Overview and assessment of risk factors for pulmonary embolism

References

• Dalen JE, Alpert JS. Natural history of pulmonary embolism. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 17(4), 259–270 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch. Intern. Med. 158(6), 585–593 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Matta F. Epidemiology and incidence: the scope of the problem and risk factors for development of venous thromboembolism. Crit. Care Clin. 27(4), 907–932, vii (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpert JS, Smith R, Carlson J, Ockene IS, Dexter L, Dalen JE. Mortality in patients treated for pulmonary embolism. JAMA 236(13), 1477–1480 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douketis JD, Eikelboom JW, Quinlan DJ, Willan AR, Crowther MA. Short-duration prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement: a meta-analysis of prospective studies investigating symptomatic outcomes. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(13), 1465–1471 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakkar N, Vasishta RK. Pulmonary embolism in medical patients: an autopsy-based study. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 14(2), 159–167 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Henry JW. Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism among patients in a general hospital and at autopsy. Chest 108(4), 978–981 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO; American College of Chest Physicians. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(Suppl. 2), e691S–e736S (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No authors listed. Clinical assessment of limited value in DVT diagnosis. J. Fam. Pract. 54(11), 934 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarvelis D, Wells PS. Diagnosis and treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. CMAJ 175(9), 1087–1092 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II. Am. J. Med. 120(10), 871–879 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Terrin ML, Hales CA et al. Clinical, laboratory, roentgenographic, and electrocardiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and no pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease. Chest 100(3), 598–603 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull RD, Raskob GE, Hirsh J. The diagnosis of clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Practical approaches. Chest 89(Suppl. 5), 417S–425S (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 263(20), 2753–2759 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR et al.; PIOPED II Investigators. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(22), 2317–2327 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Belle A, Büller HR, Huisman MV et al.; Christopher Study Investigators. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, d-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA 295(2), 172–179 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedullo PF, Tapson VF. Clinical practice. The evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(13), 1247–1256 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M et al. Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and d-dimer. Ann. Intern. Med. 135(2), 98–107 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser KM, LeMoine JR. Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis? Ann. Intern. Med. 94(4 Pt 1), 439–444 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser KM, Fedullo PF, LitteJohn JK, Crawford R. Frequent asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. JAMA 271(3), 223–225 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 318(18), 1162–1173 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen AT, Tapson VF, Bergmann JF et al.; ENDORSE Investigators. Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE study): a multinational cross-sectional study. Lancet 371(9610), 387–394 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmon CT. Basic mechanisms and pathogenesis of venous thrombosis. Blood Rev. 23(5), 225–229 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López JA, Chen J. Pathophysiology of venous thrombosis. Thromb. Res. 123(Suppl. 4), S30–S34 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlin AD, McLachlin JA, Jory TA, Rawling EG. Venous stasis in the lower extremities. Ann. Surg. 152, 678–685 (1960).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevitt S. The structure and growth of valve-pocket thrombi in femoral veins. J. Clin. Pathol. 27(7), 517–528 (1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendaal FR. Venous thrombosis: a multicausal disease. Lancet 353(9159), 1167–1173 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer JD, Malone PC, Silver IA. The PO2 in venous valve pockets: its possible bearing on thrombogenesis. Br. J. Surg. 68(3), 166–170 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heit JA, O’Fallon WM, Petterson TM et al. Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based study. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(11), 1245–1248 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco RF, Reitsma PH. Genetic risk factors of venous thrombosis. Hum. Genet. 109(4), 369–384 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH. Genetics of venous thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 7(Suppl. 1), 301–304 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane DA, Grant PJ. Role of hemostatic gene polymorphisms in venous and arterial thrombotic disease. Blood 95(5), 1517–1532 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allaart CF, Poort SR, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM, Briët E. Increased risk of venous thrombosis in carriers of hereditary protein C deficiency defect. Lancet 341(8838), 134–138 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demers C, Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J, Henderson P, Blajchman MA. Thrombosis in antithrombin-III-deficient persons. Report of a large kindred and literature review. Ann. Intern. Med. 116(9), 754–761 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijboer H, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Sturk A, ten Cate JW. Deficiencies of coagulation-inhibiting and fibrinolytic proteins in outpatients with deep-vein thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 323(22), 1512–1516 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi E, Za T, Ciminello A, Leone G, De Stefano V. The risk of symptomatic pulmonary embolism due to proximal deep venous thrombosis differs in patients with different types of inherited thrombophilia. Thromb. Haemost. 99(6), 1030–1034 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli I, Mannucci PM, De Stefano V et al. Different risks of thrombosis in four coagulation defects associated with inherited thrombophilia: a study of 150 families. Blood 92(7), 2353–2358 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer JL, Lijfering WM, Ten Kate MK, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Veeger NJ, van der Meer J. High long-term absolute risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with hereditary deficiencies of protein S, protein C or antithrombin. Thromb. Haemost. 101(1), 93–99 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen SC, Cannegieter SC, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR. Thrombophilia, clinical factors, and recurrent venous thrombotic events. JAMA 293(19), 2352–2361 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlbäck B, Carlsson M, Svensson PJ. Familial thrombophilia due to a previously unrecognized mechanism characterized by poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C: prediction of a cofactor to activated protein C. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90(3), 1004–1008 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster T, Rosendaal FR, de Ronde H, Briët E, Vandenbroucke JP, Bertina RM. Venous thrombosis due to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C: Leiden Thrombophilia Study. Lancet 342(8886–8887), 1503–1506 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendaal FR, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP, Reitsma PH. High risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous for factor V Leiden (activated protein C resistance). Blood 85(6), 1504–1508 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poort SR, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM. A common genetic variation in the 3´-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 88(10), 3698–3703 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souto JC, Almasy L, Borrell M et al. Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors: the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67(6), 1452–1459 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounameaux H. Factor V Leiden paradox: risk of deep-vein thrombosis but not of pulmonary embolism. Lancet 356(9225), 182–183 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer G, Emmerich J, Helley D et al. Factors V Leiden and II 20210A in patients with symptomatic pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Am. J. Med 110(1), 12–15 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyrle PA, Minar E, Hirschl M et al. High plasma levels of factor VIII and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 343(7), 457–462 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weltermann A, Eichinger S, Bialonczyk C et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism among patients with high factor IX levels. J. Thromb. Haemost. 1(1), 28–32 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijers JC, Tekelenburg WL, Bouma BN, Bertina RM, Rosendaal FR. High levels of coagulation factor XI as a risk factor for venous thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 342(10), 696–701 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster T, Blann AD, Briët E, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR. Role of clotting factor VIII in effect of von Willebrand factor on occurrence of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 345(8943), 152–155 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makris M. Hyperhomocysteinemia and thrombosis. Clin. Lab. Haematol. 22(3), 133–143 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uitte DW, de Visser MC, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Rosendaal FR, Vos HL, Bertina RM. Genetic variation in the fibrinogen gamma gene increases the risk for deep venous thrombosis by reducing plasma fibrinogen gamma’ levels. Blood 106(13), 4176–4183 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezemer ID, Doggen CJ, Vos HL, Rosendaal FR. No association between the common MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism and venous thrombosis: results from the MEGA study. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(5), 497–501 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Boven HH, Vandenbroucke JP, Briët E, Rosendaal FR. Gene–gene and gene–environment interactions determine risk of thrombosis in families with inherited antithrombin deficiency. Blood 94(8), 2590–2594 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe GD, Rumley A, Woodward M et al. Epidemiology of coagulation factors, inhibitors and activation markers: the Third Glasgow MONICA Survey. I. Illustrative reference ranges by age, sex and hormone use. Br. J. Haematol. 97(4), 775–784 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein RL, Bauer KA, Cushman M, Esmon CT, Ershler WB, Tracy RP. Venous thrombosis in the elderly: more questions than answers. Blood 110(9), 3097–3101 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, Rosendaal FR. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 293(6), 715–722 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew HK, Wun T, Harvey D, Zhou H, White RH. Incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with common cancers. Arch. Intern. Med. 166(4), 458–464 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlbrecht J, Dickmann B, Ay C et al. Tumor grade is associated with venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: results from the Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(31), 3870–3875 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, Baron JA. Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 343(25), 1846–1850 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E, Kuderer NM, Lyman GH. Frequency, risk factors, and trends for venous thromboembolism among hospitalized cancer patients. Cancer 110(10), 2339–2346 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otten HM, Prins MH. Venous thromboembolism and occult malignancy. Thromb. Res. 102(6), V187–V194 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Steffensen FH, Olsen JH, Nielsen GL. The risk of a diagnosis of cancer after primary deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 338(17), 1169–1173 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousou T, Khorana AA. New insights into cancer-associated thrombosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29(3), 316–320 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesselaar ME, Romijn FP, Van Der Linden IK, Prins FA, Bertina RM, Osanto S. Microparticle-associated tissue factor activity: a link between cancer and thrombosis? J. Thromb. Haemost. 5(3), 520–527 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorana AA, Connolly GC. Assessing risk of venous thromboembolism in the patient with cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(29), 4839–4847 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood 111(10), 4902–4907 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandala M, Clerici M, Corradino I et al. Incidence, risk factors and clinical implications of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients treated within the context of Phase I studies: the ‘SENDO experience’. Ann. Oncol. 23(6), 1416–1421 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ay C, Simanek R, Vormittag R et al. High plasma levels of soluble P-selectin are predictive of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: results from the Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study (CATS). Blood 112(7), 2703–2708 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ay C, Dunkler D, Marosi C et al. Prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Blood 116(24), 5377–5382 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Melton LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann. Intern. Med. 143(10), 697–706 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James AH. Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29(3), 326–331 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James AH, Tapson VF, Goldhaber SZ. Thrombosis during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 193(1), 216–219 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James AH, Jamison MG, Brancazio LR, Myers ER. Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period: incidence, risk factors, and mortality. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 194(5), 1311–1315 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner B. Haemostatic changes in pregnancy. Thromb. Res. 114(5–6), 409–414 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerneca F, Ricci G, Simeone R, Malisano M, Alberico S, Guaschino S. Coagulation and fibrinolysis changes in normal pregnancy. Increased levels of procoagulants and reduced levels of inhibitors during pregnancy induce a hypercoagulable state, combined with a reactive fibrinolysis. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 73(1), 31–36 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson L, Wu O, Langhorne P et al.; Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review. Br. J. Haematol. 132(2), 171–196 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J et al.; Euro-Phospholipid Project Group. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 46(4), 1019–1027 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J. Thromb. Haemost. 4(2), 295–306 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood 101(5), 1827–1832 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila P, Hernández MC, López-Fernández MF, Batlle J. Prevalence, follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects. Thromb. Haemost. 72(2), 209–213 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long AA, Ginsberg JS, Brill-Edwards P et al. The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to thromboembolic disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study. Thromb. Haemost. 66(5), 520–524 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW. Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA 295(9), 1050–1057 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosove MH, Brewer PM. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 117(4), 303–308 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No authors listed. Oral contraception and thrombo-embolic disease. J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract. 13(3), 267–279 (1967).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vessey MP, Doll R. Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. Br. Med. J. 2(5599), 199–205 (1968).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessey MP, Doll R. Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. A further report. Br. Med. J. 2(5658), 651–657 (1969).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer RD, Lawrenson RA, Thompson CR, Kennedy JG, Hambleton IR. Population-based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives. Lancet 349(9045), 83–88 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick H, Kaye JA, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Jick SS. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel before and after 1995: cohort and case–control analysis. BMJ 321(7270), 1190–1195 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessey M, Mant D, Smith A, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: findings in a large prospective study. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed). 292(6519), 526 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidegaard Ø, Løkkegaard E, Svendsen AL, Agger C. Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study. BMJ 339, b2890 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hylckama V, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ 339, b2921 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerstman BB, Piper JM, Tomita DK, Ferguson WJ, Stadel BV, Lundin FE. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133(1), 32–37 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 323(7305), 131–134 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloemenkamp KW, Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM, Büller HR, Vandenbroucke JP. Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third-generation progestagen. Lancet 346(8990), 1593–1596 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli I, Taioli E, Bucciarelli P, Akhavan S, Mannucci PM. Interaction between the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene and oral contraceptive use in deep vein thrombosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19(3), 700–703 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloemenkamp KW, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR, Vandenbroucke JP. Venous thrombosis, oral contraceptives and high factor VIII levels. Thromb. Haemost. 82(3), 1024–1027 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomp ER, le Cessie S, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. Risk of venous thrombosis: obesity and its joint effect with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations. Br. J. Haematol. 139(2), 289–296 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomp ER, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. Smoking increases the risk of venous thrombosis and acts synergistically with oral contraceptive use. Am. J. Hematol. 83(2), 97–102 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly E, Vessey MP, Hawkins MM, Carson JL, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 348(9033), 977–980 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ et al. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Lancet 348(9033), 983–987 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al.; Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(3), 321–333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R et al.; Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 292(13), 1573–1580 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olié V, Canonico M, Scarabin PY. Risk of venous thrombosis with oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy among postmenopausal women. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 17(5), 457–463 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe GD, Scarabin PY. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 336(7655), 1227–1231 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarabin PY, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G; Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk Study Group. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 362(9382), 428–432 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico M, Fournier A, Carcaillon L et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism: results from the E3N cohort study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30(2), 340–345 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchaikovski SN, Rosing J. Mechanisms of estrogen-induced venous thromboembolism. Thromb. Res. 126(1), 5–11 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman K, Comenzo R, Rajkumar SV. Deep venous thrombosis and thalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 344(25), 1951–1952 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight R, DeLap RJ, Zeldis JB. Lenalidomide and venous thrombosis in multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(19), 2079–2080 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangari M, Barlogie B, Thertulien R et al. Thalidomide and deep vein thrombosis in multiple myeloma: risk factors and effect on survival. Clin. Lymphoma 4(1), 32–35 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crinò L, Dansin E, Garrido P et al. Safety and efficacy of first-line bevacizumab-based therapy in advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (SAiL, MO19390): a Phase 4 study. Lancet Oncol. 11(8), 733–740 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett CL, Silver SM, Djulbegovic B et al. Venous thromboembolism and mortality associated with recombinant erythropoietin and darbepoetin administration for the treatment of cancer-associated anemia. JAMA 299(8), 914–924 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tromeur C, Couturaud F. Antipsychotic drugs and venous thromboembolism. Thromb. Res. 130(Suppl. 1), S29–S31 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zornberg GL, Jick H. Antipsychotic drug use and risk of first-time idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a case-control study. Lancet 356(9237), 1219–1223 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapelle C, Quenet S, Delavenne X et al. Antipsychotics: a real or confounding risk factor for venous thromboembolism? Pharmacopsychiatry 46(1), 36–37 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paciullo CA. Evaluating the association between clozapine and venous thromboembolism. Am. J. Health. Syst. Pharm. 65(19), 1825–1829 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichinger S, Hron G, Bialonczyk C et al. Overweight, obesity, and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Arch. Intern. Med. 168(15), 1678–1683 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allman-Farinelli MA. Obesity and venous thrombosis: a review. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 37(8), 903–907 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severinsen MT, Kristensen SR, Johnsen SP, Dethlefsen C, Tjønneland A, Overvad K. Anthropometry, body fat, and venous thromboembolism: a Danish follow-up study. Circulation 120(19), 1850–1857 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Beemath A, Olson RE. Obesity as a risk factor in venous thromboembolism. Am. J. Med. 118(9), 978–980 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Matta F, Goldman J. Obesity and pulmonary embolism: the mounting evidence of risk and the mortality paradox. Thromb. Res. 128(6), 518–523 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severinsen MT, Overvad K, Johnsen SP et al. Genetic susceptibility, smoking, obesity and risk of venous thromboembolism. Br. J. Haematol. 149(2), 273–279 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severinsen MT, Kristensen SR, Johnsen SP, Dethlefsen C, Tjønneland A, Overvad K. Smoking and venous thromboembolism: a Danish follow-up study. J. Thromb. Haemost. 7(8), 1297–1303 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldhaber SZ, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ et al. A prospective study of risk factors for pulmonary embolism in women. JAMA 277(8), 642–645 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato S, Chernyavsky S, Tokita JE et al. Relationship between proteinuria and venous thromboembolism. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 30(3), 281–285 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionaki S, Derebail VK, Hogan SL et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with membranous nephropathy. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 7(1), 43–51 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayali F, Najjar R, Aswad F, Matta F, Stein PD. Venous thromboembolism in patients hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome. Am. J. Med. 121(3), 226–230 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P. Multiple mechanisms of thrombosis complicating atherosclerotic plaques. Clin. Cardiol. 23(Suppl. 6), VI3–VI7 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Sueishi K, Ichikawa K, Kato K, Nakagawa K, Chen YX. Atherosclerosis: coagulation and fibrinolysis. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 24(3), 255–260 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FitzGerald GA, Tigges J, Barry P, Lawson JA. Markers of platelet activation and oxidant stress in atherothrombotic disease. Thromb. Haemost. 78(1), 280–284 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prandoni P, Bilora F, Marchiori A et al. An association between atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 348(15), 1435–1441 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prandoni P, Ghirarduzzi A, Prins MH et al. Venous thromboembolism and the risk of subsequent symptomatic atherosclerosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 4(9), 1891–1896 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ageno W, Becattini C, Brighton T, Selby R, Kamphuisen PW. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Circulation 117(1), 93–102 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn RJ, Rosner B. Comparison of risk factors for the competing risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Am. J. Epidemiol. 162(10), 975–982 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai AW, Cushman M, Rosamond WD, Heckbert SR, Polak JF, Folsom AR. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(10), 1182–1189 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn RJ, Danielson E, Fonseca FA et al. A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(18), 1851–1861 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer FA, Lessard D, Emery C, Reed G, Goldberg RJ. Venous thromboembolism in the outpatient setting. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(14), 1471–1475 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan C, Miller MR. Excess length of stay, charges, and mortality attributable to medical injuries during hospitalization. JAMA 290(14), 1868–1874 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thromboembolic Risk Factors (THRIFT) Consensus Group. Risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients. BMJ 305(6853), 567–574 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF et al.; American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133(6 Suppl.), 381S–453S (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucher N, Koo S, Quiroz R et al. Electronic alerts to prevent venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(10), 969–977 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbar S, Noventa F, Rossetto V et al. A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. J. Thromb. Haemost. 8(11), 2450–2457 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyropoulos AC, Anderson FA Jr, Fitzgerald G et al.; IMPROVE Investigators. Predictive and associative models to identify hospitalized medical patients at risk for VTE. Chest 140(3), 706–714 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woller SC, Stevens SM, Jones JP et al. Derivation and validation of a simple model to identify venous thromboembolism risk in medical patients. Am. J. Med. 124(10), 947–954.e2 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS et al.; American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl), e195S–e226S (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaides AN, Kakkar VV, Field ES, Fish P. Venous stasis and deep-vein thrombosis. Br. J. Surg. 59(9), 713–717 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaides AN. Benefits of prophylaxis in general surgery. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 556, 25–29 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM et al.; American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(Suppl. 2), e227S–e277S (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA et al.; American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(Suppl. 2), e278S–e325S (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers SO Jr, Kilaru RK, Hosokawa P, Henderson WG, Zinner MJ, Khuri SF. Multivariable predictors of postoperative venous thromboembolic events after general and vascular surgery: results from the patient safety in surgery study. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 204(6), 1211–1221 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprini JA, Arcelus JI, Hasty JH, Tamhane AC, Fabrega F. Clinical assessment of venous thromboembolic risk in surgical patients. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 17(Suppl. 3), 304–312 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahl V, Hu HM, Henke PK, Wakefield TW, Campbell DA Jr, Caprini JA. A validation study of a retrospective venous thromboembolism risk scoring method. Ann. Surg. 251(2), 344–350 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannucci CJ, Bailey SH, Dreszer G et al. Validation of the Caprini risk assessment model in plastic and reconstructive surgery patients. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 212(1), 105–112 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber O, Bounameaux H, Borst F, Rohner A. Postoperative pulmonary embolism after hospital discharge. An underestimated risk. Arch. Surg. 127(3), 310–313 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Horst MA et al. Determining venous thromboembolic risk assessment for patients with trauma: the Trauma Embolic Scoring System. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 73(2), 511–515 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton MG, Hull RD, Pineo GF. Venous thromboembolism in neurosurgery and neurology patients: a review. Neurosurgery 34(2), 280–296; discussion 296 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marras LC, Geerts WH, Perry JR. The risk of venous thromboembolism is increased throughout the course of malignant glioma: an evidence-based review. Cancer 89(3), 640–646 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaldi A, Helo N, Schneck MJ, Origitano TC. Venous thromboembolism: deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a neurosurgical population. J. Neurosurg. 114(1), 40–46 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapala JA, Wood MH, Schuhknecht MP, Sapala MA. Fatal pulmonary embolism after bariatric operations for morbid obesity: a 24-year retrospective analysis. Obes. Surg. 13(6), 819–825 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melinek J, Livingston E, Cortina G, Fishbein MC. Autopsy findings following gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 126(9), 1091–1095 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catheline JM, Turner R, Gaillard JL, Rizk N, Champault G. Thromboembolism in laparoscopic surgery: risk factors and preventive measures. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan. Tech. 9(2), 135–139 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergqvist D, Lowe G. Venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing laparoscopic and arthroscopic surgery and in leg casts. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(19), 2173–2176 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler HB, Anderson FA Jr. Prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in surgical patients. Am. J. Surg. 161(4), 507–511 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen NT, Hinojosa MW, Fayad C et al. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with a lower incidence of venous thromboembolism compared with open surgery. Ann. Surg. 246(6), 1021–1027 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen NT, Hinojosa M, Fayad C, Varela E, Wilson SE. Use and outcomes of laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass at academic medical centers. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 205(2), 248–255 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchberg B, Masoomi H, Lusby K et al. Incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolism in colorectal surgery: does laparoscopy impart an advantage? Arch. Surg. 146(6), 739–743 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergqvist D, Efsing HO, Hallböök T, Hedlund T. Thromboembolism after elective and post-traumatic hip surgery – a controlled prophylactic trial with dextran 70 and low-dose heparin. Acta Chir. Scand. 145(4), 213–218 (1979).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheppeard H, Henson J, Ward DJ, O’Connor BT. A clinico-pathological study of fatal pulmonary embolism in a specialist orthopaedic hospital. Arch. Orthop. Trauma. Surg. 99(1), 65–71 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haake DA, Berkman SA. Venous thromboembolic disease after hip surgery. Risk factors, prophylaxis, and diagnosis. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 242, 212–231 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsh J. Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgical procedures. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 556, 30–35 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Januel JM, Chen G, Ruffieux C et al.; IMECCHI Group. Symptomatic in-hospital deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following hip and knee arthroplasty among patients receiving recommended prophylaxis: a systematic review. JAMA 307(3), 294–303 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maletis GB, Inacio MC, Reynolds S, Funahashi TT. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after elective knee arthroscopy. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 94(8), 714–720 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetsroni I, Lyman S, Do H, Mann G, Marx RG. Symptomatic pulmonary embolism after outpatient arthroscopic procedures of the knee: the incidence and risk factors in 418,323 arthroscopies. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 93(1), 47–51 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prins MH, Hirsh J. A comparison of general anesthesia and regional anesthesia as a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis following hip surgery: a critical review. Thromb. Haemost. 64(4), 497–500 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearse EO, Caldwell BF, Lockwood RJ, Hollard J. Early mobilisation after conventional knee replacement may reduce the risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 89(3), 316–322 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White RH, Romano PS, Zhou H, Rodrigo J, Bargar W. Incidence and time course of thromboembolic outcomes following total hip or knee arthroplasty. Arch. Intern. Med. 158(14), 1525–1531 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen AB, Sorensen HT, Mehnert F, Overgaard S, Johnsen SP. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip replacement and receiving routine thromboprophylaxis. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 92(12), 2156–2164 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White RH, Gettner S, Newman JM, Trauner KB, Romano PS. Predictors of rehospitalization for symptomatic venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty. N. Engl. J. Med. 343(24), 1758–1764 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eikelboom JW, Karthikeyan G, Fagel N, Hirsh J. American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons and American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for venous thromboembolism prevention in hip and knee arthroplasty differ: what are the implications for clinicians and patients? Chest 135(2), 513–520 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørnarå BT, Gudmundsen TE, Dahl OE. Frequency and timing of clinical venous thromboembolism after major joint surgery. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 88(3), 386–391 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizel MS, Temple HT, Michelson JD et al. Thromboembolism after foot and ankle surgery. A multicenter study. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 348, 180–185 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Wukich DK, Waters DH. Thromboembolism following foot and ankle surgery: a case series and literature review. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 47(3), 243–249 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SooHoo NF, Eagan M, Krenek L, Zingmond DS. Incidence and factors predicting pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis following surgical treatment of ankle fractures. Foot Ankle Surg. 17(4), 259–262 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang F, Wera G, Knoblich GO, Chou LB. Pulmonary embolism following operative treatment of ankle fractures: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Foot Ankle Int. 23(5), 406–410 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadous A, Abdelgawad AA, Kanlic E. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after surgical treatment of ankle fractures: a case report and review of literature. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 51(4), 457–463 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felcher AH, Mularski RA, Mosen DM, Kimes TM, DeLoughery TG, Laxson SE. Incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolic disease in podiatric surgery. Chest 135(4), 917–922 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soohoo NF, Farng E, Zingmond DS. Incidence of pulmonary embolism following surgical treatment of metatarsal fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 31(7), 600–603 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel A, Ogawa B, Charlton T, Thordarson D. Incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after Achilles tendon rupture. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 470(1), 270–274 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randelli P, Castagna A, Cabitza F, Cabitza P, Arrigoni P, Denti M. Infectious and thromboembolic complications of arthroscopic shoulder surgery. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 19(1), 97–101 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojike NI, Bhadra AK, Giannoudis PV, Roberts CS. Venous thromboembolism in shoulder surgery: a systematic review. Acta Orthop. Belg. 77(3), 281–289 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo R, Notarnicola A, Moretti L, Moretti B, Marini S, Castagna A. Deep vein thromboembolism after arthroscopy of the shoulder: two case reports and a review of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 11, 65 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson PO, Sörbo J, Eriksson H. Recurrent venous thromboembolism after deep vein thrombosis: incidence and risk factors. Arch. Intern. Med. 160(6), 769–774 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, Petterson TM, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch. Intern. Med. 160(6), 761–768 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douketis JD, Gu CS, Schulman S, Ghirarduzzi A, Pengo V, Prandoni P. The risk for fatal pulmonary embolism after discontinuing anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism. Ann. Intern. Med. 147(11), 766–774 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyrle PA, Rosendaal FR, Eichinger S. Risk assessment for recurrent venous thrombosis. Lancet 376(9757), 2032–2039 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iorio A, Kearon C, Filippucci E et al. Risk of recurrence after a first episode of symptomatic venous thromboembolism provoked by a transient risk factor: a systematic review. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(19), 1710–1716 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichinger S, Heinze G, Jandeck LM, Kyrle PA. Risk assessment of recurrence in patients with unprovoked deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: the Vienna prediction model. Circulation 121(14), 1630–1636 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruickshank JM, Gorlin R, Jennett B. Air travel and thrombotic episodes: the economy class syndrome. Lancet 2(8609), 497–498 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapostolle F, Surget V, Borron SW et al. Severe pulmonary embolism associated with air travel. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(11), 779–783 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Rodríguez E, Jiménez D, Díaz G et al. Incidence of air travel-related pulmonary embolism at the Madrid-Barajas airport. Arch. Intern. Med. 163(22), 2766–2770 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinelli I, Taioli E, Battaglioli T et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism after air travel: interaction with thrombophilia and oral contraceptives. Arch. Intern. Med. 163(22), 2771–2774 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandra D, Parisini E, Mozaffarian D. Meta-analysis: travel and risk for venous thromboembolism. Ann. Intern. Med. 151(3), 180–190 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Middeldorp S, Robyn L, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR. The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations. PLoS Med. 4(9), e290 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreijer AJ, Cannegieter SC, Meijers JC, Middeldorp S, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR. Activation of coagulation system during air travel: a crossover study. Lancet 367(9513), 832–838 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sándor T. Travel thrombosis: Pathomechanisms and clinical aspects. Pathophysiology 15(4), 243–252 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darze ES, Latado AL, Guimarães AG et al. Incidence and clinical predictors of pulmonary embolism in severe heart failure patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Chest 128(4), 2576–2580 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ota S, Yamada N, Tsuji A, Ishikura K, Nakamura M, Ito M. Incidence and clinical predictors of deep vein thrombosis in patients hospitalized with heart failure in Japan. Circ. J. 73(8), 1513–1517 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizkallah J, Man SF, Sin DD. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism in acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest 135(3), 786–793 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson JL, Terrin ML, Duff A, Kelley MA. Pulmonary embolism and mortality in patients with COPD. Chest 110(5), 1212–1219 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monreal M, Raventos A, Lerma R et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with upper extremity DVT associated to venous central lines – a prospective study. Thromb. Haemost. 72(4), 548–550 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major KM, Bulic S, Rowe VL, Patel K, Weaver FA. Internal jugular, subclavian, and axillary deep venous thrombosis and the risk of pulmonary embolism. Vascular 16(2), 73–79 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevitt S, Gallagher N. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A clinico-pathological study in injured and burned patients. Br. J. Surg. 48, 475–489 (1961).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackford SR, Davis JW, Hollingsworth-Fridlund P, Brewer NS, Hoyt DB, Mackersie RC. Venous thromboembolism in patients with major trauma. Am. J. Surg. 159(4), 365–369 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, Chen E, Szalai JP. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N. Engl. J. Med. 331(24), 1601–1606 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield LJ, Proctor MC, Rodriguez JL, Luchette FA, Cipolle MD, Cho J. Posttrauma thromboembolism prophylaxis. J. Trauma 42(1), 100–103 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gearhart MM, Luchette FA, Proctor MC et al. The risk assessment profile score identifies trauma patients at risk for deep vein thrombosis. Surgery 128(4), 631–640 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owings JT, Kraut E, Battistella F, Cornelius JT, O’Malley R. Timing of the occurrence of pulmonary embolism in trauma patients. Arch. Surg. 132(8), 862–866; discussion 866 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultz DJ, Brasel KJ, Washington L et al. Incidence of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in moderately to severely injured trauma patients. J. Trauma 56(4), 727–731; discussion 731 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Echlin PS, Upshur RE, McKeag DB, Jayatilake HP. Traumatic deep vein thrombosis in a soccer player: a case study. Thromb. J. 2(1), 8 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Risse M, Reuhl J, Ogbuihi S, Weiler G. Traumatic venous aneurysm of the popliteal vein with outcome: a case report and review of the literature. J. Forensic Sci. 46(6), 1492–1497 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selby R, Geerts W, Ofosu FA et al. Hypercoagulability after trauma: hemostatic changes and relationship to venous thromboembolism. Thromb. Res. 124(3), 281–287 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED d-dimer. Thromb. Haemost. 83(3), 416–420 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockenstedt P. d-dimer in venous thromboembolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(13), 1203–1204 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Hull RD, Patel KC et al. d-dimer for the exclusion of acute venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med. 140(8), 589–602 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Nisio M, Squizzato A, Rutjes AW, Büller HR, Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PM. Diagnostic accuracy of d-dimer test for exclusion of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. J. Thromb. Haemost. 5(2), 296–304 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C et al.; PROLONG Investigators. d-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(17), 1780–1789 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tick LW, Nijkeuter M, Kramer MH et al.; Christopher Study Investigators. High d-dimer levels increase the likelihood of pulmonary embolism. J. Intern. Med. 264(2), 195–200 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Douketis J et al.; Canadian Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis Study (CANPEDS) Group. An evaluation of d-dimer in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 144(11), 812–821 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soo Hoo GW, Wu CC, Vazirani S, Li Z, Barack BM. Does a clinical decision rule using d-dimer level improve the yield of pulmonary CT angiography? AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol. 196(5), 1059–1064 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Gal G, Righini M, Roy PM et al. Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann. Intern. Med. 144(3), 165–171 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klok FA, Mos IC, Nijkeuter M et al. Simplification of the revised Geneva score for assessing clinical probability of pulmonary embolism. Arch. Intern. Med. 168(19), 2131–2136 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klok FA, Kruisman E, Spaan J et al. Comparison of the revised Geneva score with the Wells rule for assessing clinical probability of pulmonary embolism. J. Thromb. Haemost. 6(1), 40–44 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douma RA, Mos IC, Erkens PM et al.; Prometheus Study Group. Performance of 4 clinical decision rules in the diagnostic management of acute pulmonary embolism: a prospective cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 154(11), 709–718 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicki J, Perneger TV, Junod AF, Bounameaux H, Perrier A. Assessing clinical probability of pulmonary embolism in the emergency ward: a simple score. Arch. Intern. Med. 161(1), 92–97 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miniati M, Monti S, Bottai M. A structured clinical model for predicting the probability of pulmonary embolism. Am. J. Med. 114(3), 173–179 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline JA, Nelson RD, Jackson RE, Courtney DM. Criteria for the safe use of d-dimer testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a multicenter US study. Ann. Emerg. Med. 39(2), 144–152 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Bindman R, Miglioretti DL, Johnson E et al. Use of diagnostic imaging studies and associated radiation exposure for patients enrolled in large integrated health care systems, 1996-2010. JAMA 307(22), 2400–2409 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh AK, Kline JA, Courtney DM et al. Evaluation of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department and consistency with a national quality measure: quantifying the opportunity for improvement. Arch. Intern. Med. 172(13), 1028–1032 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ay C, Pabinger I. Predictive potential of haemostatic biomarkers for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Thromb. Res. 129(Suppl. 1), S6–S9 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar