of life in home-ventilated patients: the family perception. Eur. Respir. J.35, 1064–1071 (2010).
- Farre R, Lloyd-Owen SJ, Ambrosino N et al. Quality control of equipment in home mechanical ventilation. An European survey. Eur. Respir. J.26, 86–94 (2005).
- Douglas SL, Daly BJ, Gordon N, Brennan PF. Survival and quality of life: short-term versus long-term ventilator patients. Crit. Care Med.30, 2655–2662 (2002).
- Ambrosino N, Simonds A. The clinical management in extremely severe COPD. Respir. Med.101, 1613–1624 (2007).
- Nava S, Sturani C, Hartl S, Magni G, Ciontu M, Corrado A. End-of-life decision-making in respiratory intermediate care units: a European survey. Eur. Respir. J.30, 1442–1450 (2007).
- Luce JM. End-of-life decision making in the intensive care unit. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.182, 6–11 (2010).
- Silveira MJ, Kim SYH, Langa KM. Advance directives and outcomes of surrogate decision making before death. N. Engl. J. Med.362, 1211–1208 (2010).